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On November 26, 1936, the Popular Front Ministry of France, of which Leon Blum was President of the Council, submitted to the Chamber of Deputies a series of proposed laws which would have completely changed the regulations regarding the press. With only slight modifications the Chamber accepted the proposals, but Senate amendments removed the bill's teeth, and a deadlock ensued between the two houses of the French parliament. This deadlock remained unbroken until establishment of government by decree. Subsequently several attempts were made to secure passage of bills which embodied certain features of the Blum proposals, or which in some other manner suggested changes in the existing press regulations, but they too were either rejected or postponed. To a considerable extent, press susceptibility to venality results from the fact that it is very difficult for a French journal to be a paying concern by using merely ordinary channels of revenue. Low prices for daily papers have become traditional in France, but, more important than that, advertising has never developed into the gold mine for the press that it has become in the United States and in England.

The article presents the author's response to a commentary made by economist F.W. Taussig on issues concerning international trade. According to the author, Taussig in his commentary states that the U.S. and England are two nations with paper money and in consequence of a loan of England to the U.S., English paper money suddenly depreciates relatively to American paper. According to the author, the diversification of value between two national currencies change in the same proportion the price of the wares imported to the two nations, but do not change the price of the home-made products. The author claims that if English exporters to the U.S. acquire, in exchange of the constant quantity of dollars immediately received for the exported products they will raise in the same ratio the price of these products in the British market; but then even the price of all other English. Moreover, according to the author the prices raised in the English market will be in exact proportion to the diminution of the external value of English money, while all prices will remain unchanged in the American market.

The article assess the accomplishments of seven International Congresses of Accountants held to date. The first congress held in 1904 in St. Louis, Missouri sponsored by the Federation of Societies of Public Accountants in the U.S., must be attributed to George Wilkinson, an Illinois certified professional accountant (CPA) who was born in England, but spent his professional life in the U.S. The 1904 Congress was an ambitious event for the American accounting profession. It was held when The American Association of Public Accountants had a membership of only 140 scattered over 15 states, of whom 81 held CPA certificates. The Third International Congress was held in New York City in September 1929. Joseph E. Sterrett and F. van Dien, presidents of the earlier congress, served as Honorary Presidents, while Robert H. Montgomery held the role of President of the 1929 sessions. The 1952 Congress, convened in London, England, included about 80 CPAs from the United States. It exercised a constructive influence on international finance and commerce, and stimulated avid discussion and subsequent research on fluctuating price levels in relation to accounts, accounting requirements for issues of capital, the accountant in industry, the accountant in practice and in public service, and the incidence of taxation.

This article presents information on several papers and memorandums related to economic conditions in various countries. The Parliamentary documents for 1886 will contain a good deal of evidence of the increasing uneasiness as to the condition and prospects of the foreign trade of England. A Blue Book has been issued, giving the rates of duty levied on imports by the different European countries and the United States; and a second is to give the duties levied by the British colonies, these returns being on the plan of the similar documents published in 1882. The Commission on the Depression of Trade have also collected and published reports from the English consuls, showing the impediments to British trade in the different countries. Another snippet reports that the opening of fertile wheat lands in the United States, and the cheap transportation of grain to Europe have had an influence not only on England and Ireland, but on France, Germany, and Russia. French and German legislation has been invoked to protect the farmer. But now an interesting movement is in progress among the Russian peasants, by which the former serfs are becoming separated from the land. At the time of the emancipation of the serfs, Russia controlled the wheat markets of Western Europe; while the prices of agricultural products were high, and even rising.

This article discusses a study on social status and clique formation among grammar school boys in London, England. This paper reports on another aspect of the inquiry into the effects of social class at adolescence, which has been carried out at the London School of Economics and Political Science in England under the direction of Doctor H. T. Himmelweit. Within the broad framework of the research project, an important place was allotted to problems of peer group selection. Moreover, the paper is based on information from three sources: a choice of friend questionnaire, a sociometric questionnaire and an open-ended question on the attributes of a good friend. The most interesting conclusion which has emerged from these data points to an important difference between this country and the U.S. In both countries, the adolescent's value system largely determines his friendship choices. In England, it has been shown that similar class stereotypes may be found and it is quite possibly true that such friendship criteria as are embodied in the choice of a friend questionnaire reflect parental values. It could also be argued, that the working class boys in the grammar school are exceptional, in that they come from homes where middle class values are prevalent. In England, it may be said in general that by having secondary grammar and secondary modern schools, the working class pupils are divided into those who will be given an opportunity for social ascent and those who will not. England deliberately segregates the new recruits to the higher social levels and gives them more advanced training in separate schools. Under these conditions, several factors combine to give the working class boy those attitudes, interests and motives which are concomitant with his future social position.

