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Professor Staubus uses a case example to illustrate an accounting solution to the comparability problem by a method that also reports results on major capital projects in terms consistent with DCF projections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Application of advanced research techniques to the San Francisco Bay Area has yielded projections of regional employment and its intraregional distribution, which can provide insight for those in business and government who chart the course of the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the man's history of land and water use which has been seen as glorious and dismal. The rise of earliest civilizations has brought by water management which is simultaneously seen in various dry regions of the world. However, man has always been exploited the use of land and water and never been a conservationist. Through this exploitation, the result was landscape degradation, resources deterioration and nations declination. Man must look and reflect to these results to learn the lessons he encountered. Moreover, man must do countermeasures with the basic problems of water supply and water management to preserve the natural resources given by the creator.

The article discusses the problem on land of the natives in Alaska. Since 1867, the U.S. Congress delayed action on the natives' claims and took the land for private use or government purposes. All settlements provided are inadequate and the advent of civilization has not been good for most natives. After 102 years, the Congress attempted to negotiate a settlement of their claims. There are various bills being considered and their terms are similar. They call for the establishment of a commission to enroll eligible natives and to create regional and village development corporations. The cash settlement would be paid in varying amounts and the land would be apportioned among individuals and the corporations.

The article discusses issues concerning soil and water conservation which is said to have required harmony between private and public goals in the U.S. The two long-term goals of the national public in soil and water conservation is that firstly, they want continued economic growth on which the efficiency of resource use bears directly, secondly, they realizes the importance of avoiding waste of the renewable resources. Private agencies have also traditionally taken part on the scientific research, education, and technical assistance on soil and water use handled by cooperating national, state, and local public agencies. It is believed that application of science to soil and water conservation fall in the field of art which calls the relation of things to people.

The article discusses the relationship between humanity and the earth, concerning the contamination of land, water , and air in the U.S. The contamination of food, water and air suggests close connection with the soil. The usage of dirty hands serves as a reminder that the thin surface layer of the soil is the wastebasket of the earth, the collector for the disposal of all matter that has once lived and moved. The microbial wastes welling upward from the depths of the earth must be considered contamination by man of his own environment and of the environments of all populations that support him.

The monumental traffic jam on U. S. streets and highways has sparked a massive program of research in land use, economic data, and travel habits. Current inventories and projections into the future are being organized and recorded in 225 cities across the nation at a cost of about $100 million. This vast new storehouse of data, with immediate application to marketing, is free for the asking, too. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Is the presently designated central business district retailing area of cities too narrowly defined? Yes, says the author of this article. He advances the concepts of the central business district "core" and "frame." His analysis of downtown retailing might lead to more realistic divisions of downtown versus suburban retailing facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reflects on a land use dispute in Illinois. The section reports on the conflict between Illinois' local land owners and Commonwealth Edison Company. It states that Edison attempted to purchase 6,680 acres of rich farm land in LaSalle County, Illinois and flood two thirds of it to make a cooling lake for a new nuclear power plant. Land owners argue that Edison is taking prime farm land when it could take poorer land or fewer acres by using another cooling method. The section also offers various reports relating to Edison's proposed nuclear units around the Chicago area.

Riverine long-lot original surveys were employed many parts of Texas for about 150 years, beginning in the Spanish period and extending well into the era of statehood. No precedent for the use of long-lots was found either in Spain or New Spain, The evidence suggests that long-lots were diffused to Texas from Central Europe, by way of northern France, Québec, and the French colonies in Missouri and Louisiana. Long-lot survey left an imprint in cadastral, road, and street patterns which is still observable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The National Flood Insurance Act of 1968 was designed to provide subsidized flood insurance and to reduce long-term flood damage through the use of land use and control measures. The floods of 1972. and 1973 provided early tests of the program, and it appears to have been deficient in many respects. The author examines these deficiencies and offers reasons for their existence. Various ameliorative actions that were taken and others that have been proposed to improve the program are analyzed. Finally, the lessons learned from this study are used to postulate guidelines for improving existing and future government-industry property insurance programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Explores the policy issues emerging from controversy over land use planning and control in the United States. Pressures underlying land policy; Impact of environmental concerns on land use proposals; Proposals for land planning and control.

