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The article comments on film-making process. The film-making process requires that a person reduce an abstract idea to a visual form. One must be able to visualize people doing something and then capture that on film. In one sense, film-making is a test of the hypothesis that sociology is a behavioral science. Students should learn how to make theoretically based films for these and the additional reason that thus they can better learn their discipline. By writing a paper, the good student learns his subject. He learns the ideas and that he can control them. But, in writing, he often learns to become a manipulator of words and loses any concern about the behavioral reference they may or may not have. In making a film, however, the student does come face to face with connecting his ideas to human behavior. In film-making, one can delineate a set of roles which, taken together, result in the finished product. There is the producer, the person who has the ultimate responsibility for the film, the one who, nominally at least, has the concept of the entire production.

The 1946 Committee on Contributed Papers of the American Sociological Society, has several suggestions to offer: If sufficient interest is shown in the Section of the contributed papers published in a section of the periodical "American Sociological Review," the section should be continued, since it gives opportunity for younger men and women to appear on the program and become known to the Society. More- over, it stimulates the interest of the younger sociologists in the meetings. This year 20 papers were submitted; last year there were only 8. An opportunity to appear on the program of the Society, together with the possibility of publication in the periodical apparently is desired, as evidenced not only by the number of papers submitted but by the fact that both years every participant, upon the acceptance of his manuscript, has immediately signified his intention of being present to read his paper. It would be well for the Committee to be appointed early enough for it to get well underway in the spring. During the last two years, the Committee has been handicapped by not getting underway until the summer or fall.

The article reports some trends in the relative emphasis devoted to different specialties within the field of sociology in the U.S. since World War II. According to the author, sociology has grown since World War II in the number of courses taught, the number of people who make their living as sociologist and the amount of research done. The field has expanded so rapidly that virtually all special areas of interest within the field have shared in the general growth. As proportions of the total, however, some areas of specialization have gained at the expense of others. In the article sources of information used to asses trends in sociology include fields of interest listed by members for American Sociological Association directory, papers read at annual meetings of the Association, papers published in the journal "American Sociological Review" and course listings in college catalogs. The author states that in analyzing and interpreting the data, he had to make certain assumptions, which may be debatable. The author makes no ambitious claims for the absolute validity of interpretations.

The article presents new plans for papers for the 1949 meetings of the American Sociological Society. It states that by action of the Executive Committee, approved by the Society, a "Committee on Papers for the 1949 Meeting" has been appointed. The chairman of the committee is Paul W. Tappan and its other members are Robert Fans, William L. Kolb and Arnold Rose. Members of the society are requested to submit to this Committee a prospectus or full paper, which they would like to present at the 1949 sessions. This Committee is empowered to receive and examine these papers and submit those approved to the Program Committee and the respective section chairman. From these papers, the Program Committee and section chairmen will make up their programs so far as this is feasible. However, the Program Committee and Section Chairmen are free to request any additional papers they may feel necessary to fill out their plans for the program of the 1949 annual meeting. The Program Committee will attempt to have its plans sufficiently advanced to publish a notice about the general character of the program in the April issue of the journal "American Sociological Review."

An earlier version of this paper was presented at the Department of Sociology, The university of Rochester, October, 1966. The paper was written while the author was on leave of absence from the Department of Sociology, Syracuse University, as a visiting scholar at the Laboratory for Social Research, Stanford University. This investigation was supported in part by a Public Health Service fellowship MH 23,804-01 from the National Institute of Mental health. Much of the background for this paper was obtained while the author was a visiting scholar at the Institute for Mathematical Studies in the Social Sciences, Stanford University (1964-1966) and the Laboratory for Social Research, Stanford University (1966-1967). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most comprehensive review of modern Polish sociology written in English is probably Eileen Markley Znaniecki's paper, published in Twentieth Century Sociology. The present note adds to the meager knowledge of Polish sociology by summarizing and discussing briefly the 1957 and 1958 volumes of the Polish Sociological Review. On the whole, the 1957 volume is historical and discursive rather than sociological. The discussion articles mostly interpret ideas of other authors, quoting them frequently. Three of the ten articles are concerned with problems of education. The 1958 volume, containing nine papers plus reviews and news, is predominantly sociological, although several articles may be regarded as more historical than sociological. These papers give little information about the methodology used, and in none is there any indication that statistical analysis was employed. Finally, this paper also describes the careers of students who attended special preparatory courses and later pursued technical college curricula.