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Discusses the developments in trade unions and labor politics between 1827 to 1837 in the U.S. Effect of Contribution of England and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in development of trade-unionism; Beginning of trade unionism in Manchaster, England and Philadelphia; Year in which trades' union existed in New York; Labor movements in New York and Philadelphia; Origin of humanitarian and reform movements.

The opposition of the American Federation of Labor to minimum wage legislation, is due largely to a failure to distinguish between a legal minimum wage which is meant to be merely a subsistence wage and a union minimum wage which is usually a standard wage aiming to provide more than a minimum necessary for existence. The legal minimum wage is applied in the sweated trades in England, and in the few states in this country in which it has been recently enacted aims to secure a subsistence wage for those who are earning less than the minimum amount necessary to support life. In other words, it comes to the aid of those whom the union apparently has so far been unable to organize or, having organized, has been unable to gain for them a living wage. It does not interfere in the least with the union attempting to secure more than a minimum for those of the workers who, through higher skill or through ability to force concessions from the employers, can secure bettor terms. In the Dress and Waist industry, for example, there are the minimum union rates, and a considerable proportion of the women are earning still higher rates of wages. It is manifest that no wage board under a minimum wage law would award such rates of wages at this time.

This paper traces the development of the Social Survey movement in England and the United States, with particular emphasis on the latter, and also attempts to delineate the reciprocal influence it had upon American sociology. In looking at the history of this movement an attempt is made to show how it must be approached in terms of contemporary ideologies. Research of this kind was characterized not only by a previously absent concern with the understanding of the total community by empirical means, but also by a search for the source of social problems which looked not to the individual but to the larger society. During the early decades of this century the Survey movement affected sociological research and writings in the areas of both methodology and community studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Uses and trusts originated in England shortly after the Norman Conquest. From that time to 1535 there existed two classes of trusts in England, active and passive. Where A conveyed land to B for a period of years instructing B to apply the income of the land for the use of C an active trust was created. If A conveyed land to B who was to hold the land permanently for the benefit of C with no positive duties to be exercised by B a passive trust or use was created. The latter type was far more common than the former. It was used principally to avoid some of the burdens which fell upon the holder of the legal title. Under the feudal system the lord was entitled to a "relief," or payment of money, when land descended to an heir of full age; and to "aids" upon the marriage of a daughter of the lord, the knighting of his eldest son, or when the lord was held for ransom. By conveying the legal title to another and reserving the use to himself the tenant escaped such exactions. An attempt is here made to discuss the treatment of a few items of receipt and disbursement frequently omitted in the provisions of trust instruments. Despite the fact that all the statements made in this paper can be supported by legal authority, not all jurisdictions hold alike in similar circumstances. Furthermore, with changing social conditions, and changing personnel in courts and legislatures, the law of a particular jurisdiction may be quickly modified or completely revised.

The purpose of this articleis to describe and analyze the characteristics of decision makers in an American and an English city. it has been repeatedly asserted that business men exert predominant influence in community decision making. This is the central hypothesis under test. Two cities with similar economic, demographic, and educational characteristics were selected for research, namely Pacific City in the Pacific Northwest, U.S., and English City in Southwestern England. Business men do exert a predominant influence in community decision making in Pacific City and Southern City. However, in English City the hypothesis is rejected. The key influentials come from a broad representation of the institutional sectors of community life. Two major factors seem to explain much of this difference. The first is the difference in occupational prestige values between the U. S. and England. In contrast to the U. S. the social status of industry in England, and so of its captains is low by comparison with the law, medicine, and the universities.

