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Urinary metabolites before dental treatment were compared in a group of patients with dental phobia and in a matched control group. Plasma adrenaline, noradrenaline, and free fatty acids were estimated before treatment, immediately after sedation with diazapam 0.2 mg/kg body weight in the phobic patients, during induction of oral anaesthesia, and during and after surgery. Patients with dental phobia had significantly higher levels of adrenaline, which were only temporarily lowered by sedation, and which during treatment remained consistently higher than those of control patients.

Presents a case-history describing primary psychotraumatic neuroses experienced by a teenage patient. Family background; Personality and characteristics of the patient; Information on the phobic anxiety and alternating amnesia suffered by the patient.

In this article, two studies are summarized, that employ a previously developed experimentally validated measure of castration anxiety to test derivations from psychoanalytic theory. The first study compares homosexual males and normal males in a search for differences in castration anxiety. The second study makes the same comparison for normal men and women. S. Freud, in one of his earliest papers, suggests that castration anxiety, because of its role in the resolution of the Oedipus complex, is of crucial importance to subsequent object choice. Later papers repeat this statement without essential castration anxiety inhibits the boy's object choice and, if reinforced by organic factors, may result in exclusive homosexuality. The weight of psychoanalytic theory suggests castration anxiety is of differential importance in the personalities of normal men and women, Freud, speaking of castration anxiety in the female, states "She accepts castration as an established fact, an operation already performed. The castration dread thus being excluded in her case."

Existential anxieties face the individual at the inception of his act. Derivatively, they produce a social problem and call forth a social response. This paper begins by illustrating several types of existential anxeieties. This is followed by an examination of some socially structured arrangements for assuring action despite them. The existential anxieties described above are rooted in the nature of social actions. They reflect factual suffering imposed by concrete freedom of choice. A value conflict or a condition of uncertainty is experienced as anxiety because conflicting motives are engaged or because an early trauma is reactivated. The result of channeling genetically prior motivational resources into support of more differentiated values is manifested as an act of courage. Courage may be defined as an attitude enabling action in the face of anxiety. Because existential anxiety inheres in every free act, individuals universally need courage. Society has an interest in courage. It is not surprising, therefore, that social institutions develop means to assure individual achievement of courage or faiths. This is a central function of the worship role in religious institutions.

Iwawaki and his associates (1967) were surprised to discover that Japanese 9-year-olds had lower anxiety scores than their French or American counterparts. Their findings contrasted with prior results of cross-cultural comparisons of college groups, among whom Japanese had the highest anxiety. In the present paper, the Iwawaki results are re-examined in the light of Benedict's (1946) finding of a nonlinear inverse relation between Japanese and American societal pressures or constraints upon individuals at particular ages. A generalized hypothesis is formulated about the relation of anxiety to age-linked shifts in societal pressures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on the effects of anxiety and conformity on the Structured-Objective Rorschach Test (SORT). This paper is an exploratory study concerning the effects of two empirically selected motives, anxiety and conformity, on the SORT. Following a common research procedure, the effects of motivational variables will be determined by selecting 55 with extreme scores on the devices used to measure the motives. The hypothesis for this study is that the SORT protocols will reflect differences in levels of anxiety and conformity. The interaction effects further emphasize the need for additional research on the SORT. It would appear that the instrument is sensitive enough to motivational variables to make further research in this area necessary. One hundred nineteen Ss were administered the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale, the Bernberg Human Relations Inventory, and the Structured-Objective Rorschach Test.

This paper shows how the techniques of neutralization function to rationalize involvement in abortion and thus avoid, alleviate, or eliminate any associated guilt, depression, or anxiety. A confluence of forces such as abortion legalization, advancing abortion technology, the establishment of abortion as a valid medical procedure, population pressures, scarcity of resources, and quality of life considerations have endowed the rationalizations for abortion with considerable authenticity. Difficulties experienced by physicians and nurses in implementing abortion procedures plus the growing strength of pro-life groups suggest the potential vulnerability of the techniques for justifying abortion participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents abstracts of the literature, published in October 1964 issue of the journal Psychophysiology. The paper, heart rate responses during experimentally induced anxiety by R.S. Jenks G.E. Deane, presents cardiac acceleration was associated to a state of anxiety involving expectation to receive a noxious stimulus, cardiac deceleration to a state of fear immediately prior to and during the time of stimulus. The paper, demonstration of long-term retention of a conditioned Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) by A.E. Edwards and L.E.A. Acker focuses on skin response

ABSTRACT This paper is a preliminary investigation into the role of anxiety in insurance purchasing decisions. Because the psychological literature with respect to birth order provides indications of differential anxiety levels and affiliative behavior under stressful conditions, the study examines the role of birth order in relating anxiety to insurance purchasing decisions. It was hypothesized that first and only children would purchase more life insurance, total and individual, than would later bores. Samples, including demographic as well as insurance purchasing and birth order data, were drawn from two student populations at opposite ends of the country. The data were subjected to multiple regression analysis and support for the hypotheses was indicated by only one of the samples. After analysis of the findings, suggestions for further research are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents an approach to the meaning of risk in relation to insurance issues. The scholars in several disciplines have demonstrated increased interest in the concept of risk, a development which has somewhat muddied the definition. According to the study, many have been unable to find any substantial agreement on the nature of risk among scholars in insurance or related disciplines. Some writers, having established a definition of risk, apply it inconsistently thereafter, leading themselves and their readers into a variety of dead ends and contradictions. The study of the authors aims to develop and agree upon a logical, consistent structure of concepts which explain the meaning of risks, which they defined as “the possibility that a sentient entity will incur loss.