The industrial-urban hypothesis has stimulated considerable empirical research on the spatial structure of agriculture. The alternative paradigm of yon Thuenen has had almost no such impact on agricultural research, but has been the mainstay of urban economic analysis. The two models are compared as scientific theories of agricultural land use in an attempt to identify their similarities and contradictions. After reinterpreting several industrial Furban studies from a yon Thuenen viewpoint, an empirical discrimination between the two models is attempted with Brazilian data. A synthesis of the two paradigms provides a better explanation of agricultural structure than either alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents information on the waste of prime agricultural land by the ever expanding metropolitan area. Although urbanization is responsible partly for national growth and development, it has left very little space for utilization of land in the public interest. It is opined that a reexamination of the forces affecting these land-use decisions might suggest an alternative policy which could contribute towards more effective preservation of open space throughout metropolitan areas. Present development ignores the open space value of land and provides inadequate open areas. It is suggested that a tax on new developments, if properly administered and utilized, could alleviate both of these problems. Coordinating a development tax with effective planning would expose the value of open space and thereby allow the market to recognize the full social value of land. It also suggested that in response to a proposed development of an area, the concerned authorities should first determine the open space plan best suited to that land use. One having identified those areas desired for open space uses, the authority should estimate their cost and determine the tax rate which must be applied to the remaining property in that area as it is developed, in order to finance the acquisition of the areas to be preserved.

The rapid urbanization of Bogot´ has created an enormous demand for urban land, which is owned by relatively few persons. There is a widespread feeling in this city and in the nation that there has been a rapid rise in land values, resulting in hardship through increased house prices for the poor while giving enormous un-earned gains to rich landowners. This view is reinforced by a feeling that the capture of some of this unearned increment would not only serve the interests of equity, but would also provide a valuable addition to the revenues of a city chronically short of finance.

Throughout the past two decades this nation has completed the major portion of a 42,500 mile system of interstate highways. The project is the most expensive public works program ever undertaken in this country. As such, scholars in government and universities have researched the impact upon the economy of local communities, regional travel patterns, and land development. One area of research has been the development problems in the areas around inter changes. This paper traces the major research findings concerning interchange development and reports the hypotheses and findings of a study of land use changes at interchanges along the Ohio Turnpike.

The article presents a case study of the impact of a simulated transition from property taxation to site-value taxation. One can view the economic effects of this switchover in tax structures as a process involving two phases. They are a redistribution of tax liabilities among individuals and an attendant alteration in the behavior of these economic units. The purpose of this article is to estimate the initial impact of a transition to the land tax. The site-value tax is calculated in San Diego, California. A tax system, which is neutral with respect to economic use of land, is considered. A "pure" site-value tax would not favor any particular use of land over anther, whereas exemptions tend to create a structure of incentives and disincentives, which may distort land uses. However, it does not necessarily follow that a no exemption site-value tax is the best of all possible versions. Efficient allocation of resource is only one of the objectives of tax policy. Income distribution effects are also important. Thus, policy makers might be justified in choosing a land tax variant which is superior from an income distribution point of view but which requires the inclusion of exemptions for certain groups of taxpayers.

This article develops a model of library use, which demonstrates that continued population growth in the area served leads to erosion in the stock of books and eventually diminishes rather than increases total circulation. This paper has demonstrated that population growth can lead to a decline in the output obtained from a resource and finally, after a certain point, to an end to the resource's economic usefulness. A model of erosion has been applied and successfully tested for a library system though policy implications are important to other goods and services provided by the public sector, particularly those concerning land resources. An increase in population can erode natural resources and deteriorate public facilities as well as reduce library volumes. The rate of recuperation of a natural resource such as park and or the annual maintenance expense for the public facility is analogous to the purchase of additional volumes by the library. At some point an increase in the number of users will cause a decline in the annual economic output of a public sector resource just as it leads to a decline in circulation at the library.

