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Highlights the Third European Weed Research Council Symposium on New Herbicides held in 1969 in Paris, France. Papers on herbicides submitted at the symposium.

The article presents discussion by various sociologists during the fourth working session of the First World Congress for Rural Sociology held in Dijon, France. Sociologist Antonio M. Arce from Costa Rica briefly commented on Pakistani sociologist A.M. Khan's paper entitled "Impact of changes in agriculture on political life in Asia". These comments refer to three different aspects of the paper and are expected to stimulate discussions from the audience. The paper tries to analyse the dynamic relationship between agricultural development efforts and political ferment in Asia and how this interdependence relates to the residues of Western colonialism and the emergence of Russian and Chinese communism. Another sociologist R. Bičanič from Yugoslavia discussed about the interference of politics in sociology. He also discussed the point dealing with the revival of rural sociology in socialist countries, particularly Poland, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia. The rural exodus linked with accelerated industrialization has become so intense that agriculture is threatened with a depleted labour force, and this leads to a policy of income parity with industrial workers for agricultural producers also which may have wider political implications.

Presents an overview of the International Study Meeting on Selective Weed Control in Sugar Beet Crops in Paris, France on March 9 to 10, 1967. Information on commercial and state-sponsored organizations that participated in the meeting; Factors which influence the efficiency of herbicides; Overview of discussion papers presented during the meeting.

This article reports on the Fourth International Colloquium on the ecology and biology of weeds held in the University of Provence in Marseille, France from September 18 to 20, 1973. There were 95 participants, representing 15 different nationalities. The first two days were devoted to the formal presentation of papers and the third to a botanical and ecological excursion to the Camargue. One of these papers is by Becker and Guyot which gave details of a survey of the viable weed seeds occurring in soil under different cropping systems in southern areas of France. There were two papers about tropical weeds, one on the weed flora of coffee and cocoa plantations and the other on the biology and incidence of Eupatorium africanum in West Africa. The papers on individual species included one on Sinapis chieranthus which occurs sporadically as a weed in southern areas of Sologne. The botanical excursion in September 20 was conducted by Professor Deleuil of the Botany Department in the University. Many of the interesting plants to be found in that region were seen and some of man's drastic recent developments too, such as building up of industry and digging of drainage channels, which are beginning to have ecological effects upon the area. The flamingos, the wild white horses and the black cattle used in the bull fights were all seen in the protected natural areas.

This article compares the efficiency of the coal-fired steam-generated electricity in Great Britain, the U.S. and France in 1970. The authors selected this industry for close examination because it had experienced rapid technological progress, its output is homogeneous and the data available are comparatively good. They found that the average level and rate of growth of fuel productivity in Great Britain industry were less than in France and in the U.S. The authors were careful to state, however, that technological backwardness was not the only interpretation of this result. They were aware that partial productivity measures could be very misleading because the contribution of other inputs, particularly capital, is ignored. Furthermore, this paper shows that the percentage increase in output in Great Britain from 1949-63 was higher than that in France and in the U.S., while the percentage increase in capital, measured by generating capacity, was much lower than in France or the US. This difference could be interpreted as implying that the productivity of capital in Great Britain industry was rising relatively to that in France and in the U.S. and thus that the industry in Great Britain was technologically forward. However, there are other interpretations, because capital productivity is also a partial measure of productivity. Thus, this paper suggests that there is a need a measure of productivity which reflects the simultaneous influence of all inputs and output and a production function provides such a measure. This article also estimates production functions for this industry.

A number of studies have been carried out in different countries for the right of women to participate in the life of their community and to assemble information on the problems of minority groups in the larger national community. This article helps to focus on the attention of social scientists on problems they can tackle in common and may prepare the way for joint research. Two reports were presented on the attempts to compare survey findings from some countries. The first was an analysis of data on strategies of influence in different countries and the other was the comparison of data on active participants in France. U.S. Recruiter Mattei Dogan's paper focuses on salient features of party systems in France and Italy. A study was reported on the importance of mass media for the less committed voters in the Federal Republic of Germany. The results of a series of studies of leisure use in Finland and an analysis of differences in community participation was summarized. A detailed study on the growth of home-centeredness in Britain was reported. An extensive research program was launched in 1960 to throw light on the political processes in the Federal Republic.

