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The sapogenin content of the seed and the epicarp/mesocarp of Balanites aegyptiaca from Egypt, India, Tanzania and Nigeria has been estimated by i.r. spectrophotometric analysis. Experiments applicable on an industrial scale are described showing how the soft fruit wall, as well as the seed, could be used as commercial sources of steroidal sapogenin to assist in meeting the estimated world demand of 1,000,000 Kg of diosgenin by 1973. A procedure whereby the nuts are sawn into two halves to release the seeds is presented as one solution to the problem of decorticating the nuts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a study on the soils and vegetation of Fung area located at the East Central Sudan. The author mentions that Fung region consists of tropical and continental climate and topographically, it has monotonous alluvial plain. The soils of the region are form from the clay deposit of Abyssinian origin. The author describes that the principal soils of the region consists of montmorillontic clay and they are also non-saline. The region's vegetation includes Acacia mellifera-Cadaba rotundifolia thicket and bushland, Acacia seyal-A. fistula-Balanites aegyptiaca woodland and broad-leaf deciduous woodland.

The article discusses the effects of grazing on the structure and productivity of the vegetation on three sites near Pilani, Rajasthan and India. It is said that the sites were exposed to varying degrees of biotic pressure, in which each site is different in variety ratio. The major growth in the area is in August and September, which is the period of maximum rainfall, while in the dry period of October, the community consumption increases over production. The patterns of change of plant pigments and of growth of green biomass are similar, in which correlation coefficients suggest a positive relationship between the green biomass and total chlorophyll.

The article provides a record of fruits and seeds dispersed by mammals and birds from the Singida District of Tanganyika territory. Some of the mammals whose dung was investigated includes an elephant, black rhinoceros, Masai giraffe, eland, Thomson's Gazelle, Impalla, Civet Cat, Turus and cattle. Among the birds whose dung or crops were investigated include the Turucu, White Turucu, Bulbul and turtle dove. It shows that there is a large field of research open to the naturalist in Africa as far as the dispersal of seeds is concerned. The presence of seeds of Strychnos in diverse droppings of the civet cat is emphasized.

The article describes the habitat and plant communities in the Egyptian desert. The paper explores the potential variations within desert community types over an extensive area. It examines a summary of an ecological survey of the whole Eastern Desert, extending from the Nile valley of the Red Sea mountains and from latitude 30 degrees north and 22 degrees north. It also discussed the features and ecological relationships of plant communities that form the vegetation of a part of the Eastern Desert of Egypt and outlined assumptions of their definition.

The article focuses on the study conducted which highlights investigation on the features of vegetation at Lake Manyara National Park in Tanzania. The study cites that vegetation in the site has manifested the significance of drainage and erosion cycle in detecting the distribution of the plant formations. The study also mentions that reasons which account for the dynamic state of the vegetation state are considered for the investigation. Further, it reveals that the assessment of economic ecology has contributed to the connectedness of vegetation with the environment.

The article presents the study regarding the vegetation of the different types of soil parent materials recognized in the Middle Gongola region. The seven parent materials are analysed separately and a total of 26 distinct noda emerge. In 14 cases, noda remains separate and each forms the basis of a group,while in three cases, two noda join through mutually associated plots to bi-nodal groups, and in two cases three noda combine to form three nodal groups. It states that in general, the groups are topographical or physiognomic units or, both which are usually recognizable on aerial photographs can be used as mapping units.

The article outlines the biology of Andropogon (A.) gayanus Kunth, a member of the tribe Andropogoneae and the sub-family Panicoideae within the family Gramineae. It has three varieties, namely A. gayanus, A. squamulatus and A. isquamulatus and they are distributed throughout most of the tropical and subtropical savannas of Africa south of the Sahara. The known locations of the species lie between 400 millimeter (mm) and the 1500 mm annual isohyets. The morphology and anatomy, and phenology of A. gayanus are discussed.

The article deals with a vegetation survey in the Nigerian Savanna conducted by the Soil Survey of Northern Nigeria from 1957 to 1958. It discusses the physical environment of the whole area, with a description of the field methods employed and sample data recorded. It analyzes data from all plots sited on one geological parent material. A description of the resultant vegetation communities is presented. The vegetation on other parent materials and the interrelationships between different environments as expressed in the vegetation are examined.

