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This study investigated the effect of associative connections between words on speed of word recognition. The hypotheses were: recognition speed would be faster when an anticipated word was presented; recognition would be faster when the target word was preceded by an associated; and recognition would be slower when the target word was preceded by a nonassociate. 20 fourth graders recognized words under 5 treatment conditions in a counterbalanced design. The data supported these hypotheses. Results from this study indicated many similarities between adults and children in word recognition, and less quickly than adults when nonanticipated associatively connected words were shown. These differences suggest somewhat different strategies in word recognition. Hypotheses to explain these differences are contained in the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article introduces the theme of the articles featured in the issue. The main topics in all the papers presented in the issue revolve around study of various aspects of voluntary associations. The study of voluntary associations involves three separate theoretical concerns. The first, and perhaps oldest of these, focuses on the nature and structure of society, especially industrial society. A second theoretical interest in voluntary associations is social psychological in emphasis; here voluntary associations are examined for what they can tell us about the nature of the person in contemporary society. Finally, voluntary associations may be studied within the framework of organizational theory with a focus upon associations as the units to be studied. Four of the papers in this issue are directly concerned with the problem of the contribution of voluntary associations to the society in which they exist. Most studies of voluntary associations implicitly suggest that such groups are integrative.

The article reports that the art and science of recording illustration and text is a vital instrumentality in what is sometimes referred to as civilization. Research and developments in printing, photography and in Photronic Onset are rooted in the need to advance the science and craft of accurate recording, with or without printing plates. Photography requires wet chemicals, considerable time to process a negative and print on paper, and to dry both negative and paper. There is a wide range of requirements for the reproduction of copy for many purposes in commercial, educational, and governmental business systems.

The article presents information on some changes that one can bring in an experiment showing the necessity of sunlight in photosynthesis. These changes reduce the number of embarrassments common with this experiment. In the first step of the experiment each side of a growing healthy leaf are pinned with a thin strips of cork underlaid with black paper. The light-weight flexible paper reduces exposure of the leaf to sunlight by conforms closely to the contour of the leaf's surface and as the paper is black, any stray beams entering will be absorbed. If three pins are thrust through the entire combination at a different angle to each other the cork sheets will be held together more firmly. In second step the previously covered leaf or leaves are boiled in two separate applications of alcohol. In the third step the leaves are boiled in water. In the fourth step the leaves are saturated with alcohol. In the fifth step the leaves are soaked in a strong solution of iodine in alcohol. Finally the leaves are washed twice in alcohol.