The article discusses the studies related to personal psychology in France. It mentions that several periodicals in France featured issues related to applied psychology which prove that French psychologists were also concern on developing studies and criterion that would define the intelligence and behavior of French people. It states that French psychologists use several methods in their experimental tests including pencil and paper tests, vocabulary tests and accentuation tests. It says that French also have problems in grammatical rules, which is correlated with knowledge.

The article presents information on features of Bank of France policy. One of the purposes in forming the Bank of France in 1800 was to make credit generally available at low rates of interest. The Bank admitted that it rationed credit in periods of tight money but it insisted that despite accusations to the contrary, that it administered rationing impartially. The rate of 5 per cent, established in the fall of 1814, was continued until June 1, 1819, for one-month paper and until February 1, 1820, for longer paper. Periodically the suggestion was made in the Bank parlors that the discount rate be changed, but the Bank officials developed a theory to justify a stable rate. After many months of discussions on whether to reduce the Bank rate, a rise in the market rate settled the issue and according to Bank officials demonstrated the wisdom of long deliberations. It was suggested that a reduction of the Bank rate would attract more and better bills and would be advantageous to the stockholders as well as to the public.

This article discusses the educational sociology of sociologist Émile Durkheim. It is the purpose of this paper to outline some ideas of Durkheim on education and to show how they are closely linked with his sociological thought. It can be no more than an introduction to a subject upon which the writer is preparing a more substantial work. None of the educational writings of Durkheim has yet been published in England. In fact most of them were only published posthumously in France. Some notes on the most important of them are given at the end of this paper. The majority of them were prepared in the form of lectures and are listed in order of the dates on which the course was first given and not according to the date of publication which is separately recorded. There are many lectures still existing in manuscript form. It was thought best to give quotations in the following pages in English and the translations are those of the writer except where otherwise noted as coming from existing translations. Moreover, this paper will conclude with a brief outline of four major functions of educational sociology which are based on practical principles in line with Durkheim's methodology. These functions are the determination of the present social facts of education and their sociological function, determination of the relation of education to social and cultural change, comparative sociology of education and the study of the school itself as a social group and in relation to other social groups.

This article presents information on the First World Congress for Rural Sociology, which took place in August 1964 at Dijon. The number of papers, submitted to this Congress, was far greater than that received for the Third Congress of the European Society for Rural Sociology in 1962 at St. Wolfgang. Therefore it is impossible to publish, the complete written material. Full texts are included of main papers and papers of prepared discussants only. Of the regional papers the summaries are given. The discussions are reported in the languages used by the participants during the meetings. Some of the regional papers will appear in full text in later issues of this Journal, others will be submitted to other journals in the field. Of the regional papers the summaries are given. The discussions are reported in the languages used by the participants during the meetings.

This article reports on a Symposium on Herbicides and the Soil. The symposium which was organized by the European Weed Research Council in association with Le Comité Français de Lutte Contre les Mauvaises Herbes was held in Versailles, France from December 10 to 11, 1973. The program comprised the following sessions: Physical properties of the soil. Adsorption and leaching techniques. Herbicides and plant diseases. Biodegradation of herbicides and other factors affecting persistence. Use of simulation models in herbicide research. Group discussions on: herbicides, chemical weed control and soil properties; adsorption and leaching techniques; biodegration of herbicides and plant diseases; use of computation models. The session on physical soil properties comprises of four papers dealing with the relationships between one or more soil properties, the sorption of herbicides and factors affecting adsorptive capacity on soil-colloids. Emphasis is given to interaction between soil components and the way in which aggregated soil-constituents largely determine the accessibility of the herbicide. The papers presented at the symposium provide a considerable body of fundamental knowledge contributing to a better understanding of the complex problem of herbicide-soil behavior.

