179 results
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2. Cigarette smoke the contribution of the paper.
- Author
-
LOXTON GE
- Subjects
- Humans, Paper, Smoke, Smoking toxicity, Nicotiana
- Published
- 1962
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Carcinogenic activity of smoke condensate from cigarettes with ammonium sulfamate-treated paper.
- Author
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Bock FG, Michelson I, Bross DJ, and Priore RL
- Subjects
- Amines pharmacology, Animals, Mice, Neoplasms, Experimental chemically induced, Plants, Toxic, Time Factors, Nicotiana, Paper, Quaternary Ammonium Compounds pharmacology, Skin Neoplasms chemically induced, Smoking, Sulfonic Acids pharmacology, Tars toxicity
- Published
- 1974
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Free phenolic acids in cigarette smoke and tobacco paper chromatography: separation and identification.
- Author
-
YANG C and WENDER SH
- Subjects
- Humans, Acids chemistry, Chromatography, Chromatography, Paper, Hydroxybenzoates, Phenols chemistry, Smoke, Smoking, Nicotiana chemistry
- Published
- 1962
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. A study of cigarette smoke and cigarette paper smoke alone.
- Author
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RAND HJ, CARDON SZ, ALVORD ET, and BURHAN A
- Subjects
- Humans, Lung Neoplasms etiology, Skin Neoplasms, Smoke, Smoking, Nicotiana
- Published
- 1957
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Some comparative effects of smoked paper, tobacco and cigarettes on chromosomes in vitro.
- Author
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AWA A, OHNUKI Y, and POMERAT CM
- Subjects
- Humans, In Vitro Techniques, Cell Division, Chromosomes, Smoking, Nicotiana
- Published
- 1961
7. Polycyclic hydrocarbons in cigarette smoke: the contribution made by the paper.
- Author
-
COOPER RL, GILBERT JA, and LINDSEY AJ
- Subjects
- Humans, Carcinogens, Polycyclic Compounds, Smoke, Smoking, Nicotiana
- Published
- 1955
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. 3, 4-Benzpyrene in the smoke of cigarette paper, tobacco, and cigarettes.
- Author
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ALVORD ET, CARDON SZ, HITCHCOCK R, and RAND HJ
- Subjects
- Humans, Benz(a)Anthracenes analysis, Benzopyrenes, Smoke, Smoking, Nicotiana
- Published
- 1956
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Chrysene and methylchrysenes: presence in tobacco smoke and carcinogenicity.
- Author
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Hecht SS, Bondinell WE, and Hoffmann D
- Subjects
- Animals, Benz(a)Anthracenes isolation & purification, Benzopyrenes, Carbon Radioisotopes, Chromatography, Chromatography, Gas, Chromatography, Paper, Female, Isomerism, Mice, Neoplasms, Experimental chemically induced, Phenanthrenes chemical synthesis, Phenanthrenes toxicity, Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet, Structure-Activity Relationship, Carcinogens, Phenanthrenes isolation & purification, Skin Neoplasms chemically induced, Smoke, Smoking adverse effects
- Published
- 1974
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Tobacco additives and cigarette smoke. I. Transfer of D-glucose, sucrose, and their degradation products to the smoke.
- Author
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Gager FL Jr, Nedlock JW, and Martin WJ
- Subjects
- Carbon Isotopes, Chromatography, Gas, Chromatography, Paper, Furaldehyde analysis, Smoke, Glucose metabolism, Plants, Toxic, Smoking, Sucrose metabolism, Nicotiana metabolism
- Published
- 1971
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. The metabolism of nicotine into two optically-active stereoisomers of nicotine-1'-oxide by animal tissues in vitro and by cigarette smokers.
- Author
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Booth J and Boyland E
- Subjects
- Animals, Chemical Precipitation, Chromates pharmacology, Chromatography, Paper, Chromatography, Thin Layer, Cricetinae, Guinea Pigs, Humans, In Vitro Techniques, Liver enzymology, Lung metabolism, Male, Mice, Nicotine biosynthesis, Nicotine urine, Oxidation-Reduction, Oxides biosynthesis, Oxides metabolism, Oxides urine, Potassium pharmacology, Quaternary Ammonium Compounds pharmacology, Rabbits, Species Specificity, Stereoisomerism, Nicotine metabolism, Smoking
- Published
- 1970
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Epidemiological studies on air pollution and health.
- Author
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Ferris BG Jr
- Subjects
- Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Asthma etiology, British Columbia, Bronchitis etiology, Dust analysis, Environmental Exposure, Ethnicity, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Occupational Diseases, Paper, Respiratory Function Tests, Rural Population, Sampling Studies, Sex Factors, Sulfides analysis, Sulfur Dioxide, United Kingdom, United States, Urban Population, Air Pollution, Respiratory Tract Diseases etiology, Smoking
- Published
- 1968
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Effect of cigar smoke and nicotine on the 5-hydroxytryptamine content in guinea-pig tissues.
