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The article presents titles and abstracts of papers submitted at a meeting held in Cambridge, Massachusetts in 1938. The paper "The Sequent Occupance of a Boston Suburban Community," presented by Edward A. Ackerman focuses on areas surrounding the Boston metropolitan district. The proximity of a large city market, plots of level land and fertile soil determine the existence of these suburban fanning communities. The article "The Recession of Victoria Falls," by Wallace W. Atwood. The world famous falls on the Zainbesi have had a strange and remarkable history in recession. The gorge is serpentine with many curious off-shoots, and located on the floor of a broad and much older flat-bottomed valley. Today the water tumbles over a ledge, fully a mile in length, and into a very narrow chasm 350 ft. deep.

The article describes the colonial monetary standard in Massachusetts in the 1600s. It discusses the establishment of a commodity standard in 1640 and the official prices of commodities in Massachusetts during the 1600s. The article details the development of the paper-money standard in 1690. It comments on the topics covered by most recent studies of the monetary system of the American colonies. The establishment of a mint in Boston in 1652 is reported. By 1737 the price of silver had risen. In 1750, the Massachusetts Assembly restored specie payments. The article also considers the objections to the continuation of paper-money issues.

The article presents the meeting schedule for The Institute of Management Science (TIMS). The 13th International meeting will take place in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, from September 6-8, 1966. Warsaw, Poland, will host the European Section meeting from September 2-7, 1966. The American meeting is scheduled for April 5-7, 1967 in Boston, Massachusetts. Detailed meeting information is provided.

Reports on the ruling of a court in Massachusetts on a case regarding the validity of a contract between Nashua River Paper Co. and Hammermill Paper Co. which contains a stipulation that no action should be maintainable against the foreign corporation except in certain courts of the foreign state. Reason behind the ruling of the court; Other court cases with similar ruling.

The article presents information on the psychology of newspapers along with an exhaustive study of the treatment, which Boston newspapers accorded to revision of the Neutrality Act that gripped the attention of the U.S. in the fall of 1939. This investigation is based upon a complete sample of weekday and Sunday editions of English-language newspapers published in Boston, Massachusetts. The extent to which this simplification of the story took place in the Boston papers was estimated as carefully as possible. The evidence indicates that editors and newswriters attempt to give as comprehensive and adequate a representation of events as they dare; while the readers insist upon selecting, sharpening, and pointing the issue still further to suit their desire for simplification and definiteness. Newspapers must dramatize and select in order to produce in their readers the emotional integration required for a good fight. A newspaper's pattern of influence is built around its editorial policy. Most papers do to a certain extent select news items favoring the editorial policy of the paper, and reject those that are opposed. In summary, the evidence reported in this study is interpreted as supporting five generalizations which are offered here as tentative laws in the new field of the psychology of newspapers: (1) issues are skeletonized; (2) any given newspaper's field of influence is well-patterned; (3) readers are more emotional than editors; (4)public interest as reflected in newspapers is variable in time; (5) public interest rapidly fatigues and presses for an early closure.

The article reports that the division of minimum wage of the Massachusetts Department of Labor & Industries has approved the recommendations of a wage board as to wages for women engaged in the manufacture of paper goods as of December 1925. Employees who are 18 years old and over and have had at least one year's experience in the particular plant of employment are to receive not less than $13.75 per week. Those under 18 with similar experience are to receive a minimum of $12, while inexperienced workers over 16 begin at $11, and if under 16 at $9.

The article presents one of the papers discussed at the convocation of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, on the impact of science on human activity held on April 1, 1949. It is said that because of science, the western world no longer possesses the sense of common values which gave coherence to human activities in earlier ages. In this paper, the author examines some of the spiritual implications of the commitment of the scientist on his program of dealing with the universe and considers some of the consequences of the new insights which have been acquired in carrying out the program thus far.

