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The "U.S. Army's Special Organizations" were unusual, little-known units within the U.S. military during World War II designed to segregate and monitor potentially disloyal soldiers. The existence and composition of these units pointed at the nationalist and ethno-racial tensions afoot in the United States at the time, reflecting both wartime undemocratic hysteria and social changes, along with long-standing concerns about U.S. national identity. The continued suspicion and large-scale internment of Japanese-American servicemen stood in contrast to the smaller numbers of other servicemen of enemy alien origin similarly interned (German- and Italian-Americans). The internal social dynamics within these units mirrored the fraught relationship among the Axis partners and the socio-cultural issues between the Japanese, German, and Italian national communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractNew global multi-directional migration flows are decentering extant analyses of White expatriate migration. As migration becomes more diversified, new lines of intellectual inquiry are surfacing about the experiences of middle-class non-white expatriates. This paper uses the case study of China, which with the rise in immigration, has an increasingly diverse ‘expatriate’ population. While the visibility of White expatriates in non-white-majority host countries may compel them to adopt lifestyles segregated from the local population, expatriates of Chinese heritage in China have the (dis)advantage of blending in with the local population. This paper examines the experiences of Singaporean-Chinese migrants in China where their ethnic proximity to the Chinese can be both a boon and a bane. We present our findings in three sections addressing: first, how ethnic proximity can enable mobilities including motility and a mobile sense of belonging; second, how mobilities can condition ethnic proximity as experiences of privilege but also reminders of non-belonging; and third, how participants’ change in life phases i.e. temporalities shift meanings of proximity, mobility and mobile belonging. Through highlighting the multidimensional nature of mobilities – proximity, motility, temporalities – this paper contributes to studies of middling migration, (ethnic) proximity and mobilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Padding is the practice of adding nonvoters (e.g., noncitizens or disenfranchised prisoners) to an electoral district in order to ensure that the district meets the size quota prescribed by the one man, one vote doctrine without affecting the voting outcome in the district. We show how padding— and its mirror image, pruning—, can lead to arbitrarily large deviations from the socially optimal composition of elected legislatures. We solve the partisan districter's optimal padding problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While 'multicultural co-living (tabunka kyōsei) in regional societies' was established in the mid-2000s as the principle justifying public policies for foreign residents in Japan, it was often criticized for espousing a logic that hides foreign residents' lack of participation in Japanese society. Responding to such criticism, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC) and an academic advocating 'tabunka kyōsei 2.0' tried to reform the concept to promote community cohesion and foreign residents' social participation by introducing the values of interculturalism and inclusion. In the same period, however, through the development of 'regional empowerment (chihō sōsei)' policies, another interpretation of 'tabunka kyōsei in regional societies' emphasizing the utilization of 'foreign human resources' to compensate for declining populations and economies in local areas emerged. It became the dominant logic justifying the Japanese government's new 'society of kyōsei with foreign nationals' principle until the end of the 2010s. The MIC's interpretation of tabunka kyōsei in regional societies was marginalized due to its internally confused logics. This article critically examines the complicated intertextual reformation process of concepts and principles around tabunka kyōsei in Japan in the 2010s through detailed text critiques of numerous official documents published by the central and local governments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The knowledge of host-country nationals who work in the foreign subsidiaries of multinationals is a crucial strategic resource for their employers. This study explored the role that cultural intelligence plays in employees' knowledge sharing within a cross-cultural workplace context. Building on social identity theory, this study developed a theoretical framework to explore how host-country nationals' cultural intelligence could enhance their knowledge sharing via increasing their social identity, and further investigated the mediating role of host-country nationals' relationships with expatriates and identification with their organization. Using survey data from 412 host-country nationals working for 16 foreign subsidiaries in South Korea, I found that cultural intelligence directly predicted knowledge sharing. The results support and extend the extant literature and provide practical implications for multinationals regarding the management of host-country nationals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Essay examines the impact of foreign policy collaborations, leading up to the Los Angeles Declaration on Migration and Protection, signed by twenty Western Hemisphere governments in 2022, on peoples' possibilities for migration and residence. Engaging Critical Legal Rhetoric and Rhetorical Historiography methodologies, this Essay examines the long history of foreign policy