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This article focuses on economic growth of developing countries. In discussing the growth and trade performance of three underdeveloped areas, the authors differ in mood, but not in conclusion. They all tell that no ways of identifying incremental as wholly distinct from established comparative advantage have as yet been discovered. In Brazil, industrialization based essentially on import substitution has been a big success, and if new export flows have failed to materialize, this is wholly the fault of protection in the older industrial countries. In India, where the impact of industrialization on the economy as a whole has been smaller than in Brazil, the failure to develop new exports cannot be dismissed quite so easily since India pioneered among underdeveloped countries in exporting manufactures and, in discussions of new patterns of international trade, her potential comparative advantage in steel, for example, had been frequently and hopefully pointed out. In Africa, finally, the road to economic development via import-substituting industrialization is less appealing than it had seemed elsewhere a decade or a generation ago, both because of intrinsic characteristics of most of the African economies and because one would like to do better than some countries that have run into trouble precisely by following that road.

The stepped-up tempo of economic development in Tropical Africa is opening new sales opportunities for American business. But for most companies the area is still a marketing "Dark Continent"; other than the large oil companies, few have ventured in on any sizable basis. This article discusses the potentials and the problems involved in tapping the market. It also offers suggestions to cope with the anticipated difficulties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the role of organized labor in economic development in Africa. The following interpretations are analyzed: the interpretation of the Inter-University Study of Labor Problems in Economic Development; the political unionism viewpoint; and the interpretation of those who believe that the role of labor is to contribute to rapid economic growth. The author points that the role of organized labor to regulate conflict has been weakened in the developing areas. Thus, labor's contribution to industrialization and economic development remains an elusive one.

If foreign trade served in the nineteenth century as an engine of growth for the majority of countries in Latin America, Asia, and the regions of recent settlement, the history of modern African economic growth-which, with the exception of the Republic of South Africa and a few other countries can be dated from about 1900-is a tale of exports par excellence. The expansion of exports from Africa has been the mainspring not only of its economic growth but of the commercialization of its economic activity in general. It has thus promoted economic development in its two aspects— growth and change. It is true that the center of gravity of the export expansion was in a few mineral producing areas, typical of the enclave economy. In most other areas, however, the export expansion, while less important in regional terms, was largely based on agriculture and more diffused in its impact. The development of agricultural export commodities was the primary force transforming subsistence production into production for the market.