- Author
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Mattila M and Airaksinen MM
- Subjects
- Animals, Blood Chemical Analysis, Brain drug effects, Carbon Isotopes, Chromatography, Paper, Fluorometry, Guinea Pigs, Intestines drug effects, Lung drug effects, Nicotine analysis, Spleen drug effects, Air Pollution, Nicotine adverse effects, Serotonin pharmacology, Smoking
- Published
- 1966
14. Identification of aromatic ketones in cigarette smoke condensate.
- Author
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Bell JH, Ireland S, and Spears AW
- Subjects
- Air Pollution analysis, Chromatography, Gas, Chromatography, Ion Exchange, Chromatography, Paper, Infrared Rays, Spectrum Analysis, Ultraviolet Rays, Fluorenes isolation & purification, Ketones isolation & purification, Smoking
- Published
- 1969
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. SUN-DOWN PAPERS--[No. 5].
- Subjects
PUBLISHED reprints ,TEMPERANCE ,SELF-control ,DISCIPLINE ,SMOKING - Abstract
A reprint from an article published within the April 28, 1840 issue of the journal "The Long Island" is presented which discusses various issues related to intemperance. It discusses various ill effects of alcoholism. The practice of using tobacco has been discussed at length. It is mentioned how youth take pride in indulging in smoking.
- Published
- 1921
16. Letter: Smoking in pregnancy.
- Author
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Yerushalmy J
- Subjects
- Birth Weight, Female, Humans, Infant Mortality, Pregnancy, Smoking complications
- Published
- 1973
17. Investigation of Relation between Use of Oral Contraceptives and Thromboembolic Disease. A Further Report
- Author
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M. Vessey and Richard Doll
- Subjects
Cerebral veins ,Adult ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Adolescent ,Coronary Disease ,Thrombophlebitis ,Coronary thrombosis ,Internal medicine ,Thromboembolism ,medicine ,Humans ,General Environmental Science ,business.industry ,Body Weight ,Smoking ,General Engineering ,General Medicine ,Papers and Originals ,Intracranial Embolism and Thrombosis ,medicine.disease ,Thrombosis ,Surgery ,Pulmonary embolism ,Clinical research ,Embolism ,Family planning ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Female ,Cerebral Arterial Diseases ,business ,Pulmonary Embolism ,Contraceptives, Oral - Abstract
The results of a previous study of the use of oral contraceptives by married women discharged from hospital with a diagnosis of thromboembolic disease in the years 1964-6 were reported by us last year. The present paper adds results relating to patients discharged during 1967 and a few data, that could not be sought previously, for patients discharged with cerebral or coronary thrombosis from three of the hospitals in the earlier period.Of 84 patients with deep-vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism 42 (50%) had used oral contraceptives during the month preceding the onset of their illness, while only 23 of the 168 controls (14%) had done so. No differences in risk were found either for the types of preparation or for the duration of use. After allowance for age and height, the patients with venous thromboembolism were about 10 lb. (4,535 g.) heavier than the control patients, irrespective of whether they were using oral contraceptives or not. No appreciable difference was found between the smoking habits of patients with and without venous thromboembolism treated during 1967, nor between women who were using oral contraceptives and those who were not. The trend in hospital admissions for venous thromboembolism with time corresponded to the trend in the use of oral contraceptives, and there was no evidence to suggest that the number of admissions was affected by publicity about the risk of using the preparations. Of 19 patients with cerebral thrombosis 11 (58%) had been using oral contraceptives, compared with an expected figure of 3.5 from the experience of the control subjects. All the published data (clinical, angiographic, and post-mortem) show that the thrombosis affects the cerebral arteries rather than the cerebral veins. Of 17 patients with coronary thrombosis 2 (12%) had been using oral contraceptives, compared with an expected figure of 2.1. The patients with coronary thrombosis smoked more than the control patients and were, on average, 8.3 lb. (3,765 g.) heavier than control women of the same age and height.The new evidence strengthens the belief that oral contraceptives are a cause of venous thromboembolism and cerebral thrombosis but does not indicate that they are a cause of coronary thrombosis.
- Published
- 1969
18. Incidence of Idiopathic Venous Thromboembolism in Nurses
- Author
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Murdoch A. MacLeod and Lawrence E. Ramsay
- Subjects
Adult ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Pediatrics ,Adolescent ,Deep vein ,Population ,Nurses ,Thrombophlebitis ,Thromboembolism ,Medicine ,Humans ,education ,General Environmental Science ,education.field_of_study ,business.industry ,Incidence (epidemiology) ,Body Weight ,Smoking ,General Engineering ,Age Factors ,General Medicine ,Papers and Originals ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,Thrombosis ,Surgery ,Pulmonary embolism ,Occupational Diseases ,Parity ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Increased risk ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Female ,business ,Pulmonary Embolism ,Venous thromboembolism ,Contraceptives, Oral - Abstract
The incidence of idiopathic deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in a group of nurses (9·4 per 1,000 per year and 7·5 per 1,000 per year respectively) was much higher than the reported incidence in women of childbearing age in the general population (0·65 per 1,000 per year and 0·11 per 1,000 per year respectively). We suggest that these results show that nurses face an increased risk of idiopathic thromboembolism as a result of their occupation.