The article presents information on the proceedings of the International Scientific Commission on the Family's second international seminar that was held in Rennes, France during April 10-13, 1969. The central theme was "The Images and Counter-Images of Young Families." Participants who presented their papers during the seminar included: Clio Presvelou, John Mogey and Bernard Farber.

Focuses on the topics discussed during the Second Symposium on New Herbicides held in the Maison de la Chimie in Paris, France, on November 30 and December 1, 1965. Properties of the phenylureides of benzoic acid; Killer of germinating grass weeds; Developments in the dinitrophenol group of herbicides.

This paper presents some empirical evidence, for Belgium, the Netherlands and France, on the so-called 'administrative inflation' hypothesis. The hypothesis might be defined as saying that price increases are higher in more concentrated industries, given positive changes in demand and costs. Empirically speaking, it implies that, for a cross-section of industries, wholesale-price changes are a positive function of concentration ratios, for given increases in demand and unit costs. Although any relevant evidence would be an interesting contribution to the present discussion about the Common Market's antitrust policy, the hypothesis has never been confronted-to my knowledge-with data from European Economic Community (E.E.C.) countries. The evidence presented in this paper is limited to the 1958-65 period, because of the difficulty in collecting comparable data form earlier years. As we were more familiar with Belgian data, Belgium was selected as a test case to detetmine the most appropriate empirical specification of the hypothesis. A few changes in Weiss's approach proved to be beneficial and are discussed in section it together with the data and results obtained for Belgium. In section III, results for the Netherlands are compared with the Belgian evidence on the basis of an analysis of covariance. Section IV introduces France while the last section draws some conclusions as to the validity of the hypothesis in a European framework.

Information about several papers discussed at the conference on economics of education which was organized by International Economic Association and held on August 24 to September 3, 1963 in Annecy, France is presented. The economists, educators and manpower specialists discussed several topics such as measurement of education through valuation, cost and its contribution on economic growth. The symposium featured the ideas of several economists such as M. J. Bowman, A. Page and H. Ripman.

This paper reports on the result of the bilateral study of the comparison of levels of labor productivity in industry between Czechoslovakia and France in 28 branches of industry. Because of the importance of common studies of the questions of productivity of labor and its international comparison, the Economic Commission for Europe of the U.N. decide several years ago introduce a concrete programme of work in this sphere. This study was made jointly by Czechoslovakia and France. The present paper reports on the first stage of the study, giving results based on physical unit methods. The second stage of the work includes comparisons for branches of industry not covered in this paper, on the basis of value indicator methods; detailed results will be published in respective U.N. series to the end of 1969 (Series Conf. Eur. Stats.). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The life in Breton villages (in France) is generally regarded as based on a traditionally primitive economy, and representing the age-old social forms. In this paper an attempt has been made to show, by a statistical study of two villages, that not only the size and the composition of the family, as a social unit, are influenced by the economic structure of the society (which, as shown in a preceeding study of the economic structure of the two villages, does not indicate a homogeneous peasant economy), but also the nature and the extent of the dependance of the family upon the economic structure are profoundly affected by the degree of social division of labour and the type of exploitation of the land, the primary means of production, in the different areas concerned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper an attempt has been made to show that the economic structure of a society can be determined directly by taking account of its defined properties (that is, the economic structure reflects the way in which the means of production are owned and the social relations between men which result from their connection with the process of production), instead of selecting the most differentiating form to represent the economic structure from an indirect process of examining several socio-economic groupings recognized in a society. To study only the internal variations of a society, by keeping the external factors at a fairly constant level, the data for this study were collected from one socio-economically homogeneous area but with the two villages representing the two main variations of the state of the productive forces within the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents information on papers presented at a symposium on herbicides organized by the European Weed Research Council and the Comité francais de Lutte contre les Mauvaises Herbes from December 13-14, 1961 in Paris, France. Herbicides developed by Amchem Products Inc.; Advances in the field of triazine herbicides; Discussion on bipyridilium herbicides diquat and paraquat.

