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The article discusses researches conducted by economists Paul A. David, Warren J. Scoville and Earl J. Hamilton. Researcher Stanley Engerman in his discussion on David's article suggests that his article represents the most thorough study in the debate concerning American economic growth between 1800 and 1840. It is based both on new time series not previously utilized and upon the resourceful application of available data to clarify certain key points. Another researcher Ross M. Robertson while discussing Scoville's article finds his article on the whole persuasive. Robertson certainly has no quarrel with his quantitative inferences, nor for that matter with his description of French governmental regulation in the eighteenth century. He was not altogether convinced of the direct correlation between the paper industry's expansion and the relaxation of direct governmental controls that Scoville alleges. Perhaps Scoville's more extended publications on this subject will elucidate this relationship.

On November 26, 1936, the Popular Front Ministry of France, of which Leon Blum was President of the Council, submitted to the Chamber of Deputies a series of proposed laws which would have completely changed the regulations regarding the press. With only slight modifications the Chamber accepted the proposals, but Senate amendments removed the bill's teeth, and a deadlock ensued between the two houses of the French parliament. This deadlock remained unbroken until establishment of government by decree. Subsequently several attempts were made to secure passage of bills which embodied certain features of the Blum proposals, or which in some other manner suggested changes in the existing press regulations, but they too were either rejected or postponed. To a considerable extent, press susceptibility to venality results from the fact that it is very difficult for a French journal to be a paying concern by using merely ordinary channels of revenue. Low prices for daily papers have become traditional in France, but, more important than that, advertising has never developed into the gold mine for the press that it has become in the United States and in England.

A number of studies have been carried out in different countries for the right of women to participate in the life of their community and to assemble information on the problems of minority groups in the larger national community. This article helps to focus on the attention of social scientists on problems they can tackle in common and may prepare the way for joint research. Two reports were presented on the attempts to compare survey findings from some countries. The first was an analysis of data on strategies of influence in different countries and the other was the comparison of data on active participants in France. U.S. Recruiter Mattei Dogan's paper focuses on salient features of party systems in France and Italy. A study was reported on the importance of mass media for the less committed voters in the Federal Republic of Germany. The results of a series of studies of leisure use in Finland and an analysis of differences in community participation was summarized. A detailed study on the growth of home-centeredness in Britain was reported. An extensive research program was launched in 1960 to throw light on the political processes in the Federal Republic.

This article compares the efficiency of the coal-fired steam-generated electricity in Great Britain, the U.S. and France in 1970. The authors selected this industry for close examination because it had experienced rapid technological progress, its output is homogeneous and the data available are comparatively good. They found that the average level and rate of growth of fuel productivity in Great Britain industry were less than in France and in the U.S. The authors were careful to state, however, that technological backwardness was not the only interpretation of this result. They were aware that partial productivity measures could be very misleading because the contribution of other inputs, particularly capital, is ignored. Furthermore, this paper shows that the percentage increase in output in Great Britain from 1949-63 was higher than that in France and in the U.S., while the percentage increase in capital, measured by generating capacity, was much lower than in France or the US. This difference could be interpreted as implying that the productivity of capital in Great Britain industry was rising relatively to that in France and in the U.S. and thus that the industry in Great Britain was technologically forward. However, there are other interpretations, because capital productivity is also a partial measure of productivity. Thus, this paper suggests that there is a need a measure of productivity which reflects the simultaneous influence of all inputs and output and a production function provides such a measure. This article also estimates production functions for this industry.

The article offers information on several meetings related to management sciences. An International Symposium on Long Range Planning for Management will be held in Paris, France, September 20-24, 1965. The Third Annual Conference of the Computer Personnel Research Group will be held in Saint Louis, Missouri on June 17-18, 1695. The first International Conference on Programming and Control will be held in Colorado, April 15-16, 1965.

The article presents several miscellaneous information related to political economy. The sixth volume of book "Johns Hopkins University Studies in History and Political Science" will include a collection of papers on the history of cooperation in the U.S. A report on bimetallic legislation in Europe has been submitted to the U.S. State Department by the U.S. Senate. A finance report from the U.S. Secretary of Treasury informs about the use of surplus in the purchase of government bonds. The French government has released the measures by which it has effected conversion of the French Franc.