- Published
- 1973
19. Variations in Carboxyhaemoglobin Levels in Smokers
- Author
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C. M. Castleden and P. V. Cole
- Subjects
Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Time Factors ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Hemoglobins ,Sex Factors ,Sex factors ,medicine ,Humans ,General Environmental Science ,Morning ,business.industry ,Smoking ,General Engineering ,General Medicine ,Papers and Originals ,Surgery ,chemistry ,Carboxyhemoglobin ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Female ,business ,Sleep ,Demography ,Half-Life - Abstract
Three experiments on smokers have been performed to determine variations in blood levels of carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb) throughout the day and night and whether a random measurement of COHb gives a true estimation of a smoker's mean COHb level. In the individual smoker the COHb level does not increase gradually during the day but is kept within relatively narrow limits. Moderately heavy smokers rise in the morning with a substantially raised COHb level because the half life of COHb is significantly longer during sleep than during the day. Women excrete their carbon monoxide faster than men. A random COHb estimation gives a good indication of the mean COHb level of an individual.
- Published
- 1974
20. Cigarette Smoker's Bronchitis: The Effect of Relighting
- Author
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J. Rimington
- Subjects
Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Chronic bronchitis ,Sputum Production ,Internal medicine ,Statistical significance ,medicine ,Humans ,Bronchitis ,General Environmental Science ,Smoke ,Behavior ,Cigarette Smoker ,business.industry ,Smoking ,General Engineering ,Sputum ,General Medicine ,Papers and Originals ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,Mass Chest X-Ray ,Surgery ,England ,Chronic Disease ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,medicine.symptom ,Producing sputum ,business - Abstract
Male volunteers for mass radiography examination aged 40 or more were questioned about their sputum production, smoking habits, and, when applicable, their method of smoking cigarettes.Of 5,438 cigarette smokers 1,051 (19%) claimed that when smoking a cigarette they usually extinguished it at some stage and later relit it to smoke again. Anyone who admitted to producing sputum from his chest on most days of the year or on most days for a minimum of three months of the year for at least the last two years was classed, in the absence of other causative disease, as a chronic bronchitic. Such chronic bronchitics totalled 1,864 (34%).The rate of chronic bronchitis among relighters (39.7%) was higher than the rate (32.9%) among the remaining cigarette smokers. The difference was of high statistical significance (P
- Published
- 1974
21. Familial Trends in Low Birth Weight
- Author
-
Frank D. Johnstone and Lesley Inglis
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Percentile ,Birth weight ,Population ,Gestational Age ,Fetus ,Obstetric Labor, Premature ,Pregnancy ,Fetal sex ,medicine ,Birth Weight ,Humans ,Family ,education ,General Environmental Science ,education.field_of_study ,Obstetrics ,business.industry ,Body Weight ,Smoking ,General Engineering ,Infant, Newborn ,Gestational age ,Obstetrics and Gynecology ,General Medicine ,Papers and Originals ,medicine.disease ,Body Height ,Low birth weight ,Parity ,Scotland ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Gestation ,Female ,medicine.symptom ,Parity (mathematics) ,business ,Demography - Abstract
The reproductive performance of sisters and sisters-in-law of 185 women who had delivered “light-for-dates” and “premature expulsion” low birth weight infants was studied. Percentile birth weights were compared taking into account length of gestation, fetal sex, and the height, weight, parity, and smoking habits of the mother. Sisters of women who had delivered light-for-dates babies had lighter babies than the general population, their sisters-in-law, or the sisters of women in the premature expulsion group. These other groups, however, had the expected distribution of percentile birth weights. Data on familial trends in smoking habits and unknown gestation are also presented. The results are consistent with the theory that the mother9s own intrauterine experience affects her reproductive performance but could also be explained by shared family learning experience of as yet unidentified microsocial factors related to pregnancy performance.
- Published
- 1974
22. Oral Contraceptives and Myocardial Infarction
- Author
-
M. F. Oliver
- Subjects
Adult ,Smoking ,General Engineering ,Age Factors ,Myocardial Infarction ,General Medicine ,Papers and Originals ,Glucose Tolerance Test ,stomatognathic diseases ,Cholesterol ,Hypertension ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Humans ,Female ,Triglycerides ,General Environmental Science ,Contraceptives, Oral - Abstract
During 1965-9 22 women aged 41 years or less have been seen with myocardial infarction. Eleven had been taking oral contraceptives. This prevalence of oral contraception (50%) is appreciably greater than that estimated for women of the same age in the general population.Nine of these 11 women had an independent increased risk of developing ischaemic heart disease because of hyperlipidaemia, hypertension, or excessive cigarette smoking. Ten of the 11 not taking an oral contraceptive also had a readily identifiable predisposing factor. None of the 22 showed carbohydrate intolerance. The similarity of the two groups is the striking finding. Details of 15 women of comparable age seen during 1960-4 before oral contraceptives were widely used are also presented, and they had similar characteristics.Oral contraceptives do not appear on their own to increase the risk of developing myocardial infarction, but they may do so in women otherwise prone to ischaemic heart disease. Suggestions are made for the identification of these women.