The article presents the program of the 63rd Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association to be held from August 26-29, 1968. It will be held in Boston, Massachusetts. The Program Committee, consisting of Chairman Philip M. Hauser, William J. Goode, Robin M. Williams. Jr., O.D. Duncan, and Gerhard E. Lenski is planning sessions on the central theme of "On the Gap Between Sociology and Social Policy". The session topics are as follows: 1) Plenary sessions: Sociology and the Negro Revolt, Sociology and Social Accounting; 2) Thematic Sessions: Conformity and Social Control, Law and the Administration of Criminal Justice, Socialization and Education, Population and Population Control, Sociology and Environmental Planning, The Polity and the Academy, Sociology and Social Development, Sociology and Systems Analysis, Sociology and Socialist Countries, 3) Regular Sessions: The New Sociometrics, Theory Building. In order to broaden member participation in the Annual Meeting, the 1968 Program Committee is planning a limited number of sessions utilizing a Seminar format. Papers contributed by members apart from those scheduled for organized sessions, will be screened and grouped under appropriate subject headings.

The article presents a list of conferences to be held on various topics, from December 27-29, 1963 in Boston, Massachusetts as part of the 76th Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association. A meeting on the theme Principles of Efficiency to be presided over by Paul A. Samuelson of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The papers to be discussed are The Measurement of Waste by Arnold Harberger and The Efficient Allocation of Capital by Jack Hershleifer. A meeting on the theme Re-Appraisals in American Economic History to be presided over by Douglass North of the University of Washington. The papers to be discussed are A New Look at Hunter's Hypothesis about the Ante-Bellum Iron Industry by Peter Temin, Ante-Bellum Interregional Trade Reconsidered by Albert Fishlow and Canals and Development -- A Discussion of the Issue by Roger Ransom. A meeting on Comparative Costs and Economic Development to be presided over by C. P.Kindleberger of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The papers to be discussed are The Experience of India by Wilfred Malenbaum, The African Situation by Walter A. Chudson and The Case of Brazil by Werner Baer.

The article offers information on the Third National Meeting of the Operations Research Society of America which was held on Boston, Massachusetts on November 23-24, 1953. The main topic of the meeting focused on operations research in business and industry including inventory control and production scheduling and consumer shopping. One of the research papers discussed in the conference is "The Distribution of Searching Effort," by Bernard O. Koopman.

A conference paper pertaining to the movement of retail trade in metropolitan areas is presented. The author discusses the work of the Boston University Bureau of Business Research in the creation of a retail trade study for the Boston market area. This study is based off of information found in the 1930 Census of Distribution.

The article presents one of the papers discussed at the convocation of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, on the impact of science on human activity held on April 1, 1949. It is said that because of science, the western world no longer possesses the sense of common values which gave coherence to human activities in earlier ages. In this paper, the author discusses the relationship of science with morality and religion. The author states that though there is a sense that science's body of knowledge is neutral and its results can be used for evil purposes, there is also a sense in which it is neither evil nor neutral but an expression of spiritual idealism.

A conference paper is presented about William Bentley, an early councilor and benefactor of the American Antiquarian Society (AAS), who lived in Salem, Massachusetts. The paper frequently cites Bentley's diary. It discusses the arrival of the British frigate "Shannon" into Salem. The paper also addresses church services, Bentley's relationship with Reverend Jedediah Morse, and Bentley's view on the mercantile character.

A conference paper is presented about the commerce of Boston, Massachusetts during the time leading up to the American Revolution. It discusses the source material provided by the Massachusetts Historical Society. It examines tables of annual average clearances and provides a broad view of the total movement of sea-borne commerce. The paper also analyzes imports, the exportation of enumerated colonial products, and the direct trade between Boston and Great Britain.

A conference paper about Puritan missionary John Eliot and his printing of the first Bible in the U.S. is presented. The paper also discusses the Ojibway and Chippewa Indians of Massachusetts during Eliot's time and the translation of the Bible into their language. The paper also provides letters from Reverend James A. Gilfillan concerning these translations.

A conference paper about Concord, Massachusetts is presented. The author talks about several locations he visited within the town, including the farm of Major Simon Willard and the house of Reverend Peter Buckley. Subjects of the paper also include the first settlers in Concord, the organizing of a Christian Church, and the civil interests of the settlers.