and interstate partnerships in the Americas to manage human migration in the region. We argue that foreign policy collaborations are yet another method to augment US power and influence in the region, limit possibilities for human migration northward, and completely remake the regional landscape of borders and nation-state sovereignty in the Americas. After outlining our methodology, our analysis begins with the collaborative response to the Central American civil wars of the 1980s and 1990s and the rhetoric deployed to warrant the political arrangements. In Part II.B., we examine discourse and political arrangements from the period between 2014-2021 when more Central Americans, especially families and minors, began presenting at the USMexico border than Mexican migrants. Our final section considers the regional collaborations implemented since 2021 to manage and regulate movement from South America to North America. Reading the moments together, we see the development of a regional migration management infrastructure through foreign policy collaborations to shift human migration south, farther away from the US southern border, and to prevent individuals from reaching territories where they may be able to seek asylum and other forms of humanitarian immigration relief. To conclude, we discuss the implications of a regional migration management system and suggest a need to rethink what nation-state borders are, how they function, and how collaborating countries serve each other's goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

States increasingly use driver's license laws to further policy objectives unrelated to road safety. This symposium contribution employs a health justice lens to focus on one manifestation of this trend--state schemes that prohibit noncitizen residents from accessing driver's licenses and then impose criminal sanctions for driving without authorization. Status-based no-license laws not only facilitate legally questionable enforcement of local immigration priorities but also impose structural inequities with long-term health consequences for immigrants and their family members, including US citizen children. Safe, reliable transportation is a significant social determinant of health for individuals, families, and communities. Applying a health justice lens to the weaponization of no-license laws against noncitizens will both catalyze new legal challenges and create momentum for coalition building and policy reforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is an ongoing crisis of despair involving migrants from abroad who are seeking refuge in one of the world's longest-standing, post-World War II democracies--India. There are roughly 4.9 million noncitizen migrants in India, with most coming from Bangladesh, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. Because these migrants often live in the shadows, they are frequently deprived of fundamental human rights. On the one hand, it may seem surprising that this population remains so vulnerable. After all, India's Supreme Court has been a leading institutional light in safeguarding the rights of many marginalized groups. Supreme courts in other countries point to judgments from the Indian Supreme Court as a model for how to ensure that communities on the periphery are treated with dignity and due process. Furthermore, the Indian judiciary has been assisted in its progressive rights jurisprudence by a robust constitution and a vibrant civil society. Yet when it comes to noncitizen migrants, there has been a dearth of sustained judicial support. Additionally, while there is certain, important, bottom-up activism on behalf of these noncitizens, it has frankly not been enough to meet the cascade of needs that exist. This project focuses on how institutional inadequacies, at both the governmental and societal levels, have left noncitizen migrants among some of the most isolated individuals within India. Namely, the absence of specialized and independent immigration courts, an outdated immigration statute, a lack of a strong immigration legal profession, insufficient legal education on immigration law, and little research on immigration doctrine are key reasons why migrants face such dire circumstances today. Otherwise put, India's weak immigration infrastructure has sadly contributed to the difficulties noncitizen migrants face in accessing lawyers, the legal process, and, ultimately, justice within Indian society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article, based on fieldwork conducted in 2016 at the French national Court of Asylum (CNDA), explores reflections on the role and position of interpreters in the examination of asylum applications. Interpreters occupy a position that is at once an interstitial position – that is, at the crossroads of the social worlds of judges and claimants – and a 'bastard'position, in the sense that, although they are indispensable, their legitimacy is never fully established. To grasp the full ambiguity and complexity of their position, on the one hand, the article aims to shed light on the trajectories and working conditions of interpreters as actors in this system whose legitimacy is fragile, yet who play an essential bridging role between the institutions and the foreigners seeking their protection. On the other hand, it seeks to identify and explore other factors, beyond the codification of the role within highly standardized hearings, which may influence the ways interpreters carry out their missions in practice, in both speech and behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the American expatriate community in Florence, Italy, between 1840 and 1865. Florence, with its history of liberalism, attracted reformers from all over the Atlantic world, including many Americans and Britons committed