Presents the introductory paper on the education of para-medical personnel in France. Preparation and utilization of para-medical personnel; Leadership role of para-medicals; Education of para-medical.

The theoretical contribution of this paper involves a reformulation and a generalization of the view of voting behavior originally expounded in The Voter Decides. The basic variable of party identification has been expanded to include any belief which constitutes a standing commitment to vote in a certain way. Hence, differences across political cultures which involve the basic belief systems about partisan competition may be recognized and taken into account. The short-term forces which accompany any election are seen as motivational vectors which may deflect the basic commitment of the individual, bringing about a desertion from the normal partisan vote in certain cases. This general model of voting has been applied to the case of France in the late 1960s. One variable essential to the achievement of long-term political stability in France is the willingness of the electorate to continue its support of the current Gaullist majority in the Assembly, or alternately, to fall in line behind a coherent majority on the Left. By grouping the electorate according to the strength of standing commitment, those voters who contributed to the Gaullists' 1968 victory are examined to explore the likelihood that they will remain loyal to the Gaullists in the long term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the 13th Seminar on Family Research and its focus on the family life cycle as a social system. The conference, organized by the International Sociological Association's Committee on Family Research and the Centre d'Ethnologie Francaise, was held in Paris, France in September 1973. Four themes prevailed: changes in family cycle in Europe since the 18th century, social stratification and urban-rural differences, family life cycle theory, and research methods in social science.

The article focuses on the sociology of information in France. The press, cinema, radios television and publicity of all kinds have now become part and parcel of the everyday life of modern society. France is no exception to the general rule. The rate at which these mass communication media are spreading and the use people make of them may, perhaps, not be precisely the same as elsewhere. A distinction must be made between audio-visual media films and radio, followed later by television and the written press, which originated much earlier, and which has taken over a century to assume its present form. The press has been criticized periodically throughout its history, and the attacks made on it by the best-known writers, ever since the eighteenth century, are evidence of its growing influence. The present tendency to introduce numbers and statistics into the social sciences is particularly marked, for various reasons, in the case of mass communication media, where statistics provide additional data and constitute an instrument of research. Public opinion polls have become more common practice, and are conducted by a number of public and private bodies, indicating substantial progress in mathematical and psychological research techniques.

The article presents discussion by various sociologists during the third working session of the First World Congress for Rural Sociology held in Dijon, France. Sociologist T. Lynn Smith appreciated the conference, in view of the role that has been played by the study of the community, including both the very important work of community delineation and that of understanding society in miniature, in the development of our discipline, this present emphasis is highly justified. Indian sociologist A.R. Desai told that most of the Western rural sociologists were ignoring the fundamental historical dimension of the problems of under-developed countries, were adopting a defective static-analytic method based on certain inadequate typological models like folk-urban, ascriptive-achieving and others. Sociologist Jan Tauber from Czechoslovakia told that Czechoslovakia belongs to the Eastern socialistic countries, which collectivized their agriculture and nationalized their forests. Co-operatives of agricultural production and state farms are working on more than 90% of agricultural land.

The article presents the author's insights on various studies from France, England, South Africa, and Australia regarding test validation. The author says that Denis McMahon's study on existing research needs in vocational guidance showed how validation is considered a root problem in such context. The author mentions that in the study of B. G. R. Moore and E. A. Peel, it was found that dental school's success can be predicted on the accuracy order represented by .60 correlation. The author adds that the report made by P. F. C. Castle and F. I. de la P. Garforth focused on supervisors' selection and training by the National Institute of Industrial Psychology of Great Britain.