The article focuses on the vegetation of Katsina province in Nigeria. Katsina province is located across Africa from Senegal to the Sudan zone, where rainfall is sufficient for agriculture, however, it does not support a vegetation cover because of its density that is too difficult to clear with primitive tools, moreover, the area is free from tsetse fly. The survey has covered an area of about 3,500 square kilometers and was carried out by making traverses along the motorable tracks followed by an interpretation of aerial photographs. The result shows that the vegetation of Katsina province is largely controlled by biotic factors wherein, all the better soils are heavily cultivated as the province is in the final stage of transition from shifting to sedentary cultivation

The article presents an ecological survey which examines the significance of light rainfall in dry grassland vegetation in the Mau-Mara region of Kenya. It explores the role of plant cover or canopy in rainwater penetration of the soil for the plant's survival. It outlines the number of rainfalls, the type of vegetation and the content of soil across the region. It states that leaf catchment-stemflow systems may be involved in the maintenance of grassland vegetation patterns in other regions by other agricultural workers.

The article focuses on the plant ecology of the coastal areas of northern Eritrea that is about 220 miles long and is about 20 miles in width. It accounts the geomorphology of the area together with the soils. It likewise tries to correlate vegetation type with general levels of salinity using figures given for the percentage sodium chloride in a range of soils. Moreover, it classifies the area on geomorphological grounds and divides it according to soil types and plant communities. The basis for the classifications is also discussed.

The article presents an environmental investigation on the mist oasis of Erkwit in Sudan. Erkwit is a deserted summer resort which lies at about 45 kilometers to the southwest of Suakin on the Red Sea and about 30 kilometers to the east of Sinkat on the railway line. It is revealed that the are receives more rainfall that its neighboring places which is explained to be the result of the latitude, situation and elevation. Moreover, moisture-laden wind meets no dissipating obstacle before reaching the cool hills of the place whereby orographic rain consequently occurs.

The article focuses on a study regarding the vegetation of eastern British Somaliland. It mentions about the topography, climate and soils of the region. It states that the major portion of the country is formed of two layers of limestone with an immense layer of anhydrite between the two. It describes the different types of vegetation occurring in various formations including the deciduous semi-desert formation, the maritime formation and the evergreen montane formation. It informs that the principal genera of the deciduous type includes Acacia and Grewia and of the evergreen type includes Juniperus and Sideroxylon.

The article presents a scholarly article which explores the different geographical places, such as mountains and plateaus, in the Tanganyika territory with a focus on its soil vegetation and classification. It highlights on the assessments of the soil conditions in Central, Western and Lake Provinces of Tanganyika and provides details on the physical and natural factors on the soil formations, particularly on vegetation. It also offers analysis on soil vegetation and determines possible crops that suit each type of soil identified.

The article discusses a study on the kind of vegetation found in the northern boundary of Nigeria, specifically the Zamfara Forest Reserve. Reports have concluded that the area has a dry type of savanna woodland and scrub, dismissing assumptions that the area is either a rain forest or a semi-desert. Three broad zones were classified in West Africa, they are Zone Sahéliennem Zone Soudanienne and Zone Guinéenne. Majority of trees within the northern boundary are A. leiocarpa, Combretum glutinosum and Strychnos spinosa.

The article presents a study on tropical-soil vegetation catenas and mosaics, which had been studied in the south-western part of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan in the dry season of 1938-1939. The aim of this study is to elucidate the confused soil and vegetation type characteristics of African savanna-woodland country from the data collected. Furthermore, the catena concept adopts soils and vegetation together, which enabled the formulation of a comprehensive of minor and major soil-vegetation units.

The article reports on the study conducted on the vegetation of Western Palestine. Studies show that the flora of the Mediterranean territory in Palestine is affected by man to the extent that the climax vegetation is strongly intermixed with the lower successional stages. They found that the primary vegetation covers extensive stretches within the territory. The segetal vegetation constitutes a series of floristically and ecologically fairly well-defined plant communities that may add important features to the character of the vegetation areas considered.