to antislavery. During the two decades before the Civil War, Florence attracted American and British cultural elites who valued its history, culture, cosmopolitanism, and suitability for untrammeled discussion and debate about a variety of liberal causes, including antislavery. For American reformers and intellectuals like Ralph Waldo Emerson, Charles Sumner, Theodore Parker, and Sarah Parker Redmond, the city represented both a physical location and an imagined community dedicated to antislavery and liberal reform. American abolitionists' interaction in Florence with English abolitionists such as Robert and Elizabeth Browning and Fanny Trollope suggests that the city looms larger in the geography of nineteenth-century abolitionism than previously appreciated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The small, two-verse interpolation of Ezekiel 47:22-23 is widely considered one of the most inclusive texts in the Hebrew Bible. Its instruction regarding the גרים allowed for full inclusion into the community that Ezekiel believed to be the true Israel. However, interpretations that view these verses as hyper-inclusive often view the גרים as foreigners. Such a view is largely based on understanding the term גר along linguistic rather than anthropological lines. This paper will explore the use of the term גר in both Ezekiel and the Holiness School to better understand the group envisioned by the author of Ezekiel 47:22-23. In so doing, I will demonstrate that these verses should not be understood simply along a binary of inclusive versus exclusive, but rather as part of a larger project of identity reformulation that occurred as part of a trauma process around the Babylonian exile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article in the Australian Historical Studies journal discusses various topics related to Australian history. It begins with an examination of the corporatization of universities and its impact on the appointment and seniority of history staff in Australian and New Zealand universities. The authors find that academic appointments in history have become more gender balanced, with women matching men in seniority by 2022. The article also explores the historical concept of "terra nullius" and its association with the colonization of Australia. It discusses the under-enumeration of Greeks in Australian censuses during World War I and the discrimination they faced. Additionally, the article delves into the history of birth control among Aboriginal women and the tensions between cultural restoration and women's right to choose. It also examines the role of white women in the development of radio in the 1930s and the representation of Australian space in popular media. The visits of American presidents Herbert Hoover and Lyndon Johnson to Australia are analyzed, highlighting their impact on public opinion and the US-Australian alliance. Lastly, the article explores the history of General Motors-Holden in Australia and the significance of its gold watch reward scheme. The article concludes with a tribute to the late Professor Lyndall Ryan, a renowned historian known for her work on women's and Aboriginal Australian histories. [Extracted from the article]

Various studies suggest a positive effect of host country citizenship on the educational outcomes of immigrants' children. However, little is known about when and for whom citizenship matters and how much this is affected by potential endogeneity in the relationship between parental citizenship acquisition and their children's educational outcomes. Focusing on the Netherlands, this article exploits siblings' variation in their exposure to naturalization in order to net out the effect of time-constant parental characteristics. Results from a linear mixed model show that children who acquire Dutch citizenship have a substantial advantage in terms of academic performance over those who are still foreign citizens, especially if they naturalized in early childhood. A novel bounding estimator that gauges the sensitivity of the estimates to omitted variable bias confirms the robustness of these results. Moreover, the effects of citizenship are concentrated among students whose parents are at a disadvantage in the labour market and housing market, shedding light on hitherto under-explored effect heterogeneity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research studies the residential mobility of Italians and foreigners in Rome from 2002 to 2019. We examine the differences in residential mobility patterns for (1) Italians and foreigners, (2) foreign migrants by selected country of origin, and (3) the effect of intra‐urban mobility on residential segregation. Log‐linear models and segregation indexes are used to analyze unpublished microdata on residential mobility by neighbourhood from the population register of Rome. Results show that foreigners are more mobile than Italians and more prone to move outside the area where they live, but with an increasing process of remaining in their current locations over time. Also, similarities and differences emerge by country of origin. Finally, we find residential mobility has increased the spatial concentration and clustering of foreigners in Rome, whilst reducing the dissimilarity from Italians at the same time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Law enforcement officers commonly must respond to situations in which a person is experiencing acute symptoms of a mental illness. Yet from the first moment of police involvement, these community members face the possibility of negative outcomes. Consequences include officers’ use of excessive force leading to injury or death, criminal arrest and prosecution that results in deprivation of liberty, separation from the community, and the creation of a permanent