This paper examines the changing attitudes the Army's role in French society. The armed forces, whose existence protects the integrity, ensures the prestige and serves the ends of a civil society, can be seen as a mere instrument, or as an emanation of this society. The former approach characterized pre-revolutionary Europe, in which all dynasties recruited mercenary troops whilst relying on the nobility's tradition of service to the sovereign and quest for military glory to provide the cadres of their armies. The second was exemplified under the Revolution by the nation-in-arms endeavoring to repel the onslaught of a European coalition. To a new kind of warfare, directed against the principles on which the organization of the civil society rested, corresponded a new kind of army. Since it was no longer separated from the community, it was bound to reflect the divisions existing therein and to become involved in internal political upheavals. Even when military intervention in the political sphere was ordered or prompted by the government of the country, as was repeatedly the case in the last years of the revolutionary period, it created a dangerous precedent. The republican ideal of a national army resulted in making the army responsible for the fate of the State, even though it did not seek this responsibility. Therefore one of the contradictions latent in this ideal led to bonapartism, a name given to political theory popularized by Napoleon Bonaparte, of solving political dilemmas by the use of force and to entrust power to a military leader.

The article presents a comparative study of the development and influence of large urban populations on social structure and politics in Birmingham, England and Lyons, France. Birmingham and Lyons were two of the most important towns in Europe in the period between the end of the Napoleonic Wars and the Revolutions of 1848. Before discussing the obvious differences, it is important to stress three points which the towns had in common: Neither town was distinguished by big enterprises. The second point that the towns had in common has been less frequently-stressed. The workers in Birmingham and Lyons were relatively well off--when in employments-compared with workers in other parts of England and France. The voice of the Birmingham and Lyons working classes was more than the voice of hunger. It was frequently, however, the voice of unemployment. The important difference between the social structure of Birmingham and Lyons should be stressed. While the social structure of Birmingham made for middle-class cooperation with the working clashes, the social structure of Lyons made for social antagonism and conflict. While the tendency in Birmingham was to try to build up political organizations based on cooperation between the classes, the tendency in Lyons was for fabricants, chefs d'ateliers and compagnons to meet and organize separately.

Presents a study on Haltica Carduorum Guerin beetle imported from France and released in Great Britain as a contribution to biological control of creeping thistle. Importance of creeping thistle in marginal grazing areas; Attempts to exclude alien insects potentially damaging to crops from the area; Potential value of Haltica Carduorum as a biological control agent.

The article presents the history of science as well as its teaching. The history of science way back from the early nineteenth century has been briefly presented so as to imbibe scientific literacy. It started at the height of Napoleonic wars in 1813, when Humphry Davy, the English scientist who have won the Napoleon's prize for outstanding researches on galvanic electricity, has been allowed by Napoleon to visit scientific colleagues in France and to travel through southern France and Italy. The visit, as alleged by the present analysts, was considered as the inception of understanding towards the nature of science as well as the processes of scientific inquiry, as the history itself provides scientific insights applicable for current science teaching.

Examines the data obtained by side-scan Asdic and echo-sounder equipment, viewed in conjunction with bottom notations on navigational charts and some sea-bed samples, indicating the widespread occurrence of sand ribbons, sand waves and sand patches on the continental shelf west of the British Isles and France. What the close similarity of the directional trends of the strongest tidal currents suggest about the relationship between the continental shelf, the upper continental slope and the off-lying shoals; Analysis of the sand transport paths west of the British Isles and on the coast of western France.

Information about the topics discussed at the Sixth General Assembly of the International Social Science Council held in Paris, France in April 1965 is presented. Accordingly, the general assembly effected the council's partial renewal which replaced the expired mandates of the members and conducted election of new members to complete the council. The assembly features the delegates of national disciplinary associations, co-opted members, and associate members.

The article presents information about several papers which deal with the history of economic thought during the period 1500-1800, that appeared in different journals. The study by Louis Dermigny on the price of wine in eighteenth-century Languedoc, though micro-economic, is important for the study of the general economic situation. This price experienced only an intercyclical crisis while the crisis in the textile industry was much more profound and long lasting. In the field of the economy as a whole, French authors have written little about France. The study by Baron Chaurand on money in eighteenth-century Grenoble deserves mention. Andre Plaisse's study of the trade of the port of Brest at the end of the sixteenth century shows the essential role of salt, wine, linen and cloth. Claude Nordmann in her article shows that Sweden did not altogether profit from the reign of copper, of which she was the dominant producer. However, her prices remained a little apart from the general decline in the seventeenth century.

