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Some models for the economic development of developing countries provide a shift of population from the agricultural to non-agricultural sector. The aim of the study cited in this article is to investigate the possibility of intersectoral transfers of population in the future. The supply of labor is estimated through the population growth in the non-agricultural sector, after allowing for a secular change in the labor force participation rates. The growth of national income in India during 1969-84 was expected by the Indian Planning Commission to be 5.5 per cent during the fourth plan. Before deriving the labor requirements of the non-agricultural sector, the capital-labor ratio for that sector is estimated. The marginal capital-labor ratio with the additional capital requirements is estimated to arrive at the demand for labor in this sector. To obtain the total labor force in the non-agricultural sector it requires a deduction of urban agricultural labor force from, and an addition of the labor force to, the labor force in the urban sector.

The article focuses on Anglo-Indian community of India. It has always been an ethnic minority in a socially unstable relationship with other communities in the country. In the immediate pre-Independence and post-Independence years, the community met with increasing economic competition from Indians, who resented British policies favoring the Anglo-Indians in the labor force. After Independence the new Indian government accorded the Community a transitional period of a decade during which time its members were given special consideration in the allocation of jobs. That period ended in 1960. The Anglo-Indians came to occupy the uncomfortable position of being socially ostracized by the people they most admired and respected, and also by the Indian people whom they believed were culturally and socially inferior to themselves and to the British. Moreover, Anglo-Indian boys seldom marry Hindu or Muslim girls. In some respects the cultural and social barriers are even more formidable for them. It is not likely that an orthodox Hindu or Muslim girl could easily adopt Christianity, and unless she had already been exposed extensively to Western culture the difficulties of adjustment to an Anglo-Indian mode of family life could be very considerable indeed.

The article presents a study by Morton Paglin on Indian agriculture in an attempt to prove that large-scale opportunities for additional employment exists within agriculture. He argues that the output of the current labor force can be increased by the redistribution of labor within the sector. The data collected by Paglin casts doubt over the validity of the dual economy models which assume a free transfer of labor from agriculture to industry without loss of agricultural product. The data presented indicate not only a positive marginal product of labor, but also lend support to the hypothesis that the rationalization and improvement of agricultural techniques, generated by development efforts, will exert a strong upward pull on the demand for agricultural labor. However, the author is of the view that it is impossible to follow Paglin in assuming that the India capital should be regarded as a free good. Capital is scarce in India, as it is in the United States; for this reason the opportunity cost of using it in agriculture must be considered in private and public planning.

This article studies the development of regional accounting practices in India. A region was mostly taken to coincide with a State, that is an administrative unit which is one of the constituent units of the India federal set-up with full autonomy in matters of internal administration and legislation, etc. These States at present are seventeen in number; there are also eleven union territories. These differ from each other in physical endowment, distribution of population in urban and rural areas, pattern of employment and material and manpower resources. The population of Jammu and Kashmir State with 4 million persons in 1969 is far larger than the population of a number of countries in Africa and Latin America while that of Uttar Pradesh with 89 million persons constitutes about 2.5 percent of the world population. A number of States have metropolitan towns with wider responsibilities entrusted to them for undertaking developmental activities in areas under their jurisdiction. These institutions have administrative and developmental responsibilities for the areas under their jurisdiction and have to take decisions in respect of nature of developmental activities to be undertaken by them, priorities to be allotted to such activities, methods of finance and raising of resources and others.

SUMMARY This paper touches on three models of growth, viz: the F el'dman (Soviet) model, the H arrod-D omar model and the M ahalanobis (Indian) model. Of these three, the ancestry of the first is maintained in respect of both its contents and historical sequence. It is argued that the Soviet model is superior to the other two models because it recognizes the significance of a number of factors, viz: (a) the pattern of income distribution, (b) increase in the effective utilization of the existing capital stock, (c) distinction between degrees of effective utilization of the old and the new capital stocks, and lastly, (d) consideration of the rate of growth in terms of capital capacity as well as in terms of the absorption of a growing labour supply. In other respects, the model runs more or less parallel to the H arrod-D omar and M ahalanobis models. Some striking similarities between the Soviet and Indian models exist in spite of the differences in economic and political conditions of the two countries. These are: (a) the Marxian setting of two departments of a closed economy, (b) the aim of achieving a high rate of investment by expanding the capital goods sector and (c) a relative neglect of propensity to save as a crucial variable in the process of growth. The affinity between the Indian and the Soviet models is so strong that the former seems to answer the Soviet rather than the Indian conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the article is to establish an efficiency condition for maximum output when consumption enters into the cost of production. To make the purpose potentially useful and valid, three assumptions are required. First, the marginal productivity of labor in the consumption goods industries must be zero. Second, it must be positive in the capital goods industries. Third, the government must be unable or unwilling to take steps to see that more labor can be employed without an increase in total consumption. The author's arguments have been developed with the Indian economy in mind. In the country the figures do not throw sufficient light because of the seasonality of employment. In many areas at least, the labor force is probably fully employed at planting and harvest time. But it seems to be widely agreed that substantial quantities of labor could be released, even at peak periods, with no effect on production if other measures were taken. It is important to note that the optimum or efficiency condition holds even if the aim is to maximize investment. It is important because the powerful desire of many leaders of opinion in most underdeveloped countries to develop as fast as possible may be interpreted to mean that capital equipment should grow, for some years at least, as fast as possible albeit subject to a tolerable minimum pattern of consumption growth.