criminal record that affects other rights. Although potential violence and criminalization are importantreasons to avoid relying on police during mental health events, another key consideration is often ignored in the discourse: the specific heightened repercussions noncitizens face. Namely, noncitizens face the additional possibility of deportation. Because immigration law and policy link local law enforcement to the federal government, noncitizens contend with the risk of transfer from criminal to immigration custody, even if criminal charges are not imposed. The myriad problems within the immigration system—including lack of access to counsel and inadequate mental health care—increase mentally ill noncitizens’ likelihood of ultimately being deported. This Article calls for systemic changes to policing that account for the unique experience of noncitizens with mental illnesses. This Article also offers a set of Principles by which future proposed police reforms can be assessed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2022, in Priva v. U.S. Attorney General, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit held that to prevail on a due process claim regarding the denial of counsel during a deportation-related reasonable fear hearing, a noncitizen aggravated felon must show that they were substantially prejudiced by the denial. Some courts have applied the substantial prejudice requirement to due process challenges to immigration proceedings. These courts have essentially treated denial of counsel claims as equivalent to other due process disputes. A majority of circuits recognize, on the other hand, that demonstrating substantial prejudice is not required when there is a corresponding statutory right to counsel. This Comment argues that the Priva court was wrong to impose the substantial prejudice requirement because there is a federal statutory right to counsel in deportation proceedings and the denial of counsel is distinct from other due process challenges due to its inherently prejudicial consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Family and immigration law are inevitably linked as children and families continue to cross borders. In the United States, state actors routinely make family law decisions that can have determinative effects on whether certain immigration opportunities are opened or foreclosed to noncitizens. These state actions include: (1) granting marriage certificates and divorce decrees; (2) recognizing intercountry adoptions; (3) certifying required forms for a federal grant of U nonimmigrant status; and (4) making special findings required for a federal grant of Special Immigrant Juvenile Status. This Note brings awareness to the vital role states play when immigration and family law intersect, filling a gap in immigration federalism discourse. Additionally, this Note calls for greater resources and training opportunities to help state actors understand their crucial role in the immigration process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The internment of 'enemy subjects' in many countries in response to the outbreak of war in Europe in August 1914 reflected global security concerns. South Africa, then a newly constituted Dominion of the British Empire, followed London's lead and interned some 2,500 German and Austro-Hungarian nationals. Based on the examination of official and private records, this article analyses the story of a German, migrant couple: Karl and Marie Hens. It explores their life in South Africa hustling to make a living and then, after August 1914, first to escape and then survive war-time internment. It reveals the difficult relationships between them and their communities and between the internees themselves and the relief agencies; from the impact of severe personal restriction and growing impoverishment to the politics of release in 1919. Yet, as Marie no doubt realised, the wives and children – not interned, and left at the mercy of their 'British' neighbours – suffered the most. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Notwithstanding punitive implications, immigration detention as an administrative deprivation of liberty represents a characteristic police measure, targeting deportable noncitizens with limited rights and protections. Drawing on an analysis of the detention system in Finland, I discuss different functions of immigration detention, focusing on police powers in the governance of mobile populations. In Finland, immigration detention is separated from the criminal justice system and delegated to the police, who possess broad powers to impose coercive measures for the enforcement of immigration decisions and social control in the absence of effective judicial supervision. Despite being affiliated with the removal of rejected asylum seekers, immigration detention also is intertwined with crime prevention and control of irregular migration. In addition to deprivation of liberty in the first place, police measures support removal procedures that continue during detention, as well as other administrative strategies to control deportable people and deter unauthorized residency, involving varying degrees of coercion. Though connected with criminal justice and manifestations of penal power in border criminology discussions, immigration detention can arguably be better understood as a coercive police measure, which can be employed alongside other administrative means for immigration enforcement outside of the criminal justice system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the humility-helping hypothesis, the question of whether humility affects altruistic behavior has received extensive attention. However, researchers have not established many links between humility and international altruism. The study explored humility as a