This paper reports results of a statistical examination of the wage-lag hypothesis. The hypothesis that wages lag behind price changes by a significant amount has been given wide support in economic analysis. Co-movements between prices and wages are analyzed by the application of spectral methods which should provide some meaningful evidence on the empirical value of the hypothesis. The objective of the spectral approach is to decompose a time-series into frequency components and determine the contribution of each component to the total variance of a series. Results for both the U.S. and England indicate that there is no agreement with the wage-lag hypothesis in the frequency range identified as the short run since wages and prices appear to be coincident here. At the short-run frequency components where there is a meaningful degree of association between prices and wages almost all of the time, differences are not significant. Results for the U.S. show that at the long-run frequency components where coherence is significant only about half of components indicate a significant time difference between prices and wages.

In this article, the author says that it is so easy to assume that similarity of ideas is based on the direct derivation of one system from another that cautious historians of thought must demand additional evidence. The article also presents information regarding bibliographies of economic publication in the U.S. The author says that the list, brief as it is, seems to be a compilation not elsewhere to be found. Until one develops a special interest, the character of bibliographies, both as to coverage and classification, may escape one's attention. The book "American Bibliography," which attempts complete coverage runs from 1639 to 1799. The book "Bibliothetica Americana," covers 1820-1861. International copyright was not granted until 1891, therefore until that date there was no official list of American reissues of foreign books. The list reveals the close intellectual link the new nation maintained with England and, to a lesser extent, with France. Titles show a liking for the theoretical and abstract side of economics, perhaps prepared for by the interest in theology so long dominant in colonies.

The article presents a conceptual structure of curriculum development and its comparative study. It refers to the motives of such development in the course of the comparison, which involves several countries including England, the Federal Republic of Germany, the German Democratic Republic, Sweden, and the United States. It discusses a conceptual framework for curriculum development, its operations, strategies, techniques, participants, and the educator's role to this development. Curriculum pressure groups define not only the main aim but also the method of construction.

Data are analyzed on 70 organizations in Britain (Birmingham), Canada (Toronto), and the United States (Ohio) using standard scales of Autonomy of Decision Making, Functional Specialization, and Formalization of Role Definition. The results show more written documents in North American organizations, but only marginal differences between countries on autonomy and specialization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents news briefs related to the criminology profession in the U.S., as of February 1964. Details of an educational trip by students to London, England, which is part of the Winter Term program at Florida Presbyterian College; Award received by Sanford Bates, an author and lecturer on criminology and penology, from the Law School at Northeastern University; Information on the paper read by Arthur L. Beeley of the University of Utah and John S. Boyden, formerly U.S. District Attorney, at the 93rd Annual Congress of Correction in Portland.

Duncan's model of status attainment in the U.S. used as a point of comparison for analyzing the process of educational attainment, using several American and English data sets. The overall amount of father-to-son mobility is very similar in the two countries, and so are the relative contributions of social origin and ability to the son's attainment. Although the two educational systems differ greatly, their division of pupils into academic and non-academic segments reflects almost identically the effects of social origin and ability. These findings are interpreted in relation to Lipset's analysis of the two countries' value systems and Turner's contrast between "sponsored" and "contest" mobility patterns. To a great degree, the two countries appear to use quite different mechanisms to bring about the same outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses the American impact on British industry in the nineteenth century. Way that industry in England recovered due in part to the spread of ideas in America in the engineering industry; Influence which America had on the machine tool trade; Progress in the industry; Rebirth of other trades as a result of the rejuvenation of the machine tool trade; Variation in the pace of change between one branch of engineering and another and between different areas; Problems the industry faced; Implications of American industrial competition for British tariff policy in the early years of the century; Interpretation of British industrial progress.

This article focuses on professional practice in England and the U.S. In the present era of expanding international commerce, professional public accountants of each nation are continually increasing their contacts with accountants of other countries. In the interests of world wide financial communication, it is desirable that the conventions and behavioral standards of each segment of this world-wide accountancy profession he as clearly understood as possible. One of the distinguishing marks of a profession is the concept of ethical practice subscribed to by its members. The American accountant finds in the English fabric of ethical conduct much that is identical to his own concept. Both accounting groups restrict the practice in the member's name to members of the Institute of Certified Public Accountants. Both restrict the use of the institute's name to firms composed oil of their members. Both require that the member, even when not practicing as a public accountant, follow the guidance rules laid down by his accounting institute.

