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The article presents information about the monetary changes that influenced Japan's economic conditions from 1871 to 1897. It discusses the adoption of gold standard in 1871, influence of Satsuma Rebellion in 1877 on paper currency, and changes in the value of silver against gold, in Japan. The base of the modern monetary system traces its foundation in the government ordinance issued in 1869. The ordinance was aimed at establishing a mint in Osaka to coin yen. It is told that the restoration in 1868 led to low quality currency paper in the country.

This article presents abstracts of papers presented at the Twelfth Annual Meeting of the Japanese Division of the International Association for Dental Research (IADR) held in Tokyo, Japan on December 6, 1964, including "The Free Amino Groups in Sound and Carious Dentin," "Clinical and Experimental Study of the Effect of Mouth Breathing Upon the Oral Mucous Membrane," and "The Biological Observation on Periodontal Disease."

The article presents information on the papers presented at a round table at the 1949 Annual Conference of the Milbank Memorial Fund held in November 16 to 17, 1949. The publication titled "Modernization Programs in Relation to Human Resources and Population Problems" are grouped under three categories. The first category discusses aims and methods of selected programs of modernization such as Liberian Foundation, Point Four and UN Technical Assistance. The second and third category highlights the problems in the development and utilization of human resources and Japan as a case study in modernization, respectively.

The article focuses on communication among Japanese scientists domestically and with their counterparts abroad. Japanese sources are far more important as basic information for initiating research work. Russian literature is consulted in physics and chemistry, but the absolute percentage values are very low. In order to discover the habits of Japanese scientists in relation to the acquisition and assimilation of scientific information, questions about allocations of time at the disposal of researchers to these activities were asked. The English is very widely used by Japanese scientists; nevertheless "writing good English" is a difficult problem for most of them.

Presents the contents of the first of the two issues of the Japanese English-language journal on operations research called 'Industrial Administration Research Memoranda,' published in 1956. Structure of pyramid holding companies; Maximum expansion of bank credit and the theory of games; Depreciation allowances and growth.

The article comments on economist Masanori Haashimoto's paper related to economics of postwar fertility in Japan. No attempts at any significant new departures in human capital theory or in the testing of such theory are made in this paper. Hashimoto's ultimate concern is in explaining the acceleration in the 1950s of the long-term decline in Japanese fertility and the subsequent bottoming out of this decline in the l960s. The achievements of this particular paper are more modest. An attempt is made to challenge what Hashimoto finds is a simplistic overemphasis on the diffusion of abortion and contraceptive practice after 1948. As an alternative, Hashimoto stresses outward shifts of the demand schedule for birth control resulting from the increasing cost of female time in postwar Japan. The author is not satisfied with Hashimoto's analysis of the spread of contraception. That the share of abortions in total births is high and rising in the rural regions of Japan in the presence of a sharply declining pregnancy rate can be taken as evidence that the spread of contraception is not sufficient to explain fertility changes unexplained by the legalization of abortion only if abortion as a technique of birth control is already completely diffused, and is viewed as a technique of last resort.

The article takes a look at the American attitudes toward Japan and China in 1937-38. The Chinese Cultural Society of New York published in October 1937 a reprint of 39 editorials from American papers on the Far Eastern crisis. The editor, M. Hsitien Lin wrote in the foreword "Of some 5,000 editorials which have been examined, there is none that justifies Japanese aggression or condemns Chinese resistance. In the American press Japan is almost universally treated as the aggressor and China as the victim in the undeclared war. As to American policy, the press generally favors neither extreme isolationism nor political entanglements or alliances, but a golden mean, whereby world peace, it is hoped, may be maintained." The present study is designed to test the validity of this impression as well as to test the utility of a method of attitude measurement by press sampling. It is impossible here to enter into a discussion of the relationship between beliefs as to facts and emotional attitudes such as are measured by the indices used, except to suggest that attitudes, which are at first accompanied by emotions, may in time become beliefs regarding "facts" which are taken for granted.