As noted earlier, the purpose of this study is to analyze the market model with respect to a large foreign stock market sample, to comment upon our findings and, when possible, analyze comparative results with U.S. studies. This necessitated the establishment and refinement of a major data base for French securities. This data base consisting of several hundred common stocks and also numerous industry indices is now available for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on a study that measured the investment performance of French mutual funds, as examples of internationally diversified portfolios. The article examines the differences between French mutual funds, or SICAV, and mutual funds found in the United States. One of the differences between the two is that SICAV hold both domestic and foreign securities, with the largest foreign positions in stocks and bonds listed on the New York Stock Exchange. Another difference is that most SICAVs have been established, marketed and managed by French banks, which is a practice not allowed under U.S. law.

The article focuses on variable return bonds. Particular attention is given to how this relates to French investors. A variable return bond offers the buyer a minimum interest return and a par redemption value. In addition, either the interest or the redemption value or both may be made greater by some agreed reference index. The variability of return can function only in the upward direction. The article discusses is the development of variable return bonds in France, private issues of variable-return bonds, and characteristics of variable-return bonds.

Highlights the working group meeting regarding the role of the social worker in psychiatric services in Nice, France. Organization of the meeting by the World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe; Scope and purpose of the meeting; Papers prepared for the meeting.

Reports that the French Council for Weed Control has organized its seventh weed control conference at the Paris des Congrès in Versailles, France, December 13-14, 1973. Number of participants who attended; Speakers who presented scientific papers.

The article provides information about the International Institute for Economic Planning in Paris, France. The institute, which was established in 1963, was a semi-autonomous body under the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). It was funded by Unesco, the World Bank, and the Ford Foundation. The board was internationally composed and includes six elected members and five statutory members' representing organizations in the United Nations system with major responsibilities for education, human resources and development. The primary objective of the institute is to promote instruction and research on educational planning economic and social development.

The author describes the method, findings and conclusions of a research project investigating wage differentials in a number of industrial concerns in France and the Federal Republic of Germany. Focusing on the differentials between levels of skill and responsibility within the individual firm, he finds substantial national variations as regards both the differentials themselves and the job hierarchy to which they correspond. This shows, he believes, that wage differentials cannot be narrowed by action confined to the industrial field alone: they constitute a social phenomenon which may best be analyzed by combining the economic approach with the sociological and the study of national industrial relations systems. In this way it should be possible to develop an interdisciplinary theory of wage differentials and the division of labour. Labour Abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses the growth of collective bargaining from labor relations in the French public sector. Description of the legal framework governing labor relations in the public sector; Explanation of the development of collective bargaining in the public sector; Effect of successful public negotiations on bargaining in the private sector.

Presents an abstract of the article 'Organization of Applied Research,' published in the March 26, 1955 issue of the journal "Nature." Notes on an international conference on research organization at Nancy, France from October 11-15, 1954; Discussion of the 'Dissemination of Results of Research and Their Implementation'; Review of the documentation methods; Suggestion that the European Productivity Agency should encourage study designed to solve this aspect of the problem.

The article compares and contrasts the economic planning policies of Great Britain and France as of October 1966. According to the author, there were many similarities between Great Britain and France concerning economic difficulties and the means by which both countries dealt with them. The article discusses the philosophy of economic planning, the governmental arrangements for economic planning, and how economic policies were implemented by Great Britain and France. It also discusses how both countries relied on market mechanisms and market competition, the British National Economic Development Council (NEDC), and the French Commissions de Développement Economique Régional (CODER). The article also discusses the role of the British Department of Economic Affairs (DEA).