The article discusses the role and significance of education in economic, political and social change. The educational system now tends to be viewed as the master determinant of all aspects of change. This article illustrates both the strengths and weaknesses of the approach to the problem adopted by one school of neo-classical economists. The author attempts to estimate for India the "internal rates" of return to investment in human capital, comparing them with returns to investment in physical capital in the modem private sector of industry. It is concluded that the returns on educational investment for India appear to be considerably lower than for investment in private industry. In determining the growth potential of investment in education problem arises of weighing up the economic and social consequences of investment in different types and levels of education. Still influential is the view that as the underdeveloped countries of the world suffer from a shortage of skilled manpower, investment should be directed overwhelmingly into vocational education.

Evaluates several books and articles on unlimited labor supply and the problems of shaping an industrial labor force in India. 'The Emergence of an Industrial Labor Force in India: A Study of the Bombay Cotton Mills, 1854-1947,' by Morris David Morris;; 'Unemployment in Agriculture and the Industrial Wage Rate,' by Dipak Mazumdar, published in the November 1959 issue of 'Economica.'

The article presents a case to measure labor productivity by considering some examples from Indian nitrogen fertilizer manufacture. In a manpower planning exercise carried out with reference to the Indian nitrogen fertilizer industry, a cross-sectional comparison of average productivity of labor (APL) is used by enterprise in the year 1965-66 as a basis for forecasting the future size of the labor force. As a wealth of data got accumulated it became obvious how many economic, statistical and technological snares had to be circumvented in order to make a significant comparison possible. Since the alternative measures of APL can all be quantified with great accuracy in this case, it was felt that the large differentials between them--and therefore the dangers inherent in using an unsophisticated measure--were of interest to a much wider circle than Indian industrial planners. The article presents the results of this exercise. There are six enterprises in this study: FACT, Sindri, Nangal, Ennore, Trombay and Neyveli. Between them they made up 82.6 per cent of nitrogen nutrient manufacturing capacity in India in 1966.

Indian experts have estimated that the population of India will increase from 438 million in 1961 (the year of the most recent census) to 625 million in 1976. In the following pages Mr. Tilak, Deputy Director in the Directorate General of Employment and Training of the Indian Ministry of Labour and Employment, analyses this general increase and estimates the composition of the future labour force by age and sex. In addition he gives projections of employment by industry and occupation, and draws up the balance between the future supply of new enirants to the labour force and the estimated demand for manpower at different levels of education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports on the preparation being made by the Industrial Relations Center of the University of Hawaii in Honolulu for publishing a study of industrial relations in India by Doctor A. V. R. Rao, director of the Bureau of Labour, Industrial Relations and Social Studies in Bombay. Doctor Harold S. Roberts, director of the Center, has been special consultant to the city and county of Honolulu in the evaluation of the city's Personnel Management Program. The study seeks to reappraise the ability of the city's overall personnel management program to meet manpower requirements and other changes expected during the next decade. Papers from a one-day conference on "Challenges to Collective Bargaining," held in August 1967 by the Labor Management Education Program (LMEP) will be published in early 1968. A monograph on the modern Hawaiian community is presently in progress. It consists of papers presented by community leaders before the seminar on the Hawaiian community offered in 1967 by the LMEP for labor union officials. Professor Robert Repas has joined the staff of the LMEP as associate specialist.

This article focuses on the labor strike in Tata Iron and Steel Co. Ltd. in May 1958. Although the Jamshedpur Mazdoor Union (JMU), the communist-led rival of the Tata Worker's Union (TWU) originally sponsored the strike and although the Bihar government declared the strike illegal and the TWU opposed it, a vast majority of the workers participated. A week of violence saw police firings, looting, arson, a curfew, and the movement of federal troops into the city. A basic problem in the Tata strike was the 1956 labor agreement, which was negotiated to lay the basis for an expansion program. There was to be no further recruitment, although the capacity of the works was to be doubled. A comprehensive job evaluation was to be undertaken jointly with the union, but increases in wages were ruled out pending completion of the expansion. Surplus workers to be transferred would, where necessary, be retrained. Indian employers have been urged to assume a wide range of social costs and fringe benefits beyond those required by law. The implicit assumption is that these measures would help to secure a relatively contented and "committed" labor force. However, the Tata experience suggests that there is no clear relationship between the willingness of an employer to be welfare-minded and the state of labor relations.

The article deals with the first annual report released by the Institute of Applied Manpower Research in 1964. One of the aims of the institute is to advance the knowledge about the nature, characteristics and utilisation of human resources in India. The two main types of research activities are the Manpower Group Survey, which aims to study the particular groups of occupations throughout India and the Area Group Study which considers the total manpower situation in individual areas. The institute has planned to publish the "Manpower Journal," which will disseminate manpower information and serve as a forum for discussion on manpower problems.

Investigates the use of production function to determine the level of labor force in India. Interpretation of labor coefficients; Determination of the elasticity of output; Identification of the marginal product of labor.

This article reports that a new quarterly journal is being published by the Institute of Applied Manpower Research, based in New Delhi, India, under the title of "Manpower Journal," as of February 1, 1966. It is to serve as a forum of research and a clearing house of information on problems of manpower, especially full-employment organization, education-employment co-ordination, population growth control and manpower information supply. The first number of the journal appeared in April 1965. Annual subscription is 12 rupees, price per copy three rupees. The editor is Hartirath Singh.