stable personality trait and assessed whether it encouraged international altruism. It also examined the underlying mechanism between the foregoing relationship. We recruited 940 college students aged 18–23 to participate in an anonymous online survey and obtained 929 data points. The results showed that humility has a direct impact on international altruism. They largely supported the theoretical framework of the humility-helping hypothesis on the inter-group level. We also addressed the mediating effect that identification with all humanity had in the relationship between humility and international altruism. The findings showed that two forms of empathy (empathy and group empathy) have a moderating effect, indicating that different forms of empathy should be more emphasized in different social situations. Taken together, the results show that developing people's humility and helping them to identify with all humanity are key to promoting inter-group altruism, especially for those who can empathize with other people or groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Integrating anxiety and uncertainty management (AUM) theory and theory of organizing, this study aims to contribute to the knowledge management literature by examining the interdependent and bidirectional nature of knowledge transfer between expatriates and host country nationals (HCNs). Specifically, the authors investigate how receivers' cognitive response to senders' behaviors during their interactions becomes an important conduit between senders' behaviors and the successful transfer of knowledge. Design/methodology/approach: The authors used the actor partner interdependence model to analyze data from 107 expatriate-HCN dyads. The authors collected the responses of these expatriate-HCN dyads in Shanghai, Taipei, Hong Kong, Vietnam, South Korea, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia and India. Findings: Receivers' interaction anxiety and uncertainty, as a response to senders' relationship building behaviors, mediate the relationship between senders' relationship building behaviors and successful knowledge transfer. When senders are expatriates, senders' communication patience and relationship building behaviors interact to reduce the direct and indirect effects of both receivers' interaction anxiety and uncertainty. However, when senders are HCNs, the moderation and moderated mediation models are not supported. Originality/value: The study contributes to the knowledge management literature by investigating knowledge transfer between expatriates and HCNs using an interpersonal cross-cultural communication lens. The authors make refinements to AUM theory by going beyond the sender role to highlighting the interdependence between senders and receivers in the management of anxiety and uncertainty which, in turn, influences the effectiveness of cross-cultural communication. The study is also unique in that the authors underscore an important yet understudied construct, communication patience, in the successful transfer of knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Journal of Canadian Studies is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: This study aims to develop an extended social attachment model for expatriates, integrating a multiple stakeholder perspective, to understand evacuation decisions during disasters. Design/methodology/approach: Through interviews with 12 Tokyo-based expatriates who experienced the 2011 Tohoku earthquake, tsunami and nuclear disasters, this study collects the lived experiences of a diverse set of expatriates. This data is analyzed abductively to map relevant evacuation factors and to propose a reaction typology. Findings: While the 2011 Tohoku disasters caused regional destruction and fears of nuclear fallout, Tokyo remained largely unscathed. Still, many expatriates based in Tokyo chose to leave the country. Evacuation decisions were shaped by an interplay of threat assessment, location of attachment figures and cross-cultural adjustment. The study also discusses the influence of expatriate types. Practical implications: Disaster planning is often overlooked or designed primarily with host country nationals in mind. Expatriates often lack the disaster experience and readiness of host country nationals in disaster-prone regions in Asia and beyond, and thus might need special attention when disaster strikes. This study provides advice for how to do so. Originality/value: By unpacking the under-researched and complex phenomenon of expatriate reactions to disasters, this study contributes to the fields of international human resource and disaster management. Specifically, seven proposition on casual links leading to expatriate evacuation are suggested, paving the way for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores de facto displacement and negative emplacement dynamics in the borderlands of the de facto state of Abkhazia. The uncertain status of de facto states creates a vulnerable, disenfranchised and rearranged post-conflict environment for ethnic minorities that are deemed unwanted remnants of the conflict. I make two arguments: First, de facto displacement is a situation of displacement where the displaced do not physically move away but where the landscape around them together with the sociopolitical situation significantly changes almost overnight. Second, that this displacement comes with negative emplacement in which a person and/or group is negatively set in place in a physical and social sense within the newly created reality of the de facto state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Federal law authorizes the reinstatement of a prior removal order when a noncitizen "reenter[s] the United States without authorization after having already been removed." It further