This article discusses various developments related to the field of accounting. In Great Britain, the Association of University Teachers of Accounting held its 1950 conference at Manchester University in September. The secretary of the Association is David Solomons of the London School of Economics. In the George Washington University, Ralph Dale Kennedy, currently head of the department of business administration, has been named head of the newly created department of accounting. In Catholic University of America, District of Columbia, Richard J. Bannon has been appointed instructor in accounting. In University of Alabama, Alabama, Richard Brewer is on leave for the current year teaching at the University of Hawaii. Lee Glover from Hawaii is teaching here on an exchange basis. At University of San Francisco, California, A. D. McNeil, director of CPA training, addressed the California Society of CPA's on the impact of accounting on government and business, at their annual meeting in San Francisco in June.

The article examines the economic consequences of war and inflation in England, France, Germany and the U.S. since 1790. The Napoleonic wars, the American Civil War, the Great War of 1914-18, and the Second World War have all been accompanied by major price upheavals in all of the four great Western Powers. English, French and German wholesale price rises of the World War I period were greater that all previous wholesale price increases in the 150-year period. U.S. wholesale prices advanced only by four percent during World War II. The forces that have governed price behavior during wartime and immediate postwar inflationary periods are discussed.

The three requisites of production are land, capital and labour. Since each of these elements of production may be separately appropriated, the industrial community may be considered as divided into landowners, capitalists, and productive labourers. Each of these classes, as such, obtains a share of the produce. These classes receive respectively rent, profits and wages, with profits divisible into interest, insurance and wages of superintendence. Grouping of all such factors which are used in the productive process and of the distributive shares of the produce of industry was so clean-cut and logical and seemed to fit the facts of mid-nineteenth century economic life in England so well that it became traditional usage among economists for many years. In recent times, however, neither English nor American economists have adhered strictly to this classification. It seems appropriate, therefore, to make a comparison of classifications of the factors of production and of the distributive shares of the product of industry made by the authors of the principal textbooks in use in the U.S. today.

The author traces ICI's role in the development of chlorinated solvent scouring systems and offers results of pilot plant studies made in the U.S. and England on the Markal processes developed by ICI and the Shirley Institute. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several important differences between the American and English systems of social control and of education reflect a divergence between the folk norms governing modes of upward mobility in the two countries. Under the American norm of contest mobility, elite status is the prize in an open contest, with every effort made to keep lagging contestants in the race until the climax. Sponsored mobility, the English norm, involves controlled selection in which the elite or their agents choose recruits early and care fully induct them into elite status. Differences between the American secondary school and the British system, in the value placed upon education, the content of education, the system of examinations, the attitude toward students working, the kind of financial subsidy available to university students, and the relation of social class to clique formation may be explained on the basis of this distinction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analysis of data on illegitimacy in England and Wales for the 25 years ending in 1962 reveal: (1) a tripling of the rate with a new high in excess of the postwar high, (2) greatest increases in the rates are not found in the very youngest groups, (3) some parallel with the rise in U.S. illegitimacy rates, and (4) a more moderate rise in premaritally conceived legitimate maternities. An examination is made of various personal, social structural and cultural factors which may be contributing to the rise in illegitimate births. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents articles on the evolution of Christmas clubs in United States banking and on shipping and imports in London, England, during the years 1601-1602. Operations of Christmas clubs across the United States; Factors which influence Christmas club patronage; Magnitude of London's trade with France during the period; Nationalities of the ships that came to London; Source and nature of the imports.

The article discusses the use of index numbers of the total cost of living and the methods employed in the development of the English and U.S. index numbers. Index numbers have been published by the bureaus of labor in industrial countries to shed light upon changes in the cost of living. In June 1916, Board of Trade in England published an index number which included all groups of expenditure. The development of the index number of the total cost of living in the U.S. was a result of a clause in the agreement between the unions in the shipbuilding industry and the Emergency Fleet Corp.

The article compares the book trade associations of Germany, England and the United States. Disorganization and depression in the retail book trade, due to the introduction and increase of the discount given to customers, led to combination as a means of remedying the situation. The publishers in Germany and England were at first unwilling to cooperate when urged by the booksellers to assist in maintaining prices, while the publishers in the United States took the initiative. The maintenance of the publishers' price was the aim in each country. The United States is the only country that has the copyright been utilized to enforce fixed prices. It is believed that any uniform price system will unavoidably work injustice upon consumers. Finally, there is constantly the danger in the fixed price system, thus detrimental to the public.