This article presents information about the results of one phase of a project of a conceptual framework for transnational land use planning. If the present world order of nations should ever succumb, time might well show that there were many and good reasons for resisting the various transnational models. Most obvious is the disposition of a nation to squander, that is, to destroy its own land and resources or to countenance their destruction by refusing or neglecting to enact appropriate conservation measures, thus risking the reduction for all time of the total stock of useable land. A second type of transgression is the disposition of a nation to consume more than its fair share of the land or of other scarce non-renewable resources. A special type of inequitable consumption of non-renewable resources is the disposition of a nation to excessively divert transnational resource flows to its own uses. Insofar as the global organization of industry may have benign consequences in mobilizing world resources, maximizing the world product, distributing its benefits most widely and allowing the greatest participation and ownership by persons of diverse nationality, the disposition of a nation to abrogate foreign or supernational ownership capriciously and without indemnification also constitutes a transnational land use infraction.

The article examines the mechanism of the land market in Lincolnshire, England in the eighteenth century. It describes the usual purchasers of land during the eighteenth century and discusses the social composition of the Lincolnshire land market. The factors which contributed to the demand for land in rural areas are identified. The article reports on the work of H.J. Habakkuk, which has illuminated the mechanism of the land market in eighteenth-century England and inspired the revival of interest in the structure of landed society.

The article discusses land prices on the basis of information accumulated incidentally during other research. The core of this is a collection of nearly 250 instances of the number of years' purchase offered for, agreed on, or demanded for particular properties from the years 1652 to 1813. Section II of the article traces the movements of purchase rates. The remaining three sections are devoted to considering what factors appear to have principally determined these movements. It seems that during the period 1650 to 1690 as a whole the normal spread of land prices was from 16 to 20 years' purchase, with 16 to 18 being usual in districts where they were relatively low and 18 to 20 where they were relatively high. But purchase rates were not completely stable over time, and the seventeenth century saw both upward and downward movements, although neither the extent nor the timing of these is completely clear. However much capital was diverted away from the land market to other investments, it is clear that the availability of alternatives did alter what had hitherto been typical patterns of landed investment.

Notes that any pricing and/or location decision by the individual firm will cause a permanent alteration in land values in the immediate vicinity. Overview of the model used; Equations which define the spatially determined rents when a common price for the product prevails throughout the industry.

Focuses on the increase of packaging and selling costs in the land market in the U.S. Opportunity costs of non-residential use of land; Characterization of the land market; Factors determining the optimal land size.

This article draws attention towards the establishment of school environmental awareness plots in the United States. These plots can open a new world for a child where he can find peace and comfort in this self destructing society. The child can feel and learn about the nature there. These plots can be easily established at very little expense. The article also suggests some points on the location and the activities to be carried on such plots. These can also be used as environment teaching tools. The activities carried out in the plot will develop in children a sense of responsibility towards their environment.

There has been very little progress made in the task of incorporating zoning or land use parameters into the kinds of micro-economic models that economists are accustomed to deal with. The contrast with another urban economic institution, the property tax is rather striking in this respect. The first section of the paper introduces a simple model of an urban space economy with a manufacturing and residential sector. Having constructed this model, will show how a change in the allocation of land between the two sectors affects the spatial pattern of land rents, the size of the urban labor force and the wage rate. The second section of the paper will then be devoted to a discussion of the appropriateness and implications of a land allocation policy which maximizes aggregate land rent. Land in this economy has only two potential economic uses: as a location for residential activities or as a location for manufacturing activities. The spatial structure of the city is under the control of a private profit-maximizing developer who lays it out and then each year rents at an auction the available parcels of land to households and firms who wish to locate there.

Argues that intuition is about half right regarding the links among land scarcity, farm land rents, population growth and economic growth in the United States (U.S.). Theory of economist Alfred Marshall on the intuition that higher growth leads to land scarcity; Determinants of overall land rents; Effects of economic growth and population growth on farm and residence land rents; Trends in land scarcity in the U.S.