EDITOR'S NOTE: The two articles that follow seek to familiarize American sociologists with the writings of their counterparts in France in an area of interest that has been phrased somewhat differently in the two countries. They represent the product of a collaborative effort that came into being at the 1962 meeting of the International Seminar on Family Research, in Washington, D.C., with aid from the Committee on Socialization and Social Structure of the Social Science Research Council and from the Centre National de Ia Recherche Scientifique, Path, France. Although the focus of attention is on the French literature dealing with the interrelationships between person and society, both papers address themselves to similarities and differences in approach in the two countries. Both are being published in French (in the "Bulletin de Psychologie," Sorbonne, Path) as well as in English. it is hoped that these first steps toward a dialogue between workers in the two countries will contribute to an awareness of significant substantive research and of salient issues that will benefit from further discussion across national boundaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the coexistence of large and small firms by studying the mechanical industries of Italy. Even a casual look at the Italian industrial picture reveals that side by aide with modem, well-equipped industrial complexes there exist small factories which differ little from overgrown artisan shops that often use backward methods of production and lack a modern managerial and sales organization - and yet manage to survive. It is this paper to explore the reasons for the survival of these small firms, and the consequences of their existence. The findings summarised in this study originates in a study of the Italian light mechanical industries, but these finding have a broader relevance. To anticipate one of the conclusions: large Italian firms are often reluctant to expand in the face of labor contracts limiting the power to workers and therefore demand remains unsatisfied and small firms fill the vacuum. The situation has its parallels in other European countries, notably in France and similar problems may arise in the United States with the introduction of the guaranteed annual wage.

This article studies the relations of voters to parties in France and the U.S. which follow different courses of political development. Profound ideological cleavages in France, the occasional threat of civil war, rather strong voter turnout, the instability of governments and republics, and the rise and fall of "flash" parties like the R.P.F. in 1951, the Poujadists in 1956, and the U.N.R. in 1958 have all contributed to the impression of a peculiar intensity in the tenor of French political life. Demographically, French society differs from the American in its lesser urbanization and lower mean formal education. Intranational studies have persistently shown higher political involvement among urban residents and, more strongly still, among people of more advanced education. An attempt has been made in this paper to examine comparative data on the French and American publics in an effort to determine more precisely the locus of Franco-American differences in these matters. Locus will be considered in qualitative terms, covering an extended series of political characteristics which run from expressions of involvement, acts of participation and information seeking to orientations whereby the voter links party alternatives to the basic ideological issues in the society.

Presents a paper that focuses on the spread of French ideas in middle-class America by Louis Antoine Godey's magazine 'Godey's Lady's book' during the decade 1830-1840. References to French life and manners in the magazine; Inferences drawn from the study of Godey's French material; Subjects of the verse published in Godey's magazine; Receptive attitude of America in regard to romantic France.

Presents information on a study which examined the foreign relations of France in terms of interaction. The purpose of this paper is to describe a collectivity whose members are nations, in much the same way that might be described a primary group composed of individuals. One of the authors has proposed a simple analytical model, based on four variables, for the description of situations in which two or more actors, having some common goals and some disparate goals, engage in joint action. The four variables are denoted as S, I, V, A. The S variable refers to some aspect of the relative strength of the parties, the I variable refers to the degree of their mutual influence within the relevant action system, the V variable refers to the volitional component of the situation, and the A variable is a measure of their joint achievement. When this scheme is used with reference to paired relationships in an informally organized group, the four variables are called status, involvement, valence, and activity. The United Kingdom stands closer to Western Europe than the United States in trade relationships but still must be characterized as marginal. Its total involvement is much less than any of the continental countries, and it does not loom large in their trading patterns, however they are analyzed.

Presents a series of abstracts on economic planning in various countries of the world published in the March 1964 issue of the periodical 'Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv,' vol. 92. Overview of economic planning in the U.S.; Assessment of the development and problems of economic planning in Great Britain; Problems in Norwegian economic planning; Principles of French economic planning.

This article presents a discussion on the article "Family Trends in the United States," by Paul C. Glick from the U.S. Bureau of Census, published in the August 1942 issue of the journal "American Sociological Review." Glick's findings do not seem to be shedding any direct light on the U.S. family trends, on the contrary, they suggest problems for further research. The most obvious of these problems is one which has already received some attention, especially by those who have been concerned to explain the collapse of France. It pertains to the effect of a declining national birth rate and the consequent increasing military handicap in the competition with more prolific nations and the unfavorable differential in population growth, making, in itself, for a bad morale. The trends revealed in Glick's paper are a reflection not only of a declining birth rate but of a longer life span and a decreasing residence of older people with their children, nieces, nephews, etc. The problem is that there are more middle and old-aged couples living by themselves than ever before in the U.S. They are unlikely to go to dwell with one of their children.