- Published
- 1970
23. Recent History of Ischaemic Heart Disease and Duodenal Ulcer in Doctors
- Author
-
T. H. D. Arie, T. W. Meade, D. J. Bond, J. N. Morris, and M. Brewis
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Pediatrics ,Occupational group ,Heart disease ,Population ,Prevalence ,Coronary Disease ,Physicians ,medicine ,Humans ,education ,General Environmental Science ,education.field_of_study ,Sickness absence ,business.industry ,Smoking ,General Engineering ,Age Factors ,General Medicine ,Papers and Originals ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,United Kingdom ,Surgery ,Duodenal ulcer ,Occupational Diseases ,Duodenal Ulcer ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Ischaemic heart disease ,business ,Developed country - Abstract
Data are presented on the incidence of ischaemic (coronary) heart disease and duodenal ulcer among the several thousand male medical practitioners aged 35–64 holding immediate sickness benefit policies with the Medical Sickness Annuity and Life Assurance Society Limited. Three periods are considered: 1947–50, 1957–60, and 1961–5. The incidence of first clinical episodes of ischaemic heart disease in the doctors altered little between 1947–50 and 1957–60 but increased in 1961–5. Comparison of the late 1940s with the early 1960s shows a 60% rise of incidence at ages 45–54 but little change at other ages. Cases first presenting as “sudden” death increased between 1947–50 and 1961–5 by 111% at 45–54, and again changed little at 55–64. In two other occupational groups that have been studied—bus conductors and insurance salesmen—the increase of incidence was greater than for the doctors at 45–54 and it occurred also over 55 years of age. The increase from 1947–50 to 1961–5 in mortality during all episodes of ischaemic heart disease was the same in the doctors as in the male population of England and Wales at 45–54, but at 55–64 it was less. The results in the doctors are not due to alterations over the period in length of sickness absence, or underwriting policy, or of the nomenclature used on the certificates. Well-documented changes in the smoking habits of doctors may be partly responsible for what appears to have been a relatively favourable experience of ischaemic heart disease from 1947–50 to 1961–5, especially at ages 55–64. Incidence of duodenal ulcer at ages 35–64 declined steadily in this population of doctors from 1947–50 to 1961–5. The decline is very likely to be real.
- Published
- 1968
24. Bronchial Reactivity to Cigarette and Cigar Smoke
- Author
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Jan S. Newton-Howes, David A. Warrell, D. G. Robertson, and C. M. Fletcher
- Subjects
Spirometry ,Adult ,Male ,Specific Airway Conductance ,Physiology ,Bronchi ,Cigarette smoke ,Medicine ,Humans ,Pack-year ,Sidestream smoke ,Reactivity (psychology) ,General Environmental Science ,Smoke ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,business.industry ,Smoking ,General Engineering ,General Medicine ,Papers and Originals ,Middle Aged ,Retention efficiency ,Plethysmography ,Respiratory Physiological Phenomena ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,business ,Filtration - Abstract
The change in specific airway conductance produced by smoking a cigarette under standard conditions was measured in 91 heavy smokers. Subsequently 19 of the most reactive subjects smoked two cigarettes with different filters and another containing cigar tobacco. The results indicated that reactivity to cigarette smoke was reduced significantly by increasing the retention efficiency of the filter and that reactivity to inhaled cigar-tobacco smoke was no less than that to cigarette smoke.
- Published
- 1969
25. Role of Vegetarianism, Smoking, and Hydroxocobalamin in Optic Neuritis
- Author
-
E. V. Quadros, N. H. Wadia, M. M. Desai, and D. K. Dastur
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Visual acuity ,Optic Neuritis ,Adolescent ,Unknown aetiology ,Prednisolone ,Tobacco amblyopia ,Visual Acuity ,Gastroenterology ,Functional Laterality ,Folic Acid ,Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ,Internal medicine ,Medicine ,Humans ,Optic neuritis ,Cyanocobalamin ,Scotoma ,General Environmental Science ,Serum vitamin ,Cyanides ,business.industry ,Diet, Vegetarian ,Smoking ,General Engineering ,General Medicine ,Papers and Originals ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,Hydroxocobalamin ,eye diseases ,Vitamin B 12 ,Endocrinology ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Female ,medicine.symptom ,business ,Thiocyanates ,medicine.drug ,Follow-Up Studies - Abstract
Only 20 patients with optic neuritis of unknown aetiology could be collected in Bombay over a period of two and a half years. Only six of them were smokers and only three (one a non-smoker) had bilateral centrocaecal scotomata similar to those found in tobacco amblyopia. In 11 untreated patients the serum vitamin B(12) and plasma thiocyanate levels were estimated and found to show no significant differences from those in normal control subjects. Treatment with hydroxocobalamin in the majority of cases and with cyanocobalamin, corticotrophin, or prednisolone in the rest showed equally good results; spontaneous improvement was seen in one case.No significant role could be assigned to smoking (cyanide) or to vegetarianism in the production of optic neuritis in these patients; nor was there any evidence of depletion of total (cyanide-extracted) B(12) or of an increase in the proportion of non-cyanide-extracted B(12) in the serum.