The aim of this paper is to study the outflow of population from farm households during the years 1921-62, with the exception of the decade surrounding World War II. In Section I, changes in the net outflow of farm population are examined with special reference to their relationship with fluctuations in economic activity. The period analyzed may not be sufficient, so two longer series for internal population migration are examined in the later part of this section. The first is the net migration of population into the prefectures containing the six largest cities since 1885. The second is the flow of population into Hokkaido since 1882. Examination of these series may shed light on population migration from agriculture in the earlier years. In Section II, an econometric model of the demand and supply functions for the net outflow of farm population is set forth. By estimating the parameters of this model, the determinants of population outflow from agriculture are delineated. There are no official data for the net outflow of population from farm households covering both the pre- and postwar periods, and therefore we must first estimate such a series for the years 1921-62. The procedures of estimation are fully explained in Appendices I and II. In Appendix III, an estimation is made of the net migration of population into the prefectures, including those of the six largest cities, for the years 1885-1960. The development of these series is itself an additional important objective of this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A recent reexamination of the combat data from the WWII battle for Two Jima has yielded some revisions of the data used in Engel's paper [Opns. Ret 2,163- 171 (1954)]. However, the revised data also fit Lanchester differential and difference equations closely, as Theil's inequality coefficient shows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents authors' comments on three research papers on economic development after Second World War by economists Erik Lundberg, George H. Hildebrand and Shigeto Tsuru. These papers point out some striking contrasts among the experiences of countries including Scandinavia, Japan and Italy and the postwar experience of the U.S. For example, these papers insistently raise the question why the U.S. has done so poorly in achieving stable and rapid growth. They discuss whether it is a matter of economic structure, or partly a fault of economic policy. Research paper by Hildebrand provides a summary both of the Italian postwar economic achievement and of Italy's still pressing problems of unemployment and incomplete development. But there are aspects of his analysis that needs to be questioned. Moreover, papers of Hildebrand and Tsuru gave the impression that something of a catching-up process has been important in the Italian and Japanese economies. In his paper Lundberg drew attention to some destabilizing effects of governmental action in Sweden. They refer to public investments or publicly controlled investments as an instrument of anti cyclical policy.

This paper examines three models of three countries showing the common economic theory of the firm underlying the models and modifications of the theory to account of institutional peculiarities. The models chosen for examination are Wharton Mark III, Bank of Canada RDX2, and the Economic Planning Agency. They are chosen from among the various models of the U.S., Canada, and Japan because all three use quarterly data, were made recently, are relatively similar in size and cover various sectors of the economy from demand as well as supply sides. The RDX2 model estimates business investment in machinery and equipment in aggregate terms rather than in industrial sectors. As in the case of investment equations, the adaptive adjustment equation, together with the mark-up on the unit wage rate, serves as the basis for price equations in these three macro models. The weighted average of U.S. prices is used in some price equations of the RDX2 model on the assumption that U.S. subsidiaries in Canada may follow management decisions of the parent companies. As a possible way to overcome the ad hoc introduction of lags, models which incorporate adjustment costs are suggested. However, the adjustment cost approach may not in general give better alternatives, particularly for models involving some degrees of aggregation. The three models surveyed in this paper, especially the Wharton and RDX2 models, employ the Almon lag in estimating the coefficients of the lag polynomial.

Presents a series of abstracts on various topics of economics published in the June 1964 issue of the periodical 'Journal of Political Economy.' Analysis of a model of market areas with free entry; Importance of economic concentration and monopoly in Japan; Appraisal of income variability and income size.

Both sericultural and manufacturing branches of Japan's once highly important raw silk industry suffered severe dislocations following peak production about 1930. World economic depression, synthetic fiber development, and World War II were fundamental causes. Reeling mill closures stemmed from bankruptcies, governmental readjustment programs, conversions into defense plants, bombings, and post-war business rationalization, Mulberry acreage shrank principally owing to wartime food shortages and profitable post-war alternatives, particularly orcharding. This paper contrasts changes observed in two of the most specialized Japanese cocoon-producing regions, Gumma Prefecture, on the Kant&obar; lowlands where sweet potatoes and upland rice characteristically followed mulberry, and the Nagano Basin, representative of highland basins in central and northern Honshu, where orchards common replaced mulberry. Proportional losses in both reeling capacity, measured in number of reeling machines and in mulberry acreage were above the national average in the Nagano Basin and below it in Gumma Governmental policies and local factors caused these differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]