The Consultant Committee was appointed by the Council to expedite program planning. Five sections of contributed papers were organized by the committee. The names of these sections are not presented here, because of the Council's policy of not singling out any section or paper as being contributed. The Committee believes it has served a useful function in the organization of the current program. A Consultation Committee might well be appointed another year, if the Council plans a program organized along the lines of this year's meeting.

The article presents several official reports and proceedings of various societies of the U.S., published in the December 1940 issue of the journal "American Sociological Review." The report of the "American Sociological Society," provides a very good answer to the question of what is possible in the way of making a living by taking sociology. The census of membership has revealed that sociologists who are members of the Society are employed in nearly 250 different types of occupations. Alfred McClung Lee, chairman of "Committee on Public Relations," is anxious that all papers to be given at the annual meetings should be in his hands. The Committee needs these papers early in order to aid newsmen in the proper selection and presentation of material and thus lessen the danger that the society and persons on the program may be presented to the public in a bad light because of hasty, ill-considered or out-of-context reporting. The press is only too happy to cooperate in this matter, but it cannot be done to the best advantage unless the Committee can get copies of the papers early. Every paper read at annual meetings becomes the property of the society, chairmen of divisions and sections should so inform the participants on their programs and collect and turn over to the secretary or editor all papers presented.

The concept of role differentiation has been used by sociologists to explain a wide variety of social phenomena. Most who have used the concept have assumed that task and social roles are incompatible. The present paper clarifies the conceit of role differentiation and re-evaluates some of the basic evidence. Neither the data originally published by Bales nor data from a number of more recent studies strongly support the proposition that task and social roles are incompatible. The paper also comments on some recently proposed methods for measuring role differentiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a path model emphasizing social psychological as well as social structural antecedents of educational and occupational attainment. A causal sequence is proposed which commences with the parents' stratification position and the individual's mental ability. From there it moves to performance in school, then to the influence of significant others, then to levels of educational and occupational aspiration, and, finally, to educational and occupational attainments. The model roves its utility when applied to longitudinal data for a large sample of Wisconsin farm-reared males. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is a study of the political consequences of upward mobility. Beginning with a brief review of major findings and a formal statement coordinating some explanations of those findings, the paper proceeds to examine the "European aspect" of the theory, namely, the relevance of "status discrepancies" to an explanation of political orientation among the upwardly mobile in one European country, Italy. Viewing status discrepancies in terms of consumption patterns and feelings of discrimination, it is found that this factor accounts for the political orientation of the upwardly mobile when it is conceptualized in terms of the latter, but not when conceived in terms of the former. The paper concludes with a few remarks regarding the possible causes of the hereto/ore unexplained ultra-conservatism of American achievers and with an attempt to state a more general theory of upward mobility and political orientation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existential phenomenology is the synthesis of existential philosophy and Husserl's phenomeno-logical method. This paper discusses how this perspective is related to the phenomenological school of sociology and more broadly to the main sociological tradition of subjective realism. The complementarity of existential phenomenology and sociology opens up the possibility of a future general theory of social existence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four recent collections of essays lend credence to the impression of progress in sociological scholarship. Sociology Today presents revisions of papers originally prepared for the 1957 annual meeting of the American Sociological Society, under the presidency of Robert K. Merton. With fair consistency the authors have presented an appraisal of its current state with reference to the more or less standard specialties encompassed by contemporary sociology, and with somewhat less consistency the authors have essayed the task of identifying current problems of theory and method. The Symposium on Sociological Theory consists of nineteen longish chapters and an extended introduction by the editor. Review of Sociology and Sociology in the United States of America are comparable in topical coverage to Sociology Today. In a paper of major importance Reinhard Bendix and Bennett Berger have suggested renewed attention to the many "dual tendencies," simultaneously present, which sociologists conventionally recognize but conveniently forget in their preoccupation with self-regulating systems.