- Published
- 1972
26. Mesothelioma in Scotland
- Author
-
Angela Finlayson, J. McEwen, A. A. M. Gibson, and A. Mair
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Mesothelioma ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Pathology ,Biopsy ,Pleural Neoplasms ,Prevalence ,medicine.disease_cause ,Asbestos ,Peritoneal Neoplasm ,medicine ,Humans ,Pleural Neoplasm ,Occupations ,neoplasms ,Peritoneal Neoplasms ,General Environmental Science ,Aged ,Retrospective Studies ,business.industry ,General surgery ,Incidence (epidemiology) ,Smoking ,General Engineering ,Retrospective cohort study ,General Medicine ,Environmental exposure ,Papers and Originals ,Environmental Exposure ,respiratory system ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,United Kingdom ,respiratory tract diseases ,Scotland ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Female ,business - Abstract
In a retrospective study of the incidence of mesothelioma in Scotland for 1950-67 80 cases were traced from pathological reports and biopsy material of malignant tumours invading the pleura and peritoneum. These cases were matched with two sets of controls. Detailed histories of residence, occupation, and degree of exposure to asbestos confirmed that the incidence of mesothelioma in Scotland is similar to that in other parts of Britain.
- Published
- 1970
27. Oral Contraceptives and Myocardial Infarction
- Author
-
Dorothy J. Radford and M. F. Oliver
- Subjects
Adult ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Sterilization, Tubal ,Population ,Hypercholesterolemia ,Myocardial Infarction ,Coronary Disease ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Humans ,Myocardial infarction ,Obesity ,education ,General Environmental Science ,Gynecology ,education.field_of_study ,Glucose tolerance test ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,business.industry ,Public health ,Smoking ,General Engineering ,Retrospective cohort study ,General Medicine ,Papers and Originals ,Glucose Tolerance Test ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,Family planning ,Acute Disease ,Hypertension ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Female ,business ,Developed country ,Contraceptives, Oral - Abstract
During 1965-9 22 women aged 41 years or less have been seen with myocardial infarction. Eleven had been taking oral contraceptives. This prevalence of oral contraception (50%) is appreciably greater than that estimated for women of the same age in the general population.Nine of these 11 women had an independent increased risk of developing ischaemic heart disease because of hyperlipidaemia, hypertension, or excessive cigarette smoking. Ten of the 11 not taking an oral contraceptive also had a readily identifiable predisposing factor. None of the 22 showed carbohydrate intolerance. The similarity of the two groups is the striking finding. Details of 15 women of comparable age seen during 1960-4 before oral contraceptives were widely used are also presented, and they had similar characteristics.Oral contraceptives do not appear on their own to increase the risk of developing myocardial infarction, but they may do so in women otherwise prone to ischaemic heart disease. Suggestions are made for the identification of these women.
- Published
- 1973
28. Decrease in Ventilatory Capacity between Ages of 50 and 54 in Representative Sample of Swedish Men
- Author
-
Lars Wilhelmsen, Gösta Tibblin, and Ioan Orha
- Subjects
Spirometry ,Male ,Chronic bronchitis ,Aging ,medicine ,Humans ,Respiratory system ,Bronchitis ,General Environmental Science ,Sweden ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,business.industry ,Smoking ,General Engineering ,Follow up studies ,General Medicine ,Papers and Originals ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,Chronic disease ,Anesthesia ,Chronic Disease ,Respiratory Physiological Phenomena ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,business ,Follow-Up Studies - Abstract
The ventilatory capacity, including flow-volume curves of 313 men, all 50 years old, was examined in 1963 and 1967. The group as a whole, which included persons with chronic bronchitis, with “other respiratory symptoms,” and without respiratory symptoms, showed the same absolute decrease in ventilatory capacity. Vital capacity, forced expiratory volume, and maximum expiratory flow all dropped more for the smokers than for either the non-smokers or the ex-smokers. In those who had stopped smoking for four years or less, however, ventilatory capacity did not decline significantly less than in those who continued to smoke.