From research conducted with 550 French urban families, interviewed according to a random sample, some data concerning the husband's authority and marital satisfaction of the woman are presented here. The comparison of these data with the data collected in 1955 by Robert Blood and Donald Wolfe among 909 American families in Detroit shows that the trend of husband's authority is the same in France and in the United States, according to the respective resources of each spouse. Marital satisfaction of the woman follows the same trend here and there with marital interaction but differs with the husband's income. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the course of a meeting held in Paris on December 16, 1963, the Board of Directors of the International Union of Family Organization (IUFO) decided to constitute a Scientific Commission for the study of the family. The proposal was made by the President of the IUFO and most enthusiastically supported by all members of the Board. What are the goals of this new commission? What functions is it going to perform? What specific role is it going to play inside the UIFO and among the many institutions, organizations, and movements which are concerned with a better knowledge of the family and a sound development of family life? The future will tell us better than anything we could affirm at this time. However it may be useful to consider some of the facts which are giving meaning to this initiative and which are giving meaning to this initiative and which could favor the success of the Commission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study on the changes of soil and vegetation values of chalk grassland relative to two climosequences which include a comparison between East Riding, north Dorset, Cambridge, and the Rouen area of France as well as the comparison between the Eiffel and Sauerland, west and east of Rhine Bonn. The study presents climatic data that suggests humidity as the most important independent variable in these two climosequences. Moreover, the study determines six changes in soil values that include the decrease of potential of hydrogen (pH), decrease of total carbonates, decrease of exchangeable potassium , increase of organic carbon, increase of exchangeable phosphate and increase of exchangeable calcium.

The article looks into the patterns of intertidal zonation for a series of rocky shores on the Atlantic coast, ranging from Brittany to the Basque in France. The River Gironde localities include the Littorina, Balanoid and Laminarian zones. The Basque coast is divided into four zones including the Littorina, Balanoid, Corallina, and Cystoseira zones. The 'critical levels' concept is examined and is shown to be applicable to the Breton and Basque coasts. M.S. Doty's tide factor hypothesis is explored in relation to the vertical distribution of littoral organisms of St. Jean-de-Luz. The study considers that while tidal action does not produce zonation, it may account for the appearance of 'critical levels' on the shore through the action of 'tide factors' at certain levels.

The author reflects on the disjointed distribution of some relict species in Bas-Languedoc, which is caused by historical nature and the changes in climate. She said that in studying the flora of the south of France, the number of genera increases during the Oligocene, including the Glyptostrobus, Zelkowa, Sequoia. It is said taht during the Tertiary period, thermophile species have disappeared from the flora of Europe.

The article presents information pertaining to international appointment vacancies for social scientists in the United Nations Educational, Scientific & Cultural Organization (UNESCO) as of May 1, 1970. Applications and inquiries should be directed to the Recruitment Division, Bureau of Personnel, UNESCO, Place de Fontenoy, Paris, France. Some of the vacancies are: requirement of expert for educational development in the Central Highlands, West Irian, Indonesia. For the post degree in social anthropology, education or other relevant field is required. Experience of education and/or community development in developing areas. Personal qualities of determination and resourcefulness. English is essential. Knowledge of Indonesian or Malay language is desirable. If the expert selected does not already have this language qualification he may be given a three-month intensive language training course before taking up his duty station in West Irian, Indonesia. Another vacancy is of teacher training, home economics and women's adult education, at Taiz, Yemen Arab Republic. Qualifications required are degree in home economics with experience in teacher training. Good knowledge of problems of adult education and home economics and agricultural extension. Personal knowledge of conditions in developing countries, preferably some years of experience in Arab countries. Knowledge of Arabic and English language is required.

The article comments on the role of scientific periodicals in France. In giving a brief account of the various social science periodicals, people should begin by recalling certain features which characterize the organization of these sciences in France and their place within the university system and institutionalized research. Note should therefore be taken of the fact that the social sciences have not been given a specific place within the French university structure, in which their position is only a precarious one. Due also to the fact that there is reluctance to accept them among the scientific disciplines taught in universities, the social sciences are less studied as sciences in France than they are in other countries. They are cultivated more for the practical results they may be expected to yield than for the development of their theory. In the social sciences, the people engaged in teaching or the promotion of research and studies are less often pure scholars working within their own speciality than is the case in other branches of science. The political scientist is, of course, the first to claim that political science is quite a different thing from politics and that, if he happens to take part in the political life of his country, lie does this as a citizen, in the same way as the physicist or the chemist.