Population study and sociology have shown a tendency toward convergence. From separate origins the fields have moved towards an increasing interdependence. All too seldom, however, has the relevance of sociological theory for demographic analysis been verified. Probably one of the more crucial questions in this connection is the relation between population characteristics and processes on the one hand and social values on the other. It is the task of this paper to indicate such a relationship and to reach this goal through an explanation of some observed demographic differentials by means of a particular sociological theory. This paper attempts to show by empirical and theoretical demonstration that the hypothesis is tenable for at least one city. Racial differentials constitute an important focus of this paper, but explaining an entire pattern of race relations represents a broader and more complex approach than that employed here. The data for the study are taken from an extensive demographic investigation of the Negroes of New Orleans.

The article presents news updates from the field of sociology. Raymond E. Bassett, professor and chairman of the Department of Sociology at the University of New Hampshire, died on December 5, 1956. Charles Spurgeon Johnson was born in Bristol, Virginia, on July 24, 1893 and died in Louisville, Kentucky, on October 27, 1956. After receiving his bachelor's degree from the University of Chicago in 1918, he pursued graduate studies in sociology under Robert E. Park, Albion W. Small, W.I. Thomas, and later Ellsworth Fans. M.W. Hodges, of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research in Great Britain, has been appointed for two years to Great Britain's Scientific Mission in Washington for liaison duties in the field of industrial management and social science research. The Fourth Interamerican Congress of Psychology by the Interarnerican Society of Psychology was held at the University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, from December 26-30, 1956. Luigi Sturzo Institute is holding a contest and offering a prize for a paper on sociology which the judges consider an effective contribution to this field of study both from the point of view of serious research and maturity of thought.

This article presents correspondence between two sociologists. One of the sociologists says to the other that the "Sociologie von Heute" came to hand the other day and he was delighted to see it and to note its neat and attractive appearance. Print and paper leave nothing to be desired and the translation seems smooth. It is certainly a great thing to have such generous praise of the article "Social Control" appearing in German. The sociologist says he was much interested in the other sociologist's standing. He was much interested in what the other sociologist said in his last letter regarding the possibility of a German translation of pure sociology. He says with the book in French and in German, the other sociologist's ideas would make their way to all the eminent intellects among the civilized peoples and his high position in sociology would be universally acknowledged. He says that he will not get anything published in the March issue of the "American Sociological Review." He says in February, he worked out a 2500 word article on population for the "Encyclopedia Americana."

This article presents information on the activities of various sociological organizations and departments of sociology in universities in the U.S. "Rural Sociology," a new journal to be published quarterly, is being established this year by the Section on Rural Sociology of the American Sociological Society. The managing editor of this journal, which is to be published by The Louisiana State University Press, is T. Lynn Smith of Louisiana State University. The annual meeting of the Eastern Sociological Conference will be held on April 18 and 19 in New Haven, Connecticut. The central topic of the Conference will be Social Theory and the Social Order. The annual Spring meeting of the Ohio Sociological Society will be held in Columbus, Ohio, April 24 and 25, 1936. The Pacific Sociological Society held its Seventh Conference, together with Coast Economists, at Mills College in Oakland, California, December 27-28. In September 1935, E. D. Tetreau, formerly analyst with the Federal Emergency Relief Administration and Associate Professor of Rural Sociology at Ohio State University, accepted a position at the University of Arizona as rural sociologist on The Experiment Station staff.

This article presents a report of the Representative to the Council of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). The American Sociological Association cooperated in the 129th annual meeting of A.A.A.S. through the participation of its members in the general sessions, the programs of the various sections, the invited sessions, and the contributed papers sessions. An Interdisciplinary Symposium in the Social Sciences, sponsored by Sections. Of the many committee activities of A.A.A.S. on which council members receive reports, the one which touched on problems most directly of interest to sociologists was a one-day conference sponsored by the Board of Directors in which ten past presidents participated. The topic under consideration was the directions in which the activities of A.A.A.S. might most usefully be extended. It was agreed that considerably more attention should be given to the way science is taught in high schools and colleges, the problems of training students from less well-developed countries, the flow of talent through the educational system, the public understanding of science, international exchange of scientists and scientific information, the proper use of grants from Federal agencies, relationships between universities and Federal agencies, and the role of scientific academies.