This article presents information on the commercial legislation of England and its effect on the U.S. It also discusses economist Adam Smith's interpretation of economic activity. One cannot be surprised that the first generation of American historians writing, as they did, before the passions provoked by the great struggle had time to subside. It compelled them to pay more than their "fair value" for the commodities they imported, and to accept less than their "fair value" for the commodities they sold. But a like opinion is not confined to American historians, it has come to be very generally accepted by English writers and upon its side it has the authority of the most painstaking and the most widely read of the historians of the eighteenth century. It is, undoubtedly true that the commercial policy of England had established a real opposition of interest between the mother country and her colonies. The laws of England, affecting the trade and industry of the American colonies, fall, with one notable exception to be dealt with by and by, into three groups and it is essential to bear in mind the differences between them. There were, in the first place, the Navigation Laws proper in the second place, what one may conveniently christen the Enumeration Laws and lastly and of far less significance, the Law concerning Manufacture.

Narrates the success of American pastor and orator Henry Ward Beecher in persuading a hostile English press and public to favor U.S. Civil War in the year 1863. Perception of the war in England; Popularity of Beecher with the masses; Stance of English newspapers towards Beecher and his audience; Points of debate between Beecher and the press; Effect of Beecher's efforts.

This article has briefly directed attention to the salient character traits of three nations England, France and the U.S. in relation to democracy. To the peculiar habits of each have been attributed the differences in their democracies, but it would hardly do to rest the case there. For there is every evidence that significant character changes are taking place and beginning to manifest themselves in all three nations. These changes, moreover, appear to be very similar and so bid fair to make all more alike politically. Under the capitalistic industrial system, the common man is being regimented, organized, robbed of responsibility, denied opportunity for initiative, and made a part of a great social machine. Thus he is being forced into habits of irresponsibility, dependence, obedience, and servitude. He is being standardized too much the same pattern everywhere. In the U.S. for example, uniformity of behavior is rapidly approaching among the mass of urban dwellers. There is little pride in individuality of thought or act, but an ambition on the part of everyone to be like his neighbor. This conformity apparently has its main root in conditions of work and living, which deny opportunities of free choice and the exercise of individual judgment. Wherever such conditions prevail, there tends to develop a dependent type of man who, having little experience of it, will have little interest in political liberty as such. The idea of liberty has long since lost currency, and hence credit among them. The faith of ancestors is dead and the institution of created by their fathers has died or will die with it. The same thing to a greater or less degree is happening in France and England, and if that were the case, liberty is going to disappear, largely, from the scene.

An area of research in which sociologists and historians would seem to share a rather obvious concern is that of social change. In his presidential address before the joint meeting of the Canadian Historical and Canadian Political Science Association, S. D. Clark emphasized this. "We cannot become students of change," he said, "without becoming historians. It is only by looking at what has happened to societies of the past, and over time, that the sociologist can derive the data on which to build his principles of social change." That is to say that the study of social change requires recognition of processes in time and must deal, insofar as time past is involved, with evidence that is historical. The student of social change must become a historian and the historian, insofar as he is interested in understanding and interpreting general processes, must become a social scientist. When, however, one searches the literature for particular studies of historical social change, one's findings are meager indeed, especially if one's standards, theoretically and methodologically, are reflective of those of contemporary social science, and one's historiographical standards, of contemporary history. If, in addition, one is searching for social change studies of a particular national history, then the material is even more limited. For this reason I have expanded this review, which was originally concerned with the American nineteenth century only, to include two studies of English history, because these two studies include important theoretical and methodological contributions to the study of history and social change in America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the position of England in the war. Although to the unbiased onlooker it seems plain enough, no doubt because the matter has been clouded by reason of certain charges brought against England by Germany. England has become Germany's "dearest foe" in this war. As a result the place of France and the reasons for French participation in the war have remained under certain obscurities which, in justice to the French, should be cleared up. It is remarkable, at the outset, that the Germans do not bring any charges against France, save the vague one-put forth officially late in the game-that France had intended to violate the neutrality of Belgium. They confess, on the contrary, that it was their own intention to crush France utterly in any case. On this showing, they admit that France was fully justified in resisting; and they admire the heroism with which she resisted. There is a good deal more in the subject of the place of France in the present war than this, however; and certain of the current presuppositions on the subject-current in the United States at least-are ill-founded. The present discussion focuses on this aspect.