As noted earlier, the purpose of this study is to analyze the market model with respect to a large foreign stock market sample, to comment upon our findings and, when possible, analyze comparative results with U.S. studies. This necessitated the establishment and refinement of a major data base for French securities. This data base consisting of several hundred common stocks and also numerous industry indices is now available for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on a study that measured the investment performance of French mutual funds, as examples of internationally diversified portfolios. The article examines the differences between French mutual funds, or SICAV, and mutual funds found in the United States. One of the differences between the two is that SICAV hold both domestic and foreign securities, with the largest foreign positions in stocks and bonds listed on the New York Stock Exchange. Another difference is that most SICAVs have been established, marketed and managed by French banks, which is a practice not allowed under U.S. law.

The article discusses biographic data of several local subsidiary managers. Biographic data was gathered from 130 non-American executives in 27 subsidiaries of 12 U.S. companies in Belgium, France, and Great Britain. The biographic data resulted in some discrepancies with conclusions that are usually gathered from material related to this topic. Among the better educated managers, the expatriates advance faster than the non-American. According to the author, the three most plausible reasons are that the people sent abroad are individuals who have showed rapid upward mobility by virtue of past performance or qualifications, Americans are able to advance faster, or innovations within the firms originate in the U.S. so that U.S. personnel have the experience to transfer the innovations.

In almost every country where coal is mined, labor protest among the workers in this industry has been frequent and intense in comparison with industrial workers generally. Yet, as this article demonstrates, there are significantly wide differences between countries in the strike propensity of coal miners. These differences are set forth here for Germany. France, Great Britain, and the United States. and also the Saar Territory. The author then traces the historical development of the mining work force and labor relations in each of these countries and analyzes their respective strike experiences in the light of the particular sociocultural setting as well as the mining environment. This analysis leads to the conclusion that the strike propensity inherent in the immediate environment of mining may be either activated or dampened, depending on the nature and impact of the larger sociocultural situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After a period of hesitation due mainly to French internal problems and difficulties with the multinational structure of corporations operating from abroad, France welcomed foreign investors who have contributed to the improvement of the French Balance of Payments situation and the development of industrialization. By adopting a liberal policy concerning foreign investment, France contributes to the development of an integrated world economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the patterns of access to business leadership in France. The question of patterns of access to elite membership has been a recurrent one in the literature on elites. It has been especially prominent in studies of business elites, and most such studies dutifully include information on the social origins and educational attainments of elite members. Without denying the emergence and great importance of some managerially controlled firms, it may be that the generally accepted view of the situation in the United States has been applied to the business elites, of other countries with insufficient care. The analysis seeks to examine the effects of some of these mechanisms in the case of access to business leadership in France. Differences in patterns of access can be described in terms of differences in the experiences and strategies of founders, heirs, managers, and owner-managers. Founders and heirs, for example, display radically divergent patterns in terms of social origins, education, and even in the growth rates of their firms. In order to research the problem of access to the business elite in terms of the possible formation of a hereditary technocracy, future inquiries will need to investigate a number of factors which have generally been ignored in studies of the patterns of access to business elite membership.

The article examines and compares French and American institutions bearing on the remedies available to workers dismissed without good cause. According to the author, it is the thesis of the study that a common element in the development of industrial societies is the rise of the notion that a job is an independent entity subject to a kind of proprietorship. He notes that one evidence of this is the modification of the classic contractual notion of the relationship of employer to employee in such a way as to give the worker a claim to the job.

The article proposes to discuss the regulation, by governmental authority, of the profession of public accountancy in France with particular reference to the newly created diploma, of Expert-Comptable Reconra par l'Etat. The role of the French public accountant and consequently the importance of the new decree affecting the profession and giving its members an official title and status may be more dearly grasped if the main characteristics of private accounting practice in France are first briefly sketched. To the U.S., the French public accountant is obliged to ply his trade in some what antiquated surroundings. The business technique of the French resembles the U.S. practice which prevailed at the beginning of this century rather than that of the present time. Compared to the U.S. business organization, that of the French is less formal and more personal, more human than mechanical, traditional rather than efficient, conservative rather than aggressive. While then are many large units, France is generally considered the country of small, personal and family enterprises.