The annual meeting of the American Sociological Society will be held in Denver, Colorado, from September 7-9, 1950. The program will be planned with an emphasis on the applications of social-psychological history and method to a variety of substantive fields in sociology. This means that a considerable number of traditional sections will be recognized in the program and the chairmen asked to assemble papers with the emphasis indicated. Sections to be included in the program are: Theory, Methods, The Family, Criminology, Population. Rural Sociology, Industrial Sociology. Community, Sociology and Psychiatry, Race and Culture. Educational Sociology, Communication and Public Opinion, Sociology and Social Work, and two section meetings of contributed papers.

This paper suggests the fruitfulness, for studies of verbal participation in discussions, of shifting from studying participation per se to studying the interpersonal control of participation. Focusing first on the nature of the data to be analyzed, the paper then analyzes the data and reconciles it with ocher findings in the literature to develop the concept of a hierarchical structure of communication. In this concept, leadership roles and levels of participation are seen as coincidental, arising out of interpersonal interchanges ultimately directed toward achieving coordination and consensus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marx and Weber devoted little space to the discussion of class, but the importance of that theme in their work is well known, The present paper contrasts the Marxian argument concerning the foundation of class in the organization of production with Weber's greater emphasis upon status-differences and organized collective action. The discussion distinguishes as Marx and Weber did between modern and pre-modern types of inequality and society. The paper does not attempt to go beyond a comparison between two classic writers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is widely assumed that the sociology of religion is methodologically underdeveloped in relation to the rest of sociology. This paper reports on research undertaken to account for this underdevelopment. The theoretical model used to interpret this relationship is borrowed from the works of Ben-David, and Parsons and Platt. It is a role differentiation model. Essentially, it is contended that the specialty did not fully develop in the United States because a very large proportion of those working in the area have been torn between their scientific and religious commitments. Data are based on a content analysis of articles dealing with religion in nine journals of sociology from 1895 to 1970 and show a general decline in the participation of religionists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores convergences between symbolic interactionism and exchange theory in four major areas: (1) both theoretical orientations assume the operation of constructive mental processes when actors act toward their environment; this assumption is explicitly staled by symbolic interactionists and implied in exchange-theoretical propositions dealing with valuation, decision-making or justice; (2) exchange theory implies processes akin to G. H. Mead's "self" and "generalized other" in the sense that interaction in exchange requires persons to imaginatively assume the roles of others and view themselves in terms of the conceptions of others; (3) in both perspectives social organization is viewed as emerging from constructed individual acts "fitted" to one another; such "elementary" interactions give rise to institutional modes of behavior which, once established, exist as a reality sui generis over and against the individual actors; (4) in both perspectives social dynamics is conceived in dialectic terms, arising out of contradictions between micro- and macro processes and inherent tendencies in social organization toward inconsistency, conflict and change. It is proposed that a possible synthesis between exchange theory and symbolic interactionism can begin by postulating a dialectical process in which objective realities become subjectified by actors and subjective meanings become objectified in social institutions. A synthesized theory based on such general postulates can be empirically tested when (a) the concrete "subjective" and "objective" contingencies which make acts meaningful for the actors are posited and empirically indicated and (b) longitudinal observations show changes in some of these contingencies so that predictions about behavioral changes can be made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on "demographic metabolism," a reflection of the fact that social organizations often exhibit continuity although their human components come and go. Ryder focused on the cohort as an analytic tool for analyzing demographic metabolism; we offer an index of regeneration which reflects the fact that social organizations often contain many overlapping cohorts. The index measures the rate of change in ratio of newcomers to veteran members. The paper considers (1) how and why reganizations processes vary, (2) the potential consequences of such variations, and (3) how social organizations deal with regeneration phenomena. Illustrative data are offered for two American universities, and the discussion is extended to other complex organizations, families, nation-states, and cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents comments on the paper titled "Sociology and Political Science," by Seymour M. Lipset, published in a 1964 issue of the journal "American Sociological Review." According to the author, in a recent review essay Lipset called attention to "the increasingly close theoretical and methodological identity between political science and sociological orientations," The concept of anomie is a special substantive instance of this trend toward inter-disciplinary convergence. Some 15 years ago, two eminent political scientists accorded that concept particular emphasis in their work. Sociologist Harold Lasswell transmogrified the term into a Freudian version. Sociologist Sabastian De Grazia in an earlier monograph made it clear that he was adhering to sociologist Emile Durkheim's strictly sociological formulation of anomie. De Grazia also observed in passing that sociologists themselves have not used the Durkheimian concept much in their writings. In the intervening years, of course, sociologists have measurably corrected this defect. The opening section of the article offers a critique of a "single model" version of anomie theory, a version perceived as implied works of Durkheim, Merton, De Grazia and other unnamed sociologist, to "clear the ground" for presentation of a new and "more adequate" psychological model.