Features Sir Philip Ben Greet, a producer of Shakespearean plays in England and in the U.S., and his works. Description of the new fields of Shakespearean representation opened and cultivated by Sir Philip; Elements of woodland setting for Greet's open-air performances; Aims of Sir Philip in production.

A comparison is presented of the responses of 741 English children with those of 968 American children, all in their sixth school year, to a questionnaire in which they reported in some detail on the child-rearing practices employed by their fathers and mothers. Although there were many similarities in the reported patterns of parent behavior in the two cultures, there were also many significant differences in English and American child-rearing styles. A speculative analysis, with some research documentation, is presented concerning the consequences of these differences for child behavior in England and the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of education on current migration propensities in the United States are examined for each age group, and an estimate is made of how these age-specific differentials cumulate over a lifetime in determining the number of times that individuals at different educational levels can expect to move over the course of their lives. The independent effects of age, education, and occupation are also examined. Two other sections investigate trends in educational selectivity of migration in the United States and international comparisons of occupational differences in migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In view of the voluminous literature on capital punishment, it is surprising that greater attention has not been directed to the executioner. It is the purpose of this article to explore the phenomena as they apply primarily to the executioner in England. The role of the executioner has varied with time and place: he was a hangman in England, a guillotiner in France and many German states, a garroter in Spain, and an electrocutioner in the United States. Nevertheless, of all methods of administering the death penalty, hanging has been more widely utilized than any other. Accounts of hangings are reported in the earliest literature, and even today hanging is more extensively used throughout the world as a mode of execution than any other device. Unquestionably, England has been the most energetic and persistent supporter of hanging; from England it was introduced to the U.S. and became the general method of execution in that country until the electric chair was invented and gradually adopted by several states.

This article presents results of a study conducted in two suburbs outside London, England and San Francisco, California, respectively, to ascertain family relationships. It was found that the groups were found to be similar, when in both cases, parents in their old age maintained close ties with their adult children both in terms of geography and frequency of contact, and daughters play consistently more important parts in their parents' lives than sons. The difference was that a larger proportion of the American group have knowledge of and pride in their pedigree, while the English group have relatively little knowledge of ancestry. The study was carried out on a countrywide basis in a limited way with a group of 3,964 for the U.S.A. and 900 for Great Britain. Results of the study suggest that old people generally maintain close links with their children and that the mother-daughter tie is the central nexus of the kinship network of industrial societies. Concern for ancestry seems to be more pronounced in the U.S.A. than in Great Britain. But in view of the size of the inquiry these statements are not so much findings as suggestions for further research.

The article focuses on the historical pattern of psycho-analysis. Some twenty years ago psycho-analysis, Freudianism in particular, seemed to have been assimilated and consequently given its own place within Western civilization. Psycho-analysis was regarded as one among many hypotheses about the structure and evolution of the human mind. The first important fact about the present psycho-analytical revival is that it comes from the U.S. where psycho-analysis has been adopted mainly as a clinical practice. The lead taken by U.S. literature in making use of psycho-analytical ideas is a characteristic aspect of this phenomenon. The second factor in the popularity of psycho-analysis derives from the psychological repercussions of the Second World War. Due to the high frequency of mental disorders during the post-war period, psycho-analysis as a psycho-therapeutic method is more useful now than at any other time. The late war had a second even more important effect. It has in many aspects brought Western society nearer to the socio-cultural pattern characteristic of the Austro-Hungarian Empire during the last decades of its existence. It would be more accurate to say that it has brought London and Paris closer to the Vienna of 1900. All these circumstances have contributed greatly to the weakening of the critical resistance which was present twenty years ago. This study is a short account of the historical conditions of some fundamental psycho-analytical ideas, such as the discovery of the unconscious, as the principal layer of the mental energy; the bivalence of this energy as the life and death instincts; the stratification of mental life and the relationship between consciousness and the unconscious.

