Search

The paper presents comparison between the associations of British and American voluntary associations. The development of postwar research on the structure and functioning of voluntary associations has been uneven, and there have been marked differences between British and American research in this field. This paper offers a narrow definition of voluntary associations. It defines voluntary associations as groups in which membership is in no sense obligatory, which have a formal constitution, but which do not have paid officials at the local level. The next section of this paper places the subsequent analysis in context by pointing briefly to the very substantial similarities between research in Great Britain and the U.S. The third section discusses differences in the research environments of the two countries, and suggests their relevance to the main problem. The fourth section assesses the differences in research orientations between the two countries, as it has influenced the study of voluntary associations. The final section considers the effect of these differences upon the functional analyses that have been made.

The present paper is a report of the help patterns among older people and their adult children in three countries—Denmark, Britain, and the United States. The data come from interviews conducted in mid-1962 with nationwide probability samples of approximately 2,500 persons aged 65 and over in each of the three countries. Family help patterns in old age in Denmark, Britain, and the United States differ by the social class position of the older person. The class position of old people effects primarily the size of their immediate families, their family structure, and their living arrangements. While the social class of the old person effects the magnitude and direction of parent-child help, persons in every social class report that they help their children and that their children help them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses the documentation problem in Great Britain. Factors that lead to the documentation problem such as the growth of research activity; Sources of scientific literature in Great Britain; Subjects considered by the Copyright Committee, including translations; Methods of increasing innovations being tried in the country, as of October 1956.

This paper consists of an account of an enquiry into the methods and procedures used in industry for the evaluation and control of Research and Development (R&D) carried out by the R&D Research Unit at the Manchester Business School. A great deal of material has been published recently on the evaluation and control of R&D, some of it being accounts of how it is carried out in a given organization and some being outlines of possible evaluation models and techniques. However, this literature gives little indication as to how widely used are the techniques described. The most recent large-scale survey in Britain to discover the evaluation techniques which were in use at the time was the 1959/60 Federation of British Industries survey amongst its members, published in 1960 under the title of "Research in Manufacturing Industry." It was considered valuable by the R&D Research Unit to organize a survey to gain some indication of the evaluation and control procedures at present in use: first to gain knowledge of the current situation and secondly as an indication to where research into methods and procedures could be of most practical use. A questionnaire survey, supplemented by some personal visits and a certain amount of correspondence was considered the best way to obtain the required information.

The article discusses the history of British armaments and European industrialization in the period 1890-1914. From 1890 onwards a complete new armoury of destructive engines was produced in Great Britain. All of them were weapons that worked harder and more precisely, imposed greater strain on materials, and developed more energy than any of their predecessors, and, in the process, confronted armourers with wholly novel problems, with formidable specifications and with soaring research budgets. As these problems were solved by the application of resources and skills rarely found outside the defence industries, several innovations of general importance were produced. Among them were stress-resistant alloys, metal-drawing and cutting techniques, machine-tool practices and interchangeable methods of manufacture. These became available for use by both armament and civilian manufacturing interests. The British armourers used a variety of methods to bring about the improvement of Russian shipbuilding practice. Most important were the technical agreements arranged between consultant firms, like Vickers or Brown, and the Tsarist government, very much as had been done in Spain. Under these agreements the British firms would make available to the Russian constructors their designs, their guarantee of quality and of expert supervision, and any patents relevant to the work in hand.

The article discusses the effect of the resolution implemented on certain broad categories of ability in science on both the physical and biological subject areas. The scientific ability in the study is limited to the level reached by pupils in British secondary schools after a 4-year course. In the conducted study, the interschool variability of test content, particularly physics and biology, exceeds that of categories including knowledge, comprehension and application, and evaluation. An analysis of variance of the test scores showed that differences existed among the process categories. It also revealed an interaction between content and process.

This article discusses research as a social process in Great Britain. One of the central problems of British society is that of organizing its scientific and technically trained manpower in such a manner that the welfare and security needs are met. The present organization of British science does not contribute much to economic improvement. In the nineteenth century new developments were started because inventors with imagination and energy set about solving practical problems. The aims of contemporary research organization are generally stated in a qualitative fashion. The origins of each new product or process can usually be traced to a few key sources in widely separated areas of fundamental science. The foregoing description of the process by which science is put to use emphasizes the interrelationships which exist at the present stage in the evolution of social organization in research. A complete and balanced managerial set-up for translating fundamental research into new technology and social services can be conveniently sub-divided into a series of essential functions. Each of the functions of research organization requires a special combination of skills and differentiated emphasis in the training of technical workers. The exact relationship and emphasis applied to various functions of research and development varies from industry to industry but.

Describes the strategy of epidemiological research that describes the problems in drug dependence in Great Britain. Association of morbidity and mortality with heroin use; Existence of a relationship between age of onset and intensity of alcohol and cigarette use and the use of other drugs; Details on the incidence of psychiatric morbidity.