This paper is meant as a contribution to the revival and extension of evolutionary thinking in sociology. It begins with the conception that in the evolution of living systems generally, certain new developments have greatly increased the adaptive capacity of the system, so much that without them further major developmental steps would be blocked, though survival in a "niche" is possible and frequent. For organic evolution the conception is illustrated by the cases of vision and the human hands and brain. The body of the paper is devoted to six cases at the social level. The first two are differentiation on the basis of a scale of stratification and the development of patterns of cultural Tegitimation independent of the social structure, both of which are important in the transition from primitive social conditions to those of the "archaic" civilizations. The remaining four cases are-in order of treatment -bureaucratic organization, money and markets, a universalistic legal system, and the democratic association in both governmental and private forms. These four, taken together, are fundamental to the structure of the modern type of society, though each is highly complex and subject to a whole series of developmental stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an earlier paper, a theory of coalition formation was presented and applied to existing experimental results. This paper describes an experiment designed to test the theory more directly. Twenty-four five-man groups played a series of political convention "games" in which the principal action consisted of a series of bargaining sessions aimed at forming winning coalitions. The theory was generally supported with two important exceptions. First, variable risks involved in following particular strategies affected the outcome where constant risks had been assumed. Second, those individuals who were not in the final predicted coalition did not conform to the model. Both of these exceptions can be incorporated into the theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Individualism, asceticism, and work as a calling productive of rational economic behavior are all elements of the value system Max Weber called the "Protestant Ethic." The investigation described in this paper is concerned with the extent to which this system of values is still operative, though altered, among a population of Midwestern farmers, and its influence in matters of health, work behavior, and leisure. High-work orientation was found to be related to individualism and asceticism but no longer necessarily productive of systematic, rational, economic behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since much of the frequently cited work in the sociological study of religion has been more generally theoretical (and often only illustrative in the use of data) than empirical in character, one might expect that the task of surveying the empirical studies in this field could be relatively quickly accomplished. A careful second look at the contents of the publications in this field in the past ten years, however, suggests otherwise. What this paper proposes to do is to try to identify several of the kinds of problems on which empirical research has been done and pointing out by examples some of the directions in which there seems to have been fruitful development. The socioescientific study of religion is not religion or religious experience itself but rather the social and cultural manifestations of religion—the precipitates or the distillates of religious experience. Turning now to the central task out lined for this paper, the great bulk of empirical sociological investigations of religious phenomena seems to fall into three or four broad categories.

The aim of this paper is to examine critically the scheme of sociological analysis which seeks to reduce human group life to variables and their relations. The paper shall refer to this scheme, henceforth, as "variable analysis." This scheme is widespread and is growing in acceptance. It seems to be becoming the norm of proper sociological analysis. Its sophisticated forms are becoming the model of correct research procedure. Because of the influence which it is exercising in our discipline, it is desirable to note the more serious of its shortcomings in actual use and to consider certain limits to its effective application. The first part of the paper will deal with the current shortcomings and the second part with the more serious question of the limits to its adequacy. The study of human group life calls for a wide range of variables. However, there is a conspicuous absence of rules, guides, limitations and prohibitions to govern the choice of variables. Relevant rules are not provided even in the thoughtful regulations that accompany sophisticated schemes of variable analysis.