- Published
- 1969
29. Puffing Frequency and Nicotine Intake in Cigarette Smokers
- Author
-
Heather Ashton and D. W. Watson
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Nicotine ,Nicotine Dose ,Physical Exertion ,Blood Pressure ,Audiology ,Toxicology ,Habits ,Heart Rate ,Tobacco ,Reaction Time ,Medicine ,Humans ,General Environmental Science ,business.industry ,Respiration ,Smoking ,General Engineering ,General Medicine ,Papers and Originals ,respiratory tract diseases ,Plants, Toxic ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Female ,business ,Blood Flow Velocity ,Filtration ,medicine.drug - Abstract
The smoking behaviour of 36 subjects smoking cigarettes with different filter retention efficiencies for nicotine was studied. Subjects were observed while performing various tasks on a driving simulator and also during a resting period after the tasks. Smokers of cigarettes with high-retention filters took more frequent puffs and obtained nearly the same amount of nicotine as smokers of cigarettes with low-retention filters, both while performing the tasks and during the resting period. Smokers of both types of cigarettes took significantly more puffs and obtained more nicotine per unit time during the resting period than during the tasks. The results are compatible with the possibility that smokers automatically adjust the nicotine dose obtained from a cigarette to some “optimum” level which may vary with different activities.
- Published
- 1970
30. Correction
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Occupational Medicine ,Lung Neoplasms ,Respiratory Tract Diseases ,Smoking ,Statistics as Topic ,Correction ,Coronary Disease ,Papers and Originals ,Middle Aged ,respiratory tract diseases ,Habits ,England ,Cardiovascular Diseases ,behavior and behavior mechanisms ,Humans ,Mortality ,Aged - Abstract
A study of the relation between smoking habits and lung cancer in male industrial workers over a period of three years has confirmed the earlier findings in doctors that the death-rate from lung cancer correlates closely with the number of cigarettes smoked. Of 54,460 men studied 68.7% were current cigarette smokers. The annual mortality rate from lung cancer was 0.33 per thousand in non-smokers and ex-smokers, and 1.2 per thousand for all cigarette smokers, and higher in heavy smokers.Heavy cigarette smokers who retained the cigarette in the mouth between puffs ("drooping" cigarette habit) had an annual mortality rate of 4.1 per thousand.The mortality from coronary thrombosis in smokers was nearly three times that in non-smokers. A mortality gradient with rising consumption of cigarettes was observed.Some correlation between smoking and cancer of other sites and from non-neoplastic lung disease was observed in older men, but no correlation was found with other cardiovascular diseases and cerebrovascular diseases.
- Published
- 1968
31. Spontaneous regression of oral leukoplakias among Indian villagers in a 5-year follow-up study.
- Author
-
Mehta, Fali S. and Pindborg, J. J.
- Subjects
INDIANS (Asians) ,ORAL leukoplakia ,PRECANCEROUS conditions ,SMOKING ,ORAL mucosa diseases ,HEALTH surveys - Abstract
An oral leukoplakia register was established among 50,000 villagers in five districts of India in 1967-68. The paper describes the results after a 5-year follow-up study among 30,000 subjects from three of the districts with regard to spontaneous regression of leukoplakias. The follow-up rate for the three districts varied from 66.6 % to 794 %. The corresponding rates for individuals with leukoplakias varied from 67.6 % to 759 %. The regression, comprising a total or partial disappearance, varied from 26.1 % to 437 % in the three districts. The upper labial mucosa, the left commissure and left buccal mucosa were the sites of maximum regression. In Ernakulam, leukoplakias appeared to regress more often among chewers than among smokers. Although 23.2 % of the patients with regressed leukoplakias had changed their chewing or smoking habits, none had stopped either chewing or smoking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1974
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. LONGITUDINAL RESEARCH AND MARIJUANA SMOKING A Successful Approach.
- Author
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Lucas, Wayne L., Grupp, Stanley E., and Schmitt, Raymond L.
- Subjects
LONGITUDINAL method ,SOCIAL science research ,MARIJUANA ,SMOKING ,SOCIAL surveys ,SOCIOLOGICAL research - Abstract
This paper reports on specific methods that were used in a longitudinal Study in which 94% of the subjects cooperated at the time or at recontact after a two-year interval The probable factors responsible for this success are described, including details regarding the preparation prior to the study, approaching the subject, establishing rapport at initial contact, and the maintenance of rapport throughout the study. It is hoped this description will encourage others to provide similar reports on their methods and be helpful to those pursuing comparable research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1974
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. The Dynamics of "Corrective" Groups.
- Author
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Crosbie, Paul V., Petrone, Frank A., and Stitt, B. Grant
- Subjects
SOCIAL groups ,PUBLIC health ,SMOKING ,SMOKING cessation ,SOCIAL control ,SOCIAL sciences - Abstract
Nothing the limited understanding of group dynamics among health reseachers using corrective group, this papers proposes that a number of principles already estalished in the field of small groups might be used facilite the processes of comformity and social control in correctve groups. An exploratory experiment designed to test the effects of several group charactiristics was conducted wth smoking cessation group. The experiment, with smoker wishing to quit, included four conditions: one with experimeter attention; a second with attention and simple group environment; a commitment, and goal interdependence. it was hypothesized that pressures toward comformity and control would increase with the addition of each successive characteristics, and that smoking reduction among the conditions would be ordered along this pressure dimension. The results of the experiment support the hypothesis; smoking reduction increased directly for use in corrective groups are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1972
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. SALIVARY AMMONIA AND ITS RELATION TO DENTAL CARIES.