The article examines the economic consequences of war and inflation in England, France, Germany and the U.S. since 1790. The Napoleonic wars, the American Civil War, the Great War of 1914-18, and the Second World War have all been accompanied by major price upheavals in all of the four great Western Powers. English, French and German wholesale price rises of the World War I period were greater that all previous wholesale price increases in the 150-year period. U.S. wholesale prices advanced only by four percent during World War II. The forces that have governed price behavior during wartime and immediate postwar inflationary periods are discussed.

The objective of this article is to point out some lessons drawn from European experience with respect to railway finance and coordination. Immediately two difficulties appear here. First, the problem of selection of specific countries. The author tries to meet this problem by confining this article on railway finance proper to experience in Great Britain and France, where private ownerships typical. In the discussion of coordination, German experience is added, coordination being desirable under any system of ownership. These three countries provide a range from private ownership under a moderate degree of regulation, through private ownership under very complete regulation, to public ownership. The second problem is the difficulty and the danger of applying conclusions drawn from one set of conditions to another set. There are, however, enough common problems confronting European and American transportation to justify our consideration of foreign experience. Countries all over the world are greatly concerned with the plight of railway capital, with the effects of transport competition, and with the need for coordination; and various steps have been taken towards meeting these problems.

Changes in the relative "productivity" of the medical sciences in France, Germany, Britain, and the United States from 1800 to about 1925 may be explained as a result of the various degrees of competitiveness of the academic systems of these countries. The German and the American systems were competitive (because they were decentralized); the French and the British were not. Academic competition forced upon the German system, and later the American system as well, decisions which, according to contemporary expert opinion, were premature or unnecessary. These decisions, concerning the recognition of specialized disciplines, creation of research facilities, and expansion of scientific training, led to the emergence of regular scientific careers, and proved eventually to be decisive for the acceleration of scientific research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considers various methods to measure the variability in the distribution of wealth and to apply those methods to available statistics as of May 1909. Description of graphical methods and Pareto law for the distribution of income; Use of coefficient of variability by economists to determine variations in income; Application of the measure to income and wealth statistics of Massachusetts, France and Great Britain.

This article presents information related to political economic events that took place in different countries. A large number of professors in Paris, of various economic schools, but having strong professional sympathies, have now established the journal "Revue d'Economie Politique," as an independent medium, the organ of no person or school, but to be open to all opinions, if treated in the scientific spirit and with comity towards others. On January 19,1887, the Permanent Commission of the Italian government published a report for the abolition of forced currency. The report notifies that at the date of resumption in 1883, the notes in circulation for which the government was responsible amounted to 940,000,000 francs. Of these, on June, 30, 1886, 476,000,000 had been redeemed, so that the amount outstanding was a trifle short of 464,000,000. A thin quarto was issued last year, by the Register of the Treasury, entitled "A Statement of the Public Debt of the United States From 1789 to 1885, and Receipts and Expenditures From 1855 to 1885."

Focuses on French dramatist Edouard Bourdet. Factors that led to establishment of Bourdet's theatrical career in New York State; Reviews received by Bourdet for his plays in the state; Features of the play 'Times Have Changed,' directed by Bourdet in 1945.

The article presents information related to sociology. It states that the second International Congress is to be held in Paris, France, in 1950. Although the exact date has not been set, the Congress will follow the sessions of the International Psychiatric Congress. Professor H. Donnedieu de Vabres is Chairman of the Committee on Organization. The Congress will be particularly concerned with international consideration of research, with the problem of a distinctive methodology for criminology and with the proposal of establishment of an International Center of Criminology. Sociologist H. Donnedieu de Vabres is Chairman of the Committee on Organization. It also states that financial resources and leadership of Carnegie Corp. of New York, one of the largest foundations in the U.S., are being increasingly devoted to critical problems of human relations, world affairs and the revitalization of democratic values. Charles Dollard, president of the corporation, states in the Corporation's thirty-seventh annual report, that reflecting the corporation's growing concern with these problems, grants amounting to $3,421,000 were made in fields of social science and world affairs during the fiscal year, which ended on September 30, 1948.