The purpose of this article is to explore the relationship between the interpretations given for the stochastic analysis of the asymmetrical game and paper-and-pencil personality tests. The experiment is a simple three-group design which varies the degree of cooperativeness of a "dummy." Thirty subjects for the study (Ss), 20 males, and 10 females from the introductory psychology classes at the University of Miami were randomly assigned to three conditions of the experiment. The most significant finding of the study was the lack of relationship between the cooperative strategy choices of Ss when weak and their strategy selections while powerful. Apparently, the roles have sufficiently different meaning to individuals that they call for different behaviors. It is clear that Ss did not act consistently in the two roles and that the cooperative behavior of persons in each role must he analyzed separately. A two-trial stochastic analysis of the behavior allows a more finely grained interpretation which intuitively can he related to personality dispositions. It was found that Ss who were accommodating in the weak role were also trustworthy in the powerful role.

The article presents a paper, which is a small exploratory study of the relationship of anxiety to the situation of the unwed mother. Pregnancy and motherhood, even when legitimate, are fraught with anxiety potential. There is the basic possibility that the expectant mother may die in childbirth. To the extent that motherhood is a value with which a woman identifies her existence, the possibilities that the baby may be stillborn or malformed are anxiety arousing. If health, attractiveness, a girlish figure are pre-eminent values for the pregnant woman, the possibility that these may be lost as a result of pregnancy is another source of anxiety. If the husband or another close relative upon whom the expectant mother is dependent for acceptance and emotional support is insistent that the child be a boy, or have red hair or some other characteristic over which the woman has no control, this attitude may also be a source of anxiety for her. In addition to any of the above, the unwed expectant mother experiences a number of further sources of anxiety.

This has been suggested that when a patient on a mental hospital ward becomes the object of covert disagreement among staff members, he will respond by an intensification of behavioral disturbance, and that this will subside only when the disagreement is exposed and resolved. This paper reports on an empirical investigation of this hypothesis, utilizing standard measures of disturbance and consensus. It was found that no significant relation could be demonstrated, for individual patients, between direction of change in staff consensus concerning patients and direction of change in their level of disturbance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a clinical and experimental procedure to measure colorimetric measurement of anxiety. Implications of the procedure to diagnosis of speech related anxiety and psychotherapy; Difference between anxious and thermal sweating; Validity of colorimetric measurement of anxiety; Modifications made to the colorimetric technique; Introduction to the correlation matrix to determine the sweat agreement in fingers.

A conference paper on a case of a patient with heart disease and chronic mouth infections is presented. The patient reported pain in her infected teeth and also experienced shortness of breath. The patient grew nervous during the extraction of the teeth, and died shortly after. Researchers believe that the patient's heart condition was exacerbated by her nervous response to the tooth extractions, causing her death.

This study is an investigation of peer status in relation to anxiety and defensiveness. Although the literature is abundant with studies finding a positive relation between sociometric status and intelligence (e.g., 3, 4, 8, 10), there has been only one study (12) focusing upon the relation of anxiety or defensiveness to peer status in elementary school children. In that study of children in grades 4 through 6 the Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (CMAS) was used (cf. 5, 14, 18). Since maladjustment had been found to be negatively related to sociometric status and the CMAS tapped behavior related to maladjustment, the Iowa researchers predicted, and correctly, that CMAS would correlate negatively with a 5-point pencil and paper friendship measure for both sexes (r of -.32 across grades and sexes). Intelligence and defensiveness, however, were not controlled for. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on test anxiety and performance in problem-solving situations. In this paper three experiments are reported which bear upon the question of the effects of test anxiety and the interactive effects of anxiety, task difficulty, and failure stress on performance in situations involving, primarily, the manipulation of verbal responses. Taken together, these experiments were designed to test certain findings which have emerged from several investigations of these variables in situations involving the acquisition of verbal responses. The response interference interpretation assumes that anxiety test score is indicative of both drive level and the presence of internal responses to anxiety. Taken together, the results of these experiments point to a number of questions whose answers are necessary for an adequate understanding of the effects of anxiety on performance. Correlates of test anxiety and the interaction of test anxiety with task and situational factors were investigated with tasks involving response manipulation.

Some of the major personality factors reported to be related to susceptibility to persuasion are low aggressiveness field dependent perceptual behavior, low intelligence, weak ego, poor leadership ability, high F-scale score, social inadequacy, inhibition of aggression, depressive tendencies, and low self-esteem. While low self-esteem was associated with high persuasibility, a researcher found that symptoms of acute anxiety were associated with low persuasibility. The first experiment reported here is an attempt to demonstrate a relationship between a relatively general dispositional measure and the tendency at yield to group pressure. The measure of reaction to disapproval was based on the tendency for an S to select self -devaluative alternatives following hypothetical disapproval from a neutral source on a paper and pencil test. In the group pressure situation the S was presented with simulated reports which varied in degree of discrepancy from his own perception.