- Author
-
YOUNGBURG, GUY E.
- Subjects
AMMONIA ,SALIVA microbiology ,DENTAL caries ,SMOKING ,INGESTION - Abstract
A conference paper on the relationship between salivary ammonia and dental caries is presented. Details are provided about the chemical properties of ammonia and the microbiology of human saliva. The effects of smoking, eating, and bicarbonates on the amount of ammonia present in saliva are also examined.
- Published
- 1936
35. SOME INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF TOBACCO CONSUMPTION AND PERSONALITY.
- Author
-
Lynn, R. and Hayes, B.
- Subjects
SMOKING ,TOBACCO ,PSYCHOLOGY ,PERSONALITY ,MENTAL health ,CANCER - Abstract
It has been found that smoking is associated with extraversion. The present paper extends this finding by demonstrating that the association holds internationally: in nations where the level of extraversion is high, the consumption of tobacco is also high. It is not certain whether smoking should be regarded as a comparatively superficial manifestation of the extraverted personality, or whether there is some unknown constitutional factor responsible for extra- version, the tendency to smoke, and the predisposition to cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1969
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. When Is a Smoke Not a smoke?
- Subjects
SMOKING - Abstract
The article reports on the decision of impartial arbitrator Michael I. Komaroff that the two workmen of the North American Aviation Co., who were subjected to a disciplinary action due to the alleged smoking in a restroom of the company's Downey Plant in Los Angeles, California, were not actually smoking and were improperly disciplined.
- Published
- 1952
37. Tobacco smoking and the sex mortality differential.
- Author
-
Retherford, Robert D. and Retherford, R D
- Subjects
SMOKING ,TOBACCO ,MORTALITY ,DEMOGRAPHY ,LIFE expectancy - Abstract
This paper examines the effects of tobacco smoking on the sex mortality differential in the United States. It is found that all forms of smoking combined account for about 47 percent of the female-male difference in 50e37 (life expectancy between ages 37 and 87) in 1962, and about 75 percent of the increase in the female-male difference in
50 e87 over the period 1910-62. When these percentage effects of smoking are decomposed each into a sum of contributions by age and immediate medical cause of death, the degenerative diseases acting at the older ages are found to be of primary importance. The above results appear in large part to explain why the degenerative diseases also account for most of the 1910-65 increase in the female-male difference in life expectancy at birth. The analysis assumes that spurious effects due to the correlation of tobacco consumption with other mortality-related factors are small compared to the causal effects of tobacco consumption itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 1972
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Smoking Behavior in a Teenage Population: A Multivariate Conceptual Approach.
- Author
-
Lanese, Richard R., Banks, Franklin R., and Keller, Martin D.
- Subjects
SMOKING ,TOBACCO use ,TEENAGERS ,CIGARETTE smokers ,HEALTH surveys ,MULTIVARIATE analysis - Abstract
In studies of variables that can be used to predict teenage smoking, there is a need for surveys using multiple prediction procedures. This paper is an attempt to select an optimum set of such predictors and to establish their interrelationships. Findings are presented and areas of research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1972
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Cigarette Smoking and Widowhood in the United States.
- Author
-
Retherford, Robert D.
- Subjects
SMOKING ,LIFE expectancy ,TOBACCO ,WIDOWHOOD ,CIGARETTE smokers ,SEX differences (Biology) - Abstract
Earlier work has shown that tobacco consumption, primarily of cigarettes, accounted for almost half of the female-male difference in life expectancy in the United States in 1962. The present paper examines a related problem, the contribution of cigarette smoking of husbands to the high probability of widowhood for older wives and to the high expectation of widowed life for wives. The analysis is based on comparison of couple-life-table parameters by level of cigarette consumption of each spouse. A salient finding is that for initially intact couples, wife aged 37 and husband aged 39, who never divorce or re-marry after death of spouse, the probability of widowhood at age 62 for wives with non-smoking husbands is 0.125 whereas for wives with husbands who smoke 40 or more cigarettes per day it is 0.285. Another is that non-smoking wives with non-smoking husbands can expect to spend 18.7% of theft remaining years after age 37 in widowhood, whereas non-smoking wives with husbands who smoke 40 or more cigarettes a day can expect to spend 30.7 % of their remaining years in widowhood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1973
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. What Has Hit Tobacco Stocks?
- Subjects
STOCK prices ,TOBACCO industry ,FINANCIAL performance ,BOND ratings ,HEALTH ,SMOKING ,LUNG cancer ,MARKETING of cigarettes - Abstract
The article presents an analysis of the reasons for the decline of the performance of tobacco stocks in the U.S. Based on the report from the American Cancer Society, the possible link between smoking and lung cancer could be the explanation behind the 1953 decline in cigarette consumption. The author also empahasizes that some analysts believe that the slump of tobacco shares could be a result of the long rise of cigarette issues and the investors' fear for the prospects of inflation.