This article has briefly directed attention to the salient character traits of three nations England, France and the U.S. in relation to democracy. To the peculiar habits of each have been attributed the differences in their democracies, but it would hardly do to rest the case there. For there is every evidence that significant character changes are taking place and beginning to manifest themselves in all three nations. These changes, moreover, appear to be very similar and so bid fair to make all more alike politically. Under the capitalistic industrial system, the common man is being regimented, organized, robbed of responsibility, denied opportunity for initiative, and made a part of a great social machine. Thus he is being forced into habits of irresponsibility, dependence, obedience, and servitude. He is being standardized too much the same pattern everywhere. In the U.S. for example, uniformity of behavior is rapidly approaching among the mass of urban dwellers. There is little pride in individuality of thought or act, but an ambition on the part of everyone to be like his neighbor. This conformity apparently has its main root in conditions of work and living, which deny opportunities of free choice and the exercise of individual judgment. Wherever such conditions prevail, there tends to develop a dependent type of man who, having little experience of it, will have little interest in political liberty as such. The idea of liberty has long since lost currency, and hence credit among them. The faith of ancestors is dead and the institution of created by their fathers has died or will die with it. The same thing to a greater or less degree is happening in France and England, and if that were the case, liberty is going to disappear, largely, from the scene.

This article focuses on characteristics of public finance system in the U.S., Great Britain and France. The public finance system of these countries differ in size, relative to their respective economies, differ still more in patterns of expenditure and most of all in their systems of taxation. The public finance system in Great Britain and France is relatively larger than in the U.S. because government expenditures, including transfer payments, are a larger proportion of gross national product at market prices in those two countries than in the United States. The expenditure patterns of the three countries differ mainly in military outlays and social security payments. Military expenditures account for a larger proportion of national government expenditure in the United States, about three-fifths, than in Great Britain or France, where they take about a third of the national budget. The British tax system, on the national level, depends on the income tax, profits taxes and death duties for somewhat less than half its current revenue and if social security taxes is counted as another form of direct tax, 55 per cent of national revenue comes from direct taxation.

The article discusses social structure and economic progress in the United States. For more than a century the primary focus and the very great achievements of economics have centered about an increasingly sophisticated analysis of relationships held to be internal to economics. The massive social upheavals of the last twenty years have forced to the fore new questions not answerable within these traditional restrictive assumptions. Functional structural analysis focuses on attention on the extent to which social action tends to be structured. Any society necessarily institutionalizes particular goals and values, patterns of social relationship and ways of doing things requisite to the continued operation of that social system. From birth the human individual is molded toward conformity with these institutions through the process of socialization. The revolutionary settlement institutionalized a system of peasant proprietors that has to this day kept surplus labor on the land and protected small, unprogressive units that are at once economically inefficient and politically invulnerable.

This article points out how much the diocese is useful as an operational unit in research on the Church as an institution. In this article, the author presents the fruits of comparative research he has conducted in the dioceses of three countries: France, Chile, and the U.S. Within each country and with the help of national informants, four dioceses were chosen, according to policy orientations of the bishops, economic and regional factors, and the relationship of the local church to its surrounding milieu. This two sampling strategy was followed up by two further sampling strategies. In each diocese, three organized programs of lay activity representing different ideological tendencies were chosen as well as a quota sample of rank-and-file laymen who were interviewed as respondents. On each of the other levels, the interviews were an informant type. The diocese, then, emerged as the key field unit for approaching the study of changes in the Church's lay sphere. The study not only attempts to provide descriptions about systemic states and change configurations in the twelve dioceses but goes on to identify a range of variation in selected types of lay developments, preparing the way for taking up the problem of explanation: what are the factors that bear most directly on degrees and directions of structural change?