provides an "expedited process" for doing so, denying to such noncitizens the right to contest before an immigration judge their removability or inadmissibility. The question whether a noncitizen is removable is thus definitively settled immediately upon reinstatement. But the question to where the noncitizen will be removed is less certain. This is because noncitizens subject to reinstated orders of removal retain the right to pursue "withholding-only" relief, which precludes removal to the noncitizen's home country when extreme dangers await them there. This lag--between when removability, on one hand, and the country of removal, on the other, are determined--has exposed an ambiguity in the statute providing for judicial review of a "final order of removal," 8 U.S.C. § 1252. Specifically, § 1252(b)(1) requires that a noncitizen file a petition for review within thirty days of the final order of removal. But when does a reinstated order of removal become final? Specifically, does finality attach when the prior removal order is reinstated (such that removability is determined) or when the administrative process for adjudicating claims for withholding-only relief has concluded (such that the country of removal is determined)? On this question, the courts of appeals are divided. This Comment contends that the soundest construction of § 1252 deems reinstated orders of removal final when withholding-relief proceedings conclude. Such a construction is consistent with Supreme Court precedent, is more faithful to the statutory text, and better comports with the framework established by § 1252. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nordic welfare states are imagined as generous and universal due to their residence- and needs-based welfare rights. We analyse how welfare state borders are implemented in practice through what we term bureaucratic bordering and how this bordering creates complex precarity for temporary migrants stemming from multiple sources. Drawing on qualitative research with asylum seekers and non-European Union/European Economic Area (non-EU/EEA) student-workers, we argue that migrants with temporary residence permits encounter an opaque system characterised by bureaucratic borders. These borders produce precarity in relation to the right to reside, work and access welfare services. We find that in the case of asylum seekers who find work and seek to legalise their residence through work, precarity is produced through limiting access to labour-based permits, while for student-migrants, precarity is produced through the indirect imposition of precarious part-time work alongside studies. In both cases, complex bordering practices emerge as the migrants attempt to navigate both the residence and the welfare system in the interstices of institutions, street-level bureaucrats and personal connections. We contend that the bordering practices necessarily also contribute to reshaping the welfare state itself by eroding residence-based access to rights, marginalising residents and creating new hierarchies based on temporary residence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study examines the communication of members in an online community designed for both native and foreign residents living in Japan. The community serves as a platform for members to discuss various topics related to lifestyle, health, food, fashion, among other topics. Using a topic model, we analyzed a mid-size sample (n = 150k) to identify the primary topics of discussion and the potential benefits of participation. The findings indicate that health, lifestyle, travel within and outside of Japan, financial and domestic advice seeking, and temporal discussions for foreigners were the main themes discussed. We discuss the implications of these results and suggest future research directions, such as exploring sensitive topics among Japanese residents and examining the role of mediated communication in society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jacek Kordel's book, "The kingdom of anarchy: In search of modern notions about the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and its inhabitants," examines the negative stereotypes and propaganda against Poland and Poles during the eighteenth century. The book analyzes the perspectives of influential figures, including those associated with the European Enlightenment, and their impact on public opinion. Kordel explores the history of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and its culture wars, which ultimately led to its partition. The book sheds light on the creation and dissemination of negative perceptions for propaganda purposes. It also discusses the evolution of views on Poland and Poles in the writings of philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and in accounts of foreigners who traveled to Poland during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The author argues that these views were often negative and based on stereotypes that persisted over time. The text also examines how religious dissidents and propaganda were used to discredit Poland and its people. Kordel emphasizes the importance of historical knowledge in countering misleading narratives and promoting understanding. [Extracted from the article]