The article focuses on a memorandum that is in records of the Probate Court of Essex County in Massachusetts as of January 1896. Benjamin Greenleaf, the writer of the memorandum, was eighth judge of probate of Essex County. Judge Greenleaf was unmistakably a man of note in his day. He was judge of probate from August 26, 1775, to July 2, 1796. It is noticed that in the memorandum he implies that, at the time of writing (1781), he expected soon to give way to a successor in the office of probate judge; but his commission was renewed in this year, presumably after the memorandum had gone on the record. Writer A.C. Goodell, County, says of him that he devised some new forms of proceedings in the Probate Court, adapted to the peculiar legislation against loyal refugees, and has left a curious table of the depreciation of currency. The law of the Commonwealth on the legal tender force of the continental currency, to which Judge Greenleaf refers in his record, was an act passed April 13, 1776, entitled "an act to prevent forging and altering bills of public credit, and for preventing the depreciation thereof, and for making bills of credit of the United Colonies and the bills of this government a tender in all payments."

The study of the social role of the legislator is important from two points of view: it is essential to the understanding of the actual working of representative government, and it provides a perspective on other occupational roles by contrast. The occupational problems of the politician have been treated by Weber and more recently by Shils; the purpose of the present paper is to continue this analysis by means of data gathered in the course of studies of the Massachusetts House of Representatives, with particular reference to the way in which a person engaged in politics supports himself and reduces the insecurity of his occupation. This paper shall be concerned chiefly with some correlates of the representative's seniority in the legislature. The correlates of seniority are of importance with regard to definition of the representative's role because there seems to be a selective process whereby those who remain longest in the legislature come to terms most fully with the problems that membership poses. Thus this paper examines not only the strains in this role, which is in some ways quite different from the usual occupational role, but also the ways of coping with them.

The article presents one of the papers discussed at the convocation of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, on the impact of science on human activity held on April 1, 1949. It is said that because of science, the western world no longer possesses the sense of common values which gave coherence to human activities in earlier ages. In this paper, the author talks about the modern age in western civilization. The author stresses that the outstanding characteristic of this age is that all its thinking about the world is dominated by the scientific spirit.

The article presents the Report of the Council given at the annual meeting of the American Antiquities Society for the year 1917. The report presents information on the acquisition of the Salisbury Papers, which include personal and business letters and papers of a Worcester, Massachusetts family. The author also discusses the society's collection of American newspapers and the significance of this collection. Genealogy studies are also mentioned. Donations are requested to aid with the construction of an addition to house more acquisitions.

The article presents a review and an appraisal of the Briggs Law of Massachusetts. A discussion of the rise of psychiatry as an aid to criminal procedure would furnish a topic for a paper in itself, but would exceed the scope of the writer's present intention. The purpose of this paper is to offer an exposition of the practical operation of a statute which has been hailed by legal writers as one of the greatest steps in the introduction of medical thought into the law, and which is still unique. For this purpose, the historical development of the statute will be sketched, together with the development of its functioning, pertinent decisions relating thereto, and a consideration of its advantages and defects. The significant and unusual features of the law are three in number--the examination is conducted by neutral, impartial experts, these experts are selected by a professional department of the administrative branch of government, namely, the Department of Mental Diseases of the Commonwealth and the examination is applicable to all defendants falling within certain clearly-defined legal categories, and is not dependent upon the supposed "recognition" of mental disease by the judge, defense attorney, or some other non-psychiatric participant in the proceedings.

A conference paper about artist and publisher William Cook is presented. Cook resided in Salem, Massachusetts. It discusses Cook's family, including his father, navigator Captain William Cook. The report also discusses Cook's religious aberrations, the self-publishing of his books, and a poem he wrote concerning Chestnut Street in Salem. A bibliography of his work is provided.

The article focuses on the state-use system of prison labor in Massachusetts. The field of prison labor literature is characterized by an astonishing dearth of detail concerning policies, practices, and problems. Massachusetts prison labor literature is no exception to this rule, for nothing has been published by its correctional authorities or others which deal extensively with matters of prison labor administration. However, annual reports of the Department of Correction, reports of the Legislature, and the statutes pertaining to prison labor do illumine the path, which prison labor administrators have taken. It is the purpose of this paper, therefore, to explore this path with the aid of available documentary evidence in a search for clues to the forces, which shaped the direction of prison labor history in Massachusetts. The State-use system of prison labor has been gradually developing in the U.S. ever since the time when mechanics began their opposition to the introduction of their trades into prison industry.