The article focuses on the social thought among Catholics in the U.S. in the colonial period. During the colonial period there were few attempts by Catholics or others to present social theories in a systematic way. Social and political opinions in the country were developed without much theoretical refinement, at least until the decade preceding the Revolution. Hence the historian and the sociologist must depend for primary data upon the records of the activities of men of all social classes, and must seek to discover the assumptions implicit in customs, laws, and social institutions. American Catholicism began as a transplantation from England, for its juridical establishment was in the Maryland plantation of 1634. The original Maryland colonists and their descendants constituted the nucleus of the main body of the faithful during the whole colonial period and down to the second quarter of the nineteenth century. Until the appointment of John Carroll as prefect-apostolic in 1784, the colonies were an English mission served by priests who were, with few exceptions, English Jesuits.

This article examines suspected potato spindle tuber virus in England. Spindle tuber virus is widely distributed in the U.S. and Canada, where it has been recognized since 1922. It was generally considered an unimportant virus until about 1950 when it reached serious proportions in certain areas and certain varieties. American literature indicates that spindle tuber virus may spread very readily by leaf contact and farm implements in the same way as potato virus X. and can also be transmitted by a variety of insects including aphids, flea beetles, leaf hoppers and grasshoppers. A disease resembling potato spindle tuber has been detected in several crops of Redskin grown in England. Affected crops contained a large proportion of plants with many stems, resembling wildings.

This article focuses on equality of opportunity in society. The physiocrats, who advocated an economic system of laissez faire, were a clear-thinking body of men. It was not until long after the enclosure acts had depopulated the countrysides of England and driven men into the towns that the term laissez faire was applied to industry. But at no time since the discovery of coal and steam has there been such a condition as a fair field and no favor. Indeed, it was a denial of laissez faire which produced a capitalism that throve on low-paid labor. In the U.S. an industrial system of laissez faire has not existed since the birth of trade unionism. Protective tariffs, factory laws, social legislation, and trade union demands for higher nominal wage and fewer working hours are contrary to all the ideas that were held by the physiocrats. It is not a question of whether these expedients were necessary to ameliorate the economic distress. The consequence of such legislation shows clearly that as more of these measures are put upon the statute book, more are required to bolster them.

The article focuses on the idea of the U.S. to have free trade with Canada. Americans must realize that they are no longer dealing with a small and insignificant Dominion, but Canada that has emerged from nationhood into a position generally recognized as that of a world power. Canada has certainly achieved enough since 1939, and given the U.S. such outstanding aid, as to be able to demand the fullest equality of consideration. The Dominion has not even accepted lend lease aid from the U.S., but has paid the U.S. for all war materials or manufactured articles imported from the United States for the use of its military or naval forces, while raw materials bought from the U.S. by Canada for use in making armaments for England were debited to England under lend-lease. In these war relationships Canada's aim has been the mutual benefit of both countries without any selfish purpose or any objective that it was not willing to share with the U.S. or any other country. If the Dominion is now met with similar evidences of American good-will and the desire to make the U.S.'s postwar relations as close as those between the individual American States, and not in a horse-trading spirit, not only will the two countries profit, but the whole world.

With the exception of London, the late Victorian additions to British towns were limited in their area and extent and then represented only by a modest advance on former housing conditions. Throughout this period much building took the form of the filling in of vacant areas near to the city center. Terrace dwellings arranged in a rectilinear pattern in certain peripheral districts near to streetcar services, did, however, provide improved homes for a restricted number of middle-class people. In contrast, the detached or semidetached house set in its own lot was the dominant type of suburban residential building at this time in the United States.

The article presents information related to the field of accounting. In December, 1947, the Association of University Teachers of Accounting was formed. The Secretary advises that, until this group was formed, there existed in Great Britain no organization which was the counterpart of the American Accounting Association. The list of members is very small, by comparison, about thirty in number, but nevertheless includes virtually all university teachers of accounting in England and Scotland. At a recent meeting in Fort Worth of the Texas Association of University Instructors in Accounting, the following officers were elected President, O.J. Curry, North Texas State College; Vice-President, Charles Zlatkovitch, University of Texas; Secretary-Treasurer, Zeb B. Freeeman, Southern Methodist University. D. M. Beights served on the summer school staff at University of North Carolina, conducting a special course under joint sponsorship of the University and the North Carolina Society of Certified Public Accountants.