There were 6,491,502 foreign residents living in Spain in January 2024, a number that indicates a significant increase since the beginning of the 21st century. Among this foreign population, the largest communities are Moroccans, Romanians and British, whose mother tongue is not Spanish. According to the results from several studies conducted over the last decades, when these allophone residents use the Spanish healthcare services, they frequently ask their children to help them communicate with healthcare providers through linguistic and cultural mediation, even when professional interpreting or mediation services are available. How did these children feel while mediating for their parents in this context? Did they have any negative experiences? We intend to provide answers to these questions through semi-structured individual interviews with adults who had mediated for their parents in healthcare settings in Spain when they were children or young adults. These answers contribute to a clear understanding of the consequences of language brokering, thus promoting the use of professional interpreting and mediation services in these settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We follow Forbes and Warnock (2012) to define four types of large international capital flows, namely, capital flight and capital retrenchment of domestic residents, and capital surge and sudden stop of foreigners. Using data from 56 countries from 1985 to 2017, we find that only the sudden stop would likely increase the probability of a currency crisis. Then, based on the significant results of the sudden stops, we further investigate which type of large capital inflows combined with the sudden stop would increase the probability of a currency crisis. We argue that the large capital inflows, including capital surges and capital retrenchments, are driven by different entities, which may affect the impact of sudden stop on currency crises. We find that a capital surge followed by a sudden stop would increase the probability of a currency crisis, but the capital retrenchment followed by a sudden stop does not. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai, Philologia is the property of Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The logistics industry in Saudi Arabia has seen a significant change, with national companies now focusing on hiring local talent to decrease their dependence on expatriates. Despite the increased demand for Saudization, logistics firms face difficulties in matching available local talent with industry-specific job requirements. This gap highlights the importance of connecting human resource development (HRD) with talent identification and assessment (TIA) practices. Study uses the DEMATEL technique to analyse the important factors that impact the effectiveness of Human Resources (HR) Departments in logistics firms in Saudi Arabia. A total of nineteen HR professionals from the logistics sector in the country took part in the study, offering evaluations on a Likert scale that ranged from 0 to 4 for each criterion. The research shows that the level of education has a strong impact on the potential and future development of job candidates in Saudi Arabia's logistics companies. Academic qualification, along with skills and competencies, greatly influences the evaluation of candidates. The criteria have influence values of 0.30559487, 0.007953708, and 0.628534572, respectively. In addition, the criterion of "Potential and Future Development" stands out as a significant factor that influences all others, except for "Skills and Competencies," with values exceeding the threshold of 0.926061035. Results highlight the importance of HR professionals prioritising cause criteria when selecting candidates and managing HR processes. By understanding and tackling these important factors, logistics companies can improve their methods of identifying and evaluating talent, ultimately boosting their organisational effectiveness and competitiveness in Saudi Arabia's everchanging logistics industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Verse dictionaries, which first appeared in Arab geography and were written to ensure a correct understanding of the Holy Quran, began to be used over time in primary schools to teach words in a foreign language to children by taking advantage of the harmony and fluency of verse. These works, written primarily in Arabic, Persian and Turkish, but also in Greek, French, Albanian, Armenian, Bulgarian, German, and Bosnian, have attracted the attention of literary researchers in recent years. This is because they not only teach vocabulary but also shed light on the period in which they were written and reflect the culture of the relevant language. Despite being the product of practice in past centuries, these works have features that can meet today's language teachings needs. With the increasing immigration to Türkiye and exchange programs at universities, curricula are continuously being developed, relevant centers are opening, and employment opportunities are being provided for teachers to teach Turkish to both children and adults. In this context, the question of whether the verse dictionaries used for language teaching in the Ottoman Empire can be adapted to the present day as supplementary textbooks comes to mind. The prepared study, information about the emergence, function and content of the genre in question will be given, then the benefits it will provide in teaching Turkish to adult foreigners will be emphasized and suggestions will be made regarding its applicability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Expatriates employed to work on international construction projects face high levels of stressors in the workplace, and adjustments often need to be made to improve their job performance. We investigated whether and how expatriate resilience mediates the effect of job stressors on expatriate adjustment. We put forth a series of consistent and contradictory hypotheses by combing the challenge–hindrance stressor framework with the job demands–resources theory. Data collected from 2123 expatriates of international construction projects were used to evaluate the theoretical model, and the data were separated into two groups (low-level hostile environment group and high-level hostile environment group) based on the