This article describes the belts of vegetation on six hillsides in Uganda and explores the influence of human settlements on the vegetation. The estimated population density in the Mengo district of Kampala is about 28 people per square kilometer. Uganda offers stretches of climax evergreen forest in some of its wetter areas at altitudes ranging from 700 meters to 1,500 meters. In addition, Kawanda's northern part features relict patches of closed forest in some of its hills. The clearing of forest land for cultivation is an example of vegetation transformation that man achieved in Uganda. Some trees are retained in such clearings to provide shade or shelter, or for their edible fruits. There are some tree species whose abundance can be attributed in part to planting by man.

The article reports on Wadi Araba and its vegetation. Wadi Araba is one of the least known valley which can be found in the Syro-African Rift Valley between the Dead Sea and the Red Sea of the Aqaba Gulf. It has two main watercourses namely Wadi Ghamar-Jeib and Wadi Saeh. It is subdivided into three parts including the Aqaba Valley, central part, and the Ghor of the Dead Sea. It also contains mountain ranges, sandstone formations, limestone, and sand dunes. Its vegetation includes Haloxylon persicum, Salsola foetida, and Calligonum comosum.

The article presents a brief account of the plant communities of Wadi Araba in their relation to soil and other ecological factors. It also describes the vegetation of Wadi Araba, a valley between the Dead Sea and the Red Sea. It is said that the vegetation of Wadi Araba, a valley between the Dead Sea and the Red Sea. An attempt to provide cartographical information on the vegetation of the Nearer East is reflected by the accompanying sketch map of vegetation and soils. The decisive factor on the character and composition of the vegetation are the mechanical composition, the salt and the water content of the soil.

The article reports on the vegetation and tropical ecology of the Karamoja District in Uganda. Karamoja District is made up of plains, hills, rocks and volcanic piles. Its soil is consisted of dark gray or dark brown calcareous clays formed from wind and water deposits. Its tropical forest is composed of tropical riverain forests, tropical-savanna woodlands, acacia woodlands, tropical thornland, and mountain vegetation. Its common tree species include Combretum binderianum and Bauhinia thonningii. It is also comprised of grasslands with different grass species like Hyparrhenia dissoluta and Themeda triandra.

The article presents a discussion on the vegetation map of Kenya. The rainfall in the country varies from extremely dry conditions to the north and east to high moisture conditions in Lake Victoria Nyanza region. A wide range of climate exists in Kenya from arid and hot conditions in north and east to the moist tropical conditions in west. The most important type of vegetation in Kenya is the grasslands type. Within the forest zone, there are remarkable areas of open grassland, which are dominated by Themeda triandra, Pennisetum Schimperi and Eleusine Jaegeri. Towards west of the country, the climate is influenced by rain-bearing winds from Lake Victoria. Acacia are most frequently occurring trees in the country.

The article presents a study on the distribution and nature of tropical African grasslands. It states that in the Ethiopian botanical region of tropical and South Africa, open grasslands occur in all zones of climate, altitude and vegetation. It discusses that the causes of the existence of open grasslands are seasonal flooding or waterlogging, too much soil moisture for savanna trees, and other physical or chemical soil differences. It suggests that local soil conditions may overpower the influence of climate and cause a type of grassland or other vegetation to appear outside its normal climatic zone.

The article outlines the principal vegetation communities within the Central Province, Tanganyika Territory and suggests their probable successional relations. It describes the setting, geology, physiography, soils and main climatic features of the province as well as the climate. The two formations, the Deciduous Scrub and the sub-tropical Evergreen Forest of the uplands above 1,400 to 1,600 meters. The article also mentions the principal pioneer stages in the halosere, which appear to converge with the xeroseral stages of the Deciduous Scrub succession.

Biblical peoples of the Holy Land and adjacent parts of the Old World were as dependent upon plants for food, spices, cosmetics, drugs, medicines, textiles and other products as is modern man, and more than 125 such plants are recognizably referred to in the Scriptures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]