There is considerable evidence to support the proposition that spatial distances between occupational groups are closely related to their social distances. Several studies show that patterns of residential distribution by occupational stratification in a number of American cities in 1950 and 1960 are quite similar to the pattern which was initially observed for Chicago in 1950. There is some reason to believe that the generalization can be extended to include cities in other modern, urban, industrialized nations. There are those persons, on the other hand, who disagree. Theodore Caplow studied Aix-en-Provence (population approximately 27,000) about 1950 and concluded: "The familiar ecological principles which explain urban structure in the United States do not adequately account for urban structure in France…. Indeed, without the influence of uncontrolled land values, spatial distributions in France are often singularly inexpressive of social structure…. Neither the distribution of the population by social class, nor the distribution of institutions by class affiliation conforms to the fundamental spatial division of the community or to any other precise demarcation." It seems possible that this divergence of observations may be a consequence of difference in city size and classification, since studies in the United States have been limited to larger cities. Therefore, it seems worthwhile to make comparisons of residential segregation by occupation between cities which are more nearly alike in both size and function. Paris is the only city in France which approaches Chicago in size. It is true that Paris, a national capital, has more administrative activity, but it is also a raft center with extensive manufacturing, wholesale, and retail trade activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information about the history and evolution of French and American ideals. A national ideal, is very complex. Its factors are always to be stated in the plural. The commercial, the fractional, the religious, the aesthetic, the scientific and rational are all alike necessary though partial ideals. The difference between the French idea of self-control and the American idea of social regulation, that between the culture based on free individualism and that based on collective restraint, in the affairs of personal conduct-this difference is of the first importance in matters of art production and appreciation. A new stage of the French ideal is in process of formation. It reveals a spiritual view of life, a stricter solidarity in morals, and an impulse in art which finds its highest motive in aesthetic forms fitted to inspire and elevate the soul. Americans join with all the world in acclaiming this renewal of the national life of France in a moral purpose so resolute, so informed with knowledge, so sure of itself.

This article explores the theory of reference groups. Authors say that American social scientists have become increasingly concerned with the problem of the concept of the self as this is influenced and determined by groups in the social environment. In the summer of 1951, approximately two hundred unstructured interviews were carried out in a pilot study aimed at the construction of a formal questionnaire on the standard of living in France. After the material had been used for its original purpose, it became evident that these interviews offered an opportunity to find out what social groups are spontaneously mentioned when people talk about their living conditions and their aspirations. Analysis of these spontaneous responses might usefully be considered from the point of view of reference group theory in a non-American cultural setting. French people seem not to be significantly aware of rural-urban differences, only eleven out of 663 references were so directed, and all of these were made by rural people. Reference group theory must sharpen its concepts, differentiate between references which are differentiational and those which are aspirational, and take account of varying social and cultural contexts.

The article focuses on French diplomat Edmond Charles Genet and his contribution in the revolution in Russia during 1789-1792. Genet was a part of the revolutions of the late eighteenth century in three worlds: Russia, France, and the United States. However, what remains little known is Genet's career, prior to his American adventure, as chargé d'affaires of the Bourbon monarchy and then of the French revolutionary régime in Russia from 1789 until the summer of 1792.

The article discusses the dilemma faced by a American historian regarding modern France. The dilemma confronts him every time he decides on a major research and writing project on the history of France. He has the option of doing original research, or supplementing the studies by other French scholars. The French intellectuals believe that no American can possibly understand French history. Most of the manuscripts written by American scholars were repetitious of work already done by French scholars. The American historian does not have sufficient time to do the documentary research in French archives. On the other hand, the French scholar living in France can spend a lifetime working in French archives.

This article presents an ethno-telephonic survey of French Louisiana. The Louisiana French, with distinctive language and culture, number more than half a million whites and additional thousands of African Americans. Surprisingly, the significant culture region of French Louisiana does not appear to have been delimited in detail upon a map hitherto. In the belief that the occurrence of French names would be a valid basis for mapping the distribution of the Louisiana French, the author made a regional analysis of names in the telephone directories of 1939. Directories were assembled from 115 Louisiana and 6 nearby Texas communities, including all exchanges of the regular Bell system of Louisiana and 18 exchanges of local telephone companies.

This article focuses on postage stamps related to poliomyelitis. The stamps came out in the fifties when there was an increase in paralytic cases in many parts of the world and efforts to develop vaccines were being made. Several of these carried a surtax in order to raise funds to aid poliomyelitis victims. A set of two semi-postal stamps from Norway depict a happy young girl kneeling in a field plucking flowers. The stamp from Argentina shows a young girl afflicted by the disease and carrying the message Fight Poliomyelitis. A 1959 French stamp expresses joy over the conquest of the disease by the use of vaccine. The U.S. stamp honors those who helped fight polio in the country. A 1960 Belgium stamp was issued to direct attention to the work being done to help crippled children.