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On November 26, 1936, the Popular Front Ministry of France, of which Leon Blum was President of the Council, submitted to the Chamber of Deputies a series of proposed laws which would have completely changed the regulations regarding the press. With only slight modifications the Chamber accepted the proposals, but Senate amendments removed the bill's teeth, and a deadlock ensued between the two houses of the French parliament. This deadlock remained unbroken until establishment of government by decree. Subsequently several attempts were made to secure passage of bills which embodied certain features of the Blum proposals, or which in some other manner suggested changes in the existing press regulations, but they too were either rejected or postponed. To a considerable extent, press susceptibility to venality results from the fact that it is very difficult for a French journal to be a paying concern by using merely ordinary channels of revenue. Low prices for daily papers have become traditional in France, but, more important than that, advertising has never developed into the gold mine for the press that it has become in the United States and in England.

The article presents the author's insights on various studies from France, England, South Africa, and Australia regarding test validation. The author says that Denis McMahon's study on existing research needs in vocational guidance showed how validation is considered a root problem in such context. The author mentions that in the study of B. G. R. Moore and E. A. Peel, it was found that dental school's success can be predicted on the accuracy order represented by .60 correlation. The author adds that the report made by P. F. C. Castle and F. I. de la P. Garforth focused on supervisors' selection and training by the National Institute of Industrial Psychology of Great Britain.

Reprints the lecture "Remembering Dr. Myers," by F.C. Barlett on the works of English psychologist Charles Samuel Myers that was delivered at Cambridge University in Cambridge, England on November 8, 1964, which appeared in the 1965 issue of the "Bulletin of the British Psychological Society." Efforts of Myers to establish the Cambridge Psychological Laboratory; His attempt to apply psychotherapeutic measures to shell-shocked soldiers of the British Army in France during the World War I; His tenure as an editor of the "British Journal of Psychology."

The article presents a comparative study of the development and influence of large urban populations on social structure and politics in Birmingham, England and Lyons, France. Birmingham and Lyons were two of the most important towns in Europe in the period between the end of the Napoleonic Wars and the Revolutions of 1848. Before discussing the obvious differences, it is important to stress three points which the towns had in common: Neither town was distinguished by big enterprises. The second point that the towns had in common has been less frequently-stressed. The workers in Birmingham and Lyons were relatively well off--when in employments-compared with workers in other parts of England and France. The voice of the Birmingham and Lyons working classes was more than the voice of hunger. It was frequently, however, the voice of unemployment. The important difference between the social structure of Birmingham and Lyons should be stressed. While the social structure of Birmingham made for middle-class cooperation with the working clashes, the social structure of Lyons made for social antagonism and conflict. While the tendency in Birmingham was to try to build up political organizations based on cooperation between the classes, the tendency in Lyons was for fabricants, chefs d'ateliers and compagnons to meet and organize separately.

The article discusses the history and development of management-labor committees. In England, The Whitley Councils were founded for negotiation of wages, hours and working conditions. Following the World war I in Germany, work councils were organized by the Weimar Republic to address the demand and grievances of workers. In 1945, labor-management committees in France were established aimed to promote cooperation between workers and management. Meanwhile, work committees were created in Austria in 1947. In Mexico, the Labor Industry Pact was approved in April 7, 1945 by the Mexican Confederation of Industrial Chambers.

The article discusses the popularity of music therapy in various countries. In Brazil there are enthusiastic people dedicated to the development of music therapy and in South America, there was cooperative leadership and exchange of ideas. In England, there are therapists who uses unique approaches and techniques and in Holland there are new training programs based on NAMT education model. There are no unified movement in Germany and France in music therapy but it is getting popular in Norway.

The article presents information on the social problems that exist in England and France. In reading the symptoms of the social malady there is general agreement. There is wide disagreement in the treatment proposed. One remedy is socialism, or the communal ownership of land and capital and the instruments and machinery of production. But socialism makes two capital blunders. In the first place, it proceeds on the assumption that society is a mechanism, and if it is found not to function properly, all that is needed is to shake the bundle of injustices and inequalities to pieces, and then put it together right by act of legislature, brutally to rights, if necessary. On the contrary, we know that society is an organism, and its features and activities are the result of a vital growth. Shaking it to pieces means its death. A more serious blunder of socialism is this, it ignores the root of moral evil out of which all social wrongs spring. One concludes that there is no hope in socialism. Prussianism, or the rule of might, has been offered as a method to settle antagonistic interests. The strong ought to rule the weak, and war is the final test of strength. If persons, classes, or nations disagree, let them fight it out, and let the strong hold by right what they win by might.