The article discusses about the future of rural societies in a Post-Industrial age. The analytic construct of pre-industrial society is characterized by primary extractive activities in the economic sector, that is, agriculture, mining, fishing, and timber. The concept of industrial society emphasizes secondary goods production in the economic sector. The post-industrial idea conveys the ascendance of "services" in the economy. Rural society is also an analytic construct does not correspond to any of types of societies. The article discusses three problems that seem to portend major consequences for rural society now and in years ahead. These are: food supply problem, energy problem and land use problem. A number of observers have asserted that a coming problem of major importance worldwide is that of food supply. The problem of energy development and supply will remain salient for years to come. Major changes are occurring in the ownership and use of land in rural America. Some of this involves corporate ownership of agricultural production land, and some the rights to energy resources or other natural resources. But it also involves ownership and/or use of rural land for recreation, tax shelters, second homes, and even the idea of security in land ownership.

This article narrows the gap between the growth in real output and in the aggregate of real factor inputs in agriculture in Japan from 1880 to 1965. By estimating the aggregate agricultural production function using cross-prefectural data, factors have been identified that could influence the level of agricultural output. With the estimates of production elasticities, the major portion of the growth in agricultural output and productivity for 1880 to 1965 has been explained by the four conventional factors--land, labor, capital, and fertilizer--and the two categories of nonconventional inputs--rural education, and agricultural research and extension. Overall, about half of the long-term rate of growth in agricultural output has been accounted for by changes in the four conventional inputs; one quarter by an increase in the level of education; and another quarter by an increase in the public expenditure for agricultural research and extension. A large gap between the growth in output and the growth in conventional inputs, as measured by the total productivity index, has been closed and accounted for in roughly equal magnitudes by adoption of the estimates of production elasticities for input aggregation, the contribution of education, and the contribution of research and extension. The divergence between the production elasticities and the factor shares has been interpreted as arising from a lag in the adjustment of farmers to biased technical progress corresponding to changes in relative factor prices. Our approach has proved insufficient for explaining the emergence of distinct phases or technical epochs in the modern agricultural development of Japan. Significant residuals in the growth accounting have remained for subperiods.

There is an enormous amount of literature on land tenancy. Much of it is intended to answer the questions: How are resources allocated when farm land is used by owner-cultivator or, alternatively, is rented to tenants who pay for it by crop sharing between landlord and tenant? Is land reform in the form of rent reduction or land-to-the-tiller desirable? In spite of extended discussion, the genesis of which can be traced to classical and neoclassical economists, the debate is far from being over, even in the simple case of noncost sharing of inputs other than land between landlords and tenants. According to one school, the stipulations of the crop-share lease create circumstances in which landlord and tenant view their interests separately. Under a crop-share lease, if the landlord's share of the crops is half, the tenant will apply his resources in the production of crops until the marginal cost of output is equal to half the value of the marginal output. According to the second school the landowners are assumed to maximise their rent income subject to constraints of the market wage rate of tanent labor and the agricultural production function.

The article presents information on the gage of land in medieval England. The English gage of land with possession of the debtor until default is to all seeming developed later than the gage with immediate possession of the creditor; the origin of this later form of security for loans being directly connected with the history of the process of judicial execution. It will be seen that whether the medieval creditor take immediate possession or only on default of the debtor, the principle is the same. In either case the security is a usufructgage or it is a property-gage, or it is indeed a combination of the two. Though the tracing of the development down to the present lies beyond the scope of the present paper, it is believed that this very same conception lies at the basis of much of the modern English law.

Discusses several case summaries decided in the United States. Action to recover for duties collected under the provisions of the Foraker Act levying duties; Recovery in assumpsit of money due in future; Difference of opinion as to the rights and relations of the intrested parties where the purchaser of land from a mortgagor assumes the mortgage debt; Extent of the power of eminent domain.