The article introduces research papers included in the December 1954 issue of the journal "American Sociological Review." In this issue fourteen articles are published which place a central emphasis on the nature and consequences of lace-to-lace interaction. These articles, which might ordinarily have been spread through several issues, are collected into a special issue in order to direct attention of members of allied disciplines, like anthropology, and psychology, to the variety and extent of sociology's present commitment in the small group field. Within the ranks of sociology it is hoped that this issue may help to capture the minds and talents of members who have not previously concerned themselves with small group research. There is every prospect that authors of articles in the present issue, with their average age in the low thirties, will for many years be deeply involved in the development and clarification of small group thinking. The case for the study of small groups will be most satisfactorily resolved if their enthusiasm can be sustained, their work criticized, and their ranks increased.

This article presents developments in the fields related to psychology and sociology. The annual meeting of the Midwest Sociological Society will be held in Madison on April 15-17, 1954, at the Loraine Hotel. The sectional program will be built around contributed papers. The sections which are tentatively scheduled are the following: Social Disorganization and Crime; Social Psychology; Research Methodology; Marriage and the Family; The Community; Social Structure; The Teaching of Sociology; Population and Human Ecology; and Race and Ethnic Relations. Robert Cuba Jones, from the United Nations, has gone to Mexico to engage in the private practice of technical assistance in the economic and social field. The American Society of Group Psychotherapy and Psychodrama announces an award to be granted in the year 1953-1954 for the best paper dealing with research, theory, or experience, in or pertinent to Group Psychotherapy and Psychodrama. Announcement has been made of the election of Meyer F. Nimkoff as Editor, and of James H.S. Bossard as Chairman of the Editorial Board of Marriage and Family Living, official journal of the National Council on Family Relations.

This paper is organized in three parts, corresponding to three presentations. The first part considers a method for studying concept development in the child when it is suspected that fairly regular patterns of advance occur. This method was presented in two earlier papers,' but is here discussed with the modifications necessary for application to more complex concepts. In the second part the cumulative development of a number of interrelated monetary meanings or concepts is traced in considerable detail. In the third part several summary points are made about the character of conceptual development. Sixty-six business class children in Bloomington, Indiana were studied. Five boys and five girls at each age were interviewed, except at the lowest where three of each sex were interviewed. Departure was made from the usual method of isolating scale types. Ordinarily, types are found by placing cutting points wherever there is a shift in scoring weight per item. This procedure, with seventy-one items, would have led to a bewildering array of types. Moreover, various clusters of items were passed almost simultaneously, that is, certain items were about the same order of difficulty. For instance, children who scored between 85 and 89 points passed a number of items which children below 85 points failed.

The books, papers, studies, and investigations currently nearing completion in the field of sociological theory exhibit an impressive range. The heterogeneity of these studies introduces special difficulties into their classification. In spite of certain deficiencies in taxonomic rigor, it is presented in the following categories general sociological theory, the history of sociology, historical sociology, methodology, the sociology of knowledge, political sociology, value studies and social control. Author Howard Becker is currently drawing out the theoretical implications of several substantive studies and building on the foundations laid in his book "Through Values to Social Interpretation." The first of these studies, a long-term project, will be called Mind on the Looms of Greece. This work will have solid relevance not only to general sociological theory but also to the sociology of knowledge, the sociology of religion, and the sociological analysis of historical change. Sociologist Read Bain has developed a theory of communication as the basic factor in society and is considering the manner in which it affects the definition of both sociological and social problems. The five topics which will appear most prominently in his book are reading and writing, art and science, mind and body, race and class, and war and peace.

The article presents a study of relationships among the Protestants and Catholics in the U.S. There is a current impression that this relationship is shifting in the direction of conflict. Bases for such impression is a best-seller book potraying the Catholic hierarchy as a threat to American freedom. This paper attempts to discover what empirical evidence exists to warrant such impression, if tensions do exists then in which area they are strongest and what factors appear to underlie such tensions. The term protestant in this paper refers to persons who are members of those religious bodies such as Episcopalian and Methodist. Catholics include members of the body known officially as the Roman Catholic Church. The term tension is of psychological origin and refers to degree of disharmony.