- Published
- 1953
41. Puff Job.
- Subjects
MARIJUANA ,NONFICTION - Abstract
The article reviews the book "The Marijuana Papers," by David Solomon.
- Published
- 1967
42. Cigarets & Capillaries.
- Subjects
PHYSIOLOGICAL effects of tobacco ,VASOCONSTRICTION - Published
- 1934
43. In the Wind.
- Subjects
DEBATE ,ASSOCIATIONS, institutions, etc. ,FOOTWEAR ,FACTORIES ,SMOKING ,POLITICAL development - Abstract
This article presents information related to political developments in different parts of the world. The free world association recently planned a public debate on the Ball-Burton-Hatch-Hill resolution that the United States should cooperate with other nations to enforce peace after the war, but had to call it off because it could not find two isolationists willing to submit their view to debate. With orders on hand for 30,000 pairs of shoes to be made of wood and paper, a Norwegian factory had to delay production when the Nazis discovered that the paper for the uppers was red, white, and blue. Smoking at street-car stops in Belgium is now verboten.
- Published
- 1943
44. Do ex-smokers live longer?
- Subjects
CIGARETTE smokers ,SMOKING - Abstract
This article states that statistics studied by the American Cancer Society suggests that people who quit smoking while they are health have much lower death rate.
- Published
- 1963
45. Smoke Switch.
- Subjects
SMOKING - Abstract
The article discusses the results of a survey on smoking habits in Ann Arbor, Michigan undertaken by the Survey Research Center (SRC) of the University of Michigan.
- Published
- 1955
46. In Business.
- Subjects
MERGERS & acquisitions ,LUNG cancer ,SMOKING ,GAS pipeline design & construction - Abstract
This section offers world news briefs related to business in May 1956. Studebaker-Packard Corp. plans to merge with Curtiss-Wright Corp. in an effort to solve its financial crisis. The British government accepted the connection between lung cancer and cigarette smoking as statistically incontrovertible. Trans-Canada Pipe Lines Ltd. can build the east-west gas pipeline of Canada without opposition after its chief rival withdrew a proposal to create the line without public aid.
- Published
- 1956
47. Being Nonchalant About Smoking.
- Subjects
SMOKING ,SMOKING policy ,SMOKING cessation ,HEALTH risk assessment in the press ,PUBLIC opinion - Published
- 1964
48. Smoking & Cancer (Contd.).
- Subjects
CIGARETTE smokers - Published
- 1959
49. "I Loathe".
- Subjects
SMOKING policy - Published
- 1928
50. The interrelationship of maternal smoking and increased perinatal mortality with other risk factors. Further analysis of the Ontario Perinatal Mortality Study, 1960-1961.
- Author
-
Meyer MB, Tonascia JA, and Buck C
- Subjects
- Adult, Body Height, Body Weight, Epidemiologic Methods, Female, Hematocrit, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Male, Maternal Age, Maternal Behavior, Ontario, Parity, Pregnancy, Risk, Sex Factors, Socioeconomic Factors, Fetal Death, Infant Mortality, Smoking
- Abstract
Increased perinatal mortality among smokers' babies has been observed in many but not in all studies, with a statistically significant difference in some. This paper explores the hypothesis that maternal smoking may interact with other risk factors, so that a dose-related increase in perinatal mortality may be enhance or masked depending upon the presence or absence of these factors. Data are from the Ontario Perinatal Mortality Study of all single b irths in 10 teaching hospitals in Ontario in 1960-1961 a total of 51,490 births, including 701 fetal deaths and 655 early neonatal deaths. Perinatal mortality increased significantly with smoking, and was also affected by such factors as maternal age, parity, hospital status, previous pregnancy history, hemoglobin level, and others. Smoking frequencies also varied by many of these characteristics. Perinatal mortality was therefore analyzed by the amount smoked during pregnancy within subgroups of these antecedent risk factors. When smoking and other risk factors were cross-tabulated among 52 data subgroups, only the light smokers (less than 1 pack per day) under age 20 had lower perinatal mortality rates than their nonsmoking counterparts. In almost all subgroups the mortality increase with smoking was dose-related, but not in a simple, linear way. The increased risk of perinatal mortality associated with light smoking among young, low-parity, non-anemic mothers was less than 10 percent. At the other extreme, mothers of high parity, public hospital status, with previous low birthweight births, or with hemoglobin less than 11 gm had increased perinatal mortality risks of 70-100 percent when they were heavy smokers. The failure of some studies to find a significant increase in perinatal mortality with maternal smoking may be due to selection of study populations from the end of the spectrum where light smoking is associated with only a slight increase in perinatal risk. Other studies may select higher risk populations, where the influence of smoking on mortality is stronger. Depending on the magnitude of the difference, the amount smoked, and the size of the study, results might or might not be statistically significant.
- Published
- 1974
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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