hostility level of their assigned locations. These results confirm that the impact of the two categories of stressors varies in different hostile environments. In all contexts, hindrance stressors are "bad" stressors as they impair expatriate resilience and adjustment, whereas challenge stressors exert different effects on expatriate resilience and adjustment depending on the level of hostility of their environments. In the high-level group, challenge stressors had a negative effect on expatriate adjustment and resilience. In contrast, challenge stressors were "good" in the low-level group. Moreover, both challenge and hindrance stressors significantly mediate expatriate adjustment via expatriate resilience, highlighting the value of considering expatriate resilience. These results add to the growing body of knowledge on the relationship between expatriate adjustment and occupational stressors. Our research furthers our understanding of the challenge–hindrance stressor framework by finding results contradictory to those of the original framework. Occupational stress management is a critical mission in the construction industry since it is one of the most stressful industries. Previous studies and management strategies have mostly viewed stress as "bad." In contrast, stressors could turn into motivation in some situations, thus determining when and how stressors can be "good." The results suggest that stress management strategies should be tailored to the specific conditions of hostile environments. In low-hostility environments, increasing workload and job responsibilities can enhance the motivation of expatriates, thereby promoting their resilience and adjustment. However, in highly hostile environments, these stressors can have adverse consequences, necessitating the implementation of suitable initiatives to reduce stress levels. Furthermore, it is significant to consider resilience when selecting and managing expatriate employees. Enhancing expatriate resilience can improve assignment success rates and address the workforce shortage in the international construction industry. By implementing these practical implications, organizations can better support expatriate employees in managing stressors and achieving successful outcomes in international construction projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to present an analysis of the categorization of foreigners (aliens) seeking international protection in the European Union from the perspective of the European paradigm of the protection of aliens. Firstly, semantic issues related to understanding the concept of 'foreigners' will be presented. This element of the analysis will be crucial for further considerations, as by delineating definitional boundaries, it will determine the picture of identifiable categories of foreigners. Secondly, an outline of European Union legislation forming the legal basis for the main analysis will be presented. Attention will be focused on legal acts from which general and specific categories of foreigners seeking international protection in the European Union can be interpreted. Thirdly, general categories will be presented along with an explanation of their functions in law. Fourthly, specific categories will be presented along with an explanation of their functions in law at the stage of qualification, reception, and procedure. This paper will conclude with a concise summary containing recommendations and other conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite their status as residents of the Australian Territory of Papua and New Guinea (TPNG), students in TPNG often faced challenges to accessing their entitlements to education. The Australian government attempted to manage these peculiar cohorts with classifications such as: 'domestic or international'; 'internal or external'; 'European or non-European'; 'expatriate or local'. However, these categorisations often created as much confusion as they solved. Using several examples from the 1960s and 1970s, this article will highlight the way in which the administration categorised students, both those travelling to mainland Australia for study and those who remained in TPNG. These categorisations were not merely bureaucratic designations; they had significant implications for TPNG students, including scholarship eligibility, eligibility for particular courses and wage rates after graduation. This approach to education by the Australian government had fundamental impacts on educational attainment in TPNG across the colonial period, and into independence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the Covid-19 pandemic ended, there were changes in Indonesian immigration. The addition of visa on arrival subjects and the temporary suspension of visa-free visits is one way to restore the national economy. This research examines the impact of the visa on arrival policy on national security and analyzes whether this policy is still effective in the current era. This research uses a qualitative research type with literature study. From this research, the results show that immigration violations and the threat of transnational crime are still widespread after the latest visa on arrival policy was implemented, and in the current era, especially after the pandemic, there is a need for a capable system to provide immigration services as well as improve better security so that it can reduce threats and risks from violations committed by foreign nationals. The newly implemented e-VOA can be an effective innovation used in the current era to later replace manual VOA requests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This qualitative research explores the psychological contract (PC) of a sample of self-initiated expatriates (SIEs) working in the French hospitality sector, focusing on