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The article describes the colonial monetary standard in Massachusetts in the 1600s. It discusses the establishment of a commodity standard in 1640 and the official prices of commodities in Massachusetts during the 1600s. The article details the development of the paper-money standard in 1690. It comments on the topics covered by most recent studies of the monetary system of the American colonies. The establishment of a mint in Boston in 1652 is reported. By 1737 the price of silver had risen. In 1750, the Massachusetts Assembly restored specie payments. The article also considers the objections to the continuation of paper-money issues.

This article explains why increasing the policy limits of savings bank life insurance in Connecticut will be a competitive threat to insurance companies and underwriters. The controversy over the statutory policy limits of savings bank life insurance in the State of Connecticut predates even the enactment of the 1941 statute which authorized the establishment of savings bank life insurance in that State. Massachusetts and New York have enacted statutory measures for the sale of life insurance through mutual savings banks, and the arguments of the proponents of the legislation in Connecticut in 1967 are those which have been made almost since the inception of the savings bank life insurance scheme. They are as follows: (1) Increases in factory workers' average yearly wages since the enactment of the savings bank life insurance law in 1941 make necessary correlative increases in policy limits. (2) Limitations of any kind are violative of concepts of fair play and free competition. (3) Life insurance agents and their companies will not be harmed by increases in permitted policy limits since the amount of savings bank life insurance is small in comparison to that written by life insurance companies through underwriters and agents. (4) The public will be protected and safeguarded by a licensing provision incorporated as an adjunct to the current policy limit increase proposal which will require bank employees directly involved in the sale of insurance to pass a licensing examination prescribed by the Insurance Commissioner of Connecticut. (5) There is, in general, a substantial public benefit intrinsic in the sale of savings bank life insurance.

The article discusses a number of research ideas that promise to expand the understanding of problems related to the language classroom. It may help to fulfill the need for new ideas, new research, new applications: needs that have been repeatedly stressed by all the papers offering programmatic suggestions as guidance for the future direction of interests and energies by scholars aspiring to make a significant contribution to the overall effectiveness of the profession. The author highlights a new law in the State of Massachusetts which requires every school district with twenty or more children with limited English-speaking ability to provide a minimum of three years of transitional bilingual education. The author does not advocate a deliberate, go-slow approach to educational problems because of lack of faith in the aims and goals that new or remedial programs are designed to achieve. The law does not specify where the teachers are to come from or how they will be trained, how the support of administrators will be assured and how the possible negative effects of separate classrooms will be countered.

The article investigates why property insurance can be difficult to obtain in urban core areas in the U.S. Federal programs have been instituted to help alleviate the problem, but the causes have attracted little attention from researchers. The author presents an empirical study of fire losses in various neighborhoods of Boston, Massachusetts. Regression analysis on fire-loss and insurance company data identifies price ceilings as the chief cause of insufficient availability of fire insurance. At prevailing prices insurance firms realize losses, and thus stop insuring certain areas.

In the early summer of 1973, insurers representing about 65 percent of the Florida private passenger automobile insurance market cooperated ill supplying incurred accident-year experience for 1971 and 1972 to provide a basis for measuring probable first-year cost results in Florida under no-fault. Insurers differed, and sometimes substantially, in their reported results. But a summary of all submissions indicates a probable increase in insurer costs at the 15-month development. This is in marked contrast with the Massachusetts experience reported a year ago in the Journal and casts doubt on the present ability of no-fault system designers to balance threshold and benefit accounts without actual market experimentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article highlights the minutes of the annual meeting of the Rural Sociological Society from August 23 to 26, 1968 in Boston Massachusetts.

One of the crucial questions involved in the decentralization of industry is its effects on the security of rural populations and communities. An examination of an area which has long experienced decentralization, rural Massachusetts, reveals that: 1. rural workers in depressions are adversely effected earlier in the business cycle than urban workers and experience recovery more slowly; 2. rural workers have more intermittent unemployment than urban workers; 3. rural workers have not been able to supplement adequately income from industry with farming or other economic enterprises; 4. by virtue of the greater hazards of income and employment they have a higher raw of dependency than either rural-farm or urban-industrial populations; 5. rural factories have a higher rate of mortality and mobility resulting in the stranding of populations; 6. rural communities encouraging industries to locate experienced new maladjustments. In spite of this evidence, there are cogent reasons for decentralizing industry. Indications of a national trend in this direction suggests the need for additional protections for rural America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An investigation of the activities of Troop B of the Massachusetts State Police in a rural area indicates that a significant percentage of the crimes committed in that area are committed by "migrant" criminals, that is, those either not resident in the area at all or not resident in the town in which the crime occurs. When the area of authority and control coincides with, or is larger than, the area of residence of the criminals, efficient crime control is possible. Centralization of control in any organization, if it leads to a coincidence of the area of operations and the area of authority, may lead to a crystallization of relationships in those areas which in turn may promote efficiency of operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with the issue of increasing policy limits for savings bank life insurance in Connecticut. Mutual savings banks in Connecticut, like those in Massachusetts and New York State, have been in the life insurance business for many years. They have been direct writers exclusively because the law authorizing them to sell life insurance provides that they may not employ solicitors or house-to-house premium collectors. There is also a statutory limitation placed on the amount of savings bank life insurance that may be issued on one life under ordinary forms of policies. The savings banks have never sought unlimited policies, but as public service thrift institutions they regard it to be their function, indeed their responsibility, to meet the needs of people in a meaningful way. And they reject flatly any notion that their sole purpose in life insurance is to furnish burial policies to the public. Legal limitations, particularly dollar limitations, are subject to changes, both economic and social, that affect the needs of the public and the ability of a business organization to meet those needs in a reasonable way. The savings banks' insurance system has been forced to operate under unrealistic limits since its beginning, and this has been due principally to the heavy opposition and influence exerted by the insurance industry.

Few of the changes in the family suggested by modernization theory have been empirically documented with historical evidence. Through a reconstitution analysis of the families of Hingham, Massachusetts, from the mid-seventeenth through the mid-nineteenth century, important changes, consistent with theoretical expectations, in the extent of parental control over marriage formation are documented and analyzed. Changes are apparent in measures which reflect the structuring of marriage on both the individual and social level. The shift from the centrality of the family of orientation to the dominance of the family of procreation was not linear but concentrated in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marriage records from six towns in Essex County, Massachusetts, have been analyzed, to determine the extent of migration at the time of marriage. Records have been considered for three periods, 1701-1720, 1751-1770, and 1801-1820. Rates of endogamous marriage were determined, and the geographical extent of migration considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study of birth certificates of illegitimate children was conducted to estimate the ultimate family status of children born out-of-wedlock in Massachusetts. An indication on the birth certificate that a "legal correction" had taken place was interpreted as a manifestation that the child had been legitimated or adopted. Linkage of the birth certificate of an out-of-wedlock child with a post-natal marriage certificate of his mother was interpreted as a manifestation that the child had acquired a father or substitute father after his birth. The majority of Massachusetts children born out-of-wedlock to white mothers, and a substantial minority of those born to nonwhite women appear to have been afforded a two parent family environment shortly after birth as a result of adoption, legitimation or a post-natal marriage of their mothers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a developmental study of size constancy for two- versus three-dimensional stimuli in preschool children in Boston, Massachusetts. Development of size-constancy perception; Age and dimension as significant factors in constancy judgments.