The article examines the economic consequences of war and inflation in England, France, Germany and the U.S. since 1790. The Napoleonic wars, the American Civil War, the Great War of 1914-18, and the Second World War have all been accompanied by major price upheavals in all of the four great Western Powers. English, French and German wholesale price rises of the World War I period were greater that all previous wholesale price increases in the 150-year period. U.S. wholesale prices advanced only by four percent during World War II. The forces that have governed price behavior during wartime and immediate postwar inflationary periods are discussed.

The economic assessment shows that, as a means of meeting the rapidly growing demand for transport across the Channel, the Tunnel is superior to continued reliance on ships and aircraft. Another way of putting this to say that a Tunnel offers a substantial economic benefit to the community. This, of course, is benefit at large and over a long period: the British and French Governments also have to look very closely at the short-term priorities, the commitment of resources and claims on finance. These questions are outside the scope of this lecture. But as is now known, the two Ministers responsible announced in Paris on 28 October that they hope, subject to the satisfactory completion of negotiations for its construction, to see the Tunnel in operation by 1975. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the development of co-operative production in France and England. The second phase of co-operation, marvelously developed in England, is but little known in France, though it is already beginning to appeal to the socialistic imagination of the distributive societies in Belgium. As yet, there is nothing in France corresponding to the wholesale societies of England; but a movement at this moment on foot at Paris gives reasonable grounds for anticipating the development of a French wholesale some time in the twentieth century. The third form needs but a word of explanation. It is simply an extension of what is known in France as deferred participation; that is to say, of the various schemes of profit-sharing which retain a part or the whole of the dividend allotted to labor for the purpose of forming provident or pension funds. Deferred co-operation, therefore, is a still further application of more or less involuntary thrift to the gradual acquisition of capital shares by the accumulation of a portion of the dividends allotted to employees.

This article has briefly directed attention to the salient character traits of three nations England, France and the U.S. in relation to democracy. To the peculiar habits of each have been attributed the differences in their democracies, but it would hardly do to rest the case there. For there is every evidence that significant character changes are taking place and beginning to manifest themselves in all three nations. These changes, moreover, appear to be very similar and so bid fair to make all more alike politically. Under the capitalistic industrial system, the common man is being regimented, organized, robbed of responsibility, denied opportunity for initiative, and made a part of a great social machine. Thus he is being forced into habits of irresponsibility, dependence, obedience, and servitude. He is being standardized too much the same pattern everywhere. In the U.S. for example, uniformity of behavior is rapidly approaching among the mass of urban dwellers. There is little pride in individuality of thought or act, but an ambition on the part of everyone to be like his neighbor. This conformity apparently has its main root in conditions of work and living, which deny opportunities of free choice and the exercise of individual judgment. Wherever such conditions prevail, there tends to develop a dependent type of man who, having little experience of it, will have little interest in political liberty as such. The idea of liberty has long since lost currency, and hence credit among them. The faith of ancestors is dead and the institution of created by their fathers has died or will die with it. The same thing to a greater or less degree is happening in France and England, and if that were the case, liberty is going to disappear, largely, from the scene.

This article presents a study that makes a cross-cultural comparison of managerial behavior in England and France. A successful manager is a very efficient learning system. He uses the values that he inherits from his culture to forge conditions sufficiently strong for the execution of business. Very often the desired goal, or sub-goal. is not achieved, and this may cause the manager to modify his beliefs--within the limits of his culturally determined value system--and thus his future behavior. According to the model used in the article, the notion of profit is an intellectual abstraction for the French, whereas for the English manager it is more the result of a personal effort. In the French model, if the organization is efficient then profit ensues automatically; if there is no profit, it is due to malformation of some part of the system. In England, personality is brought into play. Lack of profit implies personal failure, which is traceable to managerial weakness, or perversity, an excessive preoccupation with boundary defense perhaps, or lack of cooperation. The Frenchman will react to defeat with detachment or resignation, the Englishman with aggression and defiance. In neither case is such a reaction necessarily logical. The logic of the reaction depends upon a careful a priori evaluation of the value of goal achievement.