This article presents information related to sociology as of April 1, 1950. The Committee of the American Sociological Society on Contributed Papers for the 1950 annual meeting consists of Robert E. L. Fans, chairman; and A. B. Hollingshead and T. C. McCormick. Papers submitted for consideration should be sent not later than June 1, 1950. Recently elected officers of the Pacific Sociological Society for 1950 are: President, Leonard Bloom; Vice-president, Southern Division, Ernest Greenwood; Vice-president, Central Division, Carlo Lastrucci; Vice-president, Northern Division, Joseph Bachelder; and Members of the Advisory Council, Robert O'Brien and Paul Wallin. Gwynne Nettler continues as secretary-treasurer. The Society's annual meeting will be held in Seattle, Washington, during April 21-22, 1950. The Twenty- second annual meeting of the Japan Sociological Society was held in Tokyo, Japan, during October 15-16, 1949. The meeting was attended by more than 250 members. Fifty-two reports were given on various aspects of social theory and social research, and three public lectures on the topic, "The Population Problem in Japan."

The Executive Committee of the American Sociological Society met with members Franklin Frazier, Kimball Young, Florian Znaniecki, Katharine Jocher, Robert Lynd, Robert LaPiere, Carl Taylor, Harold Kaufman, present, and president of the society, Louis Wirth presiding. The following actions were taken by the Executive Committee: James H.S. Bossard was re-elected a member of the Classification Committee and designated as the Chairman. The revised report of the Committee on Relationships with Sociologists in Other Countries was approved. The action of the President in appointing a Committee on Sociological Articles in the journal "Scientific Monthly" was ratified and the present committee continued. Approval was voted of a Resolutions Committee consisting of Franklin Frazier, Chairman. A motion was made and approved that the Executive Committee recommend that for the annual meeting of 1948 the Program Committee be instructed to formulate the program by calling upon the members of the American Sociological Society to submit in advance proposed papers or abstracts of same, from which papers, as far as possible, the final program be made up. To facilitate this selection, the Program Committee is further authorized to appoint a Committee on Contributed Papers.

Previous paper reported a study of questionnaire versus interview methods in a study of human love relationships. This article is concerned with the study of the same methods when categorized questions were employed. Subjects in this investigation were those used in the previous study— sixty-nine college girls who first appeared for a face-to-face interview on their love family relationships and who responded to an anonymous questionnaire, which included some of the same questions that were contained in the interview. Six questions requiring uncategorized responses were included on both the interview and questionnaire presentations. The article concludes that for the purpose of studying love and family relationships of college subjects, the questionnaire method of gathering data seems to be as satisfactory as the interview method and may indeed produce more sell-revelatory information than the interview method. At the same time, the similarity of the data obtained by interview and questionnaire techniques is as conspicuous and important as the obtained differences.

It is the office of theoretical investigation," said scholar Willard Gibbs, "to give the form in which the results of experiment may be expressed." If he had put "observation" for "experiment," Gibbs would have stated the purpose of the present paper. It is to provide one form in which may be ex- pressed what one knows about social organization. Please note, at the beginning, that more than one form is possible and that, in a limited space, the one suggested here can only be sketched out. The elements of social behavior. The present paper presupposes the direct observation of social behavior. It asks the devastating questions: Looking at the actions of men with eyes innocent of the usual preconceptions what does one see? What a simple classification can one start from in this field of fact? Attempting to answer, it sets up, as components of the conceptual scheme, individuals and three elements or determinants of the behavior of individuals in groups, which will be called operation, sentiment, and interaction.