The article focuses on formal organization and the Americanization process, with special reference to Greeks of Boston, Massachusetts. It presents the thesis that formal organization is an important instrument in the transformation of peasants into citizens of a modern state. An earlier paper dealt with individual and family choices between possible alternatives in the Americanization process. The author states that the modification of personality structure requires less effort if large groups can be handled at the same time. The totalitarian state proceeds by creating authoritarian structures and by compelling membership in them. Conformity to patterns set at the top is enforced upon lower ranks of members. Democracies, too, make use of hierarchical organizations and bring pressure upon individuals to conform to set behavior patterns, but they do not rely exclusively upon such organizations. To make the thesis more specific, the Americanization process has been characterized by a balance between authoritarian structures to which the newly arrived immigrant and his children must adjust and autonomous structures which he creates and can modify to suit his needs and taste.

This article focuses on the birth statistics of Massachusetts during the nineteenth century. The present paper is a report of an investigation which goes part of the way in surmounting the obstacles to our understanding of the trend of American fertility during the nineteenth century by trying to consider the very difficulty which one of these studies was forced to ignore. The difficulty referred to is the degree of under-registration of births in the statistics collected by States. Economist Joseph J. Spengler did try to take this question into account, but the method he used to answer, it failed to produce meaningful results. It should also be pointed out that whereas Spengler was concerned with all six New England States, this study is concerned only with the birth statistics of Massachusetts, which was the first State to inaugurate a registration system and whose birth records are generally considered to comprise the most reliable American statistics of the last century. The investigation covered the years between 1842, when the system was established, and 1901, making a 60-year period extending through the century.

This paper reports the findings of a carefully prepared field experiment conducted in the Boston area to test the "two step flow of communication" hypothesis. The results of the experiment, although far from definitive, seem to call for a reappraisal of the hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a prototype econometric model of current expenditure by local school districts in Massachusetts. The model is specified in such a way as to permit simulation of alternative formulas for distributing general-purpose state aid. In the first part of the paper the model itself will be described. Of particular interest is the finding that block grants may be more stimulating than matching grants in some cases. The article reports the results of simulating a "power equalizing" formula. The key assumption of the model is that local school authorities will show some consistency in evaluating different combinations of local tax rates and total expenditure when the state aid formula changes. A school board is assumed to maximize its preference function with respect to the single control variable. There is no a priori way to choose among the functional forths of that would satisfy the standard first- and second-order conditions for a maximum. Thus, the behavioral equations for two simple functional forms were estimated.

The long debate over structural unemployment and the enactment of manpower legislation have stimulated students of the labor market to renew their interest in problems of disadvantaged workers. Among the disadvantaged whose problems have received little professional attention from economists are men recently released from prison. In this paper Mr. Evans seeks to partially redress this deficiency by discussing the influence of success in the labor market on subsequent criminal activity of parolees. In the first section he considers the theoretical context for his analysis, and in the second he presents some results of a survey of two samples of men released from Massachusetts correctional institutions in 1959. In the third section he suggests some public policy implications of his conclusion that success in the labor market is an important factor in parole success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ralph Stocliman Tarr was born on January 15, 1864, in Gloucester, Massachusetts. He died, after a brief illness, at his home in Ithaca, March 21, 1919, being a little more than forty-eight years of age. On graduation from the high school in 1881, Tarr's interest in science led him to enter the summer school of the Peabody Academy at Salem. He accomplished much work on the geology of Cape Ann, a problem which he says was much too big for his experience. It may in truth be said, however, that the report on that region published in the Ninth Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey is substantially Tarr's work.

The article presents one of the papers discussed at the convocation of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, on the impact of science on human activity held on April 1, 1949. It is said that because of science, the western world no longer possesses the sense of common values which gave coherence to human activities in earlier ages. In this paper, the author discusses the intellectual and moral problems, which were caused by science and technology, faced by the western world.