This paper presents the results of an experimental attempt to derive objective and reliable measures of castration anxiety and anxiety over loss of love. The study is part of a larger research intended to test certain psychoanalytic propositions. The concepts castration anxiety and anxiety over loss of love are of great importance in psychoanalytic theory. Castration anxiety is defined as "fear that something might happen to this sensitive and prized organ. Mabel Huschka found that some 40 per cent of a group of problem children had been dealt with destructively concerning masturbation. Physical threats occurred more frequently than any other type, and in over half of these cases the children were threatened with genital injury. Anxiety over loss of love is defined as "fear that external means of satisfaction might possibly fail to arrive." Its dearest symbolic referents are the fear of the loss of the mother's breast or the loss of the mother. It implies also fear of loss of help or protection. While awarded a role somewhat secondary to that of castration anxiety, it is none the less an important psychoanalytic concept.

This paper describes a method in treatment-a direct, risk-taking encounter between the adult client and his parent. The encounter can activate anxiety and feelings previously encapsulated In the character structure and can encourage ego differentiation and Identity. This belated separation experience emphasizes real rather than transferential responses and can help integrate affect, intellect, and self. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines some of the circumstances that fractured the egos of three delinquents, as well as processes and insights found useful in treating their problems. One of the boy is Marvin. He had experienced for years a disturbed relationship between his parents which has a growing impact on him. During the progress of the treatment, restrictions were lessened and emphasis was laid on placing the anxiety in his lap rather than carrying it for him. This was best illustrated in his performance as a newspaper boy. He had been able to peddle papers each morning only because the route man waked him up and anxiously covered for him when Marvin failed to up and deliver. Another was a 14-year-old boy Tom, was the offspring of a Protestant mother and a Catholic father. He accused the mother of having spoiled him and entered into a competitive situation with the boy for the mother. At the same time, he showed marked preference for his daughter. His attempts to hold the family together were unsuccessful; the mother insisted on a divorce, and in the face of the father's resistance, literally deserted. The father took the children to another city to live with his mother, while he returned to his job.

This paper studies the efficacy of the Pain Apperception Test as a research tool by investigating the consistency of individual response as to pain apperception, neuroticism, manifest anxiety, and self-appraisal. The research design involved the PAT, a medical questionnaire, Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale, and a pain experience questionnaire. Data from responses to these instruments permitted studying the relationship of pain apperception to personality characteristics, and to subjects' ratings of their comparative past pain experience. Relationships also were examined regarding the comparative apperception of pain in the counterpart PAT pictures, thus investigating Anticipation versus Felt-Sensation.

The article presents a comparative evaluation of the Wechsler-Bellevue mental deterioration index for various adult groups. In recent articles the value of the Wechsler Mental Deterioration Index (MDI) in screening patients with brain damage from normal patients has been considered. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the MDI further as a tool for differential diagnosis; that is, to determine whether a significant loss in this index is related solely to deterioration such as is found in subjects who have had organic brain injury or damage. The MDI's for the following seven groups of subjects were compared: brain injured, applicants for vocational counseling with psychoneurotic diagnoses, and with other than psychoneurotic diagnoses, mental hygiene clinic patients diagnosed as anxiety tension state, mental hygiene and hospital patients diagnosed as schizophrenic, and two groups of normals.

Describes a simple technique for obtaining finger sweat prints. Evidences for validity; Equation of the method to an elaborate procedure in sensitivity to an anticholinergic drug effect; Measurement of emotional and motivational arousal and clinical anxiety.

Comments on the formulation of the mother and child relationship following the use of Jungian sensitivity. Provision of valuable insights into the feelings and subjective experiences of the patients; Appreciation of the archetypal constellation in the family; Accounts on the habitual way of relating to environment; Occurrence of anxiety symptoms during the course of therapy.

The article presents an abstract of the paper "A Matter of Territory," by Robert Coles that was published in the October 1964 of the periodical "Journal of Social Issues." This paper draws upon a series of meetings attended by veteran activists of the civil rights movement in the South. The author was asked to lead the meetings, hoping initially to lecture on the psychological aspects of prejudice, but eventually explore some of the feelings of these youths with respect to their struggle with themselves and the world they are trying to change. The paper illustrates the difficulties involved in obtaining frank information from some such youth.

This paper relates three patterns of ego control to the perception of hostility. "Expressors" are defined as people who respond directly to stimulation or threat, who are underinhibited, with a tendency to express impulses openly and with little anxiety or guilt. "Sensitizers" are defined as people who tend to be alerted to potential threat and conflict, to respond more readily with manifest anxiety, and to use intellectual and obsessive defenses. This paper summarizes two experiments in which there was more control over degree of acquaintance, the kind of person described and the interpersonal situation than was possible in that field study.