Time for the preparation of this paper was made available through the author's participation in a contract between the State of Colorado and the Office of Juvenile Delinquency and Youth Development, United States Department of Health, Education and Welfare; the contract being titled: A Field Test and Refinement of a Model to be utilized in Surveying Existing Programs for Present and Future Needs in Child and Youth Services Insofar as They Concern Delinquency. The writer is indebted to Carol I. Cartwright for critical readings of several early drafts; to Edgar F. Borgatta for valuable editorial commentary and specific critique of the design and content of the manuscript; and to an anonymous reviewer who provided numerous insightful criticisms of a late draft of the paper. The assistance of Mary and Madeline Luebke in typing early drafts of the manuscript is much appreciated. Mrs. Jean Michener most ably carried out the task of final preparation of the manuscript. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper was prepared while the author was a staff member in the Methodology in Sociology training program at the University of Wisconsin, a project funded by the Institute of General medical Sciences, N.I.H. The author is grateful to Hubert M. Blalock, Jr., and Otis Dudley Duncan for comments and criticisms of an earlier draft. They are in no way responsible for remaining errors, and the author is solely responsible for the general orientation and tone of the exposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The major activities of the American Sociological Association's (ASA) Section on Medical Sociology during 1961-1962 included: the facilitation of the presentation of scientific papers in medical sociology, accomplished by the cooperation of chairman Everett C. Hughes and his special assistant, Howard Freeman, with the program chairmen of ASA, the Fifth World Congress of Sociology, the American Public Health Association, and others; the planning of a special Section meeting, honoring the work of Michael M. Davis; the nomination and election of officers; and the compilation of the annual Census of Medical Sociologists. The pattern of relationship between the Section and the regular program of the ASA followed that of previous years, with the Section chairman in the role of consultant to the Association program chairman concerning papers in this particular field. However, a particularly smooth working relationship developed between Patricia Kendall, representing the Association, and chairman Hughes and his representatives. As a result, one session on the regular program. "Studies in Medical Sociology," was arranged by the Section.

Between 1955 and 1957, inclusive, roughly 900 papers have been submitted to editorial review. The ratio of submissions to acceptances has been approximately 4 to 1. When the American Sociological Society adopted "Sociometry," it was hoped that this would relieve pressure on the "American Sociological Review" space, and there has been a slight effect. Because the editor's mission is to represent the best of the field rather than to impose private preferences upon it, each of the 900 odd papers submitted during my tenure was evaluated by at least two editors. The Associate Editors were selected, of course, because of their scientific competence, diligence, and to represent the chief subject matters and methods. They worked so hard and well that one is compelled to doubt the power of the profit motive compared to their selfless devotion to the maintaining and improvement of scholarly standards. Most of the papers published have benefited from the constructive criticisms of the editors, and a number of authors were furnished with editorial critiques even though their papers were not printed in the "Review." Cordial letters expressing authors' appreciation have been an ample reward.

This article presents a notice concerning the 1957 annual meeting of the American Sociological Association to be held at the Shoreham Hotel, Washington D.C. on August 27-29. Joint sessions will be held with the American Anthropological Association, the Rural Sociological Society, and the Society for the Study of Social Problems. The various sections and respective chairmen for them are Talcott Parsons of Harvard University for Sociological Theory, Paul L. Lazarsfeld of Columbia University for Methodology, Conrad M. Arensberg of Columbia University for Industrial Sociology, S.M. Lipset of University of California, Berkeley for Political Sociology and Samuel A. Stouffer of Harvard University for Consumer Behavior. Each section chairman will present an analytic overview of what he takes to be the most significant problems in the field under examination. Members of the society have been directed to submit their papers to the respective chairmen of the sections and to the program committee alternatively. These papers will complement the usual papers presenting reports on researches.

These papers illustrate the complications of historical research. Even though they cover events over only the last four decades and chiefly the last two, it has been difficult to obtain accurate accounts of such matters as "the Salisbury affair" and numerous other incidents. The memories of living respondents are defective; official records are incomplete and tend to report conclusions without the details that contributed to decisions. Personal, emotional, and "political" involvements of participants bias their reports, and subsequent events modify interpretations. As computers increasingly become the record keepers of the society, the problems of historians are becoming even more complex. For records on computer cards, tapes, and printouts tend to be destroyed sooner than those which are on ledgers of other kinds. Many of the problems within both associations have reflected the complications of operating with a volunteer staff. One of the major developments in both organizations has been the shift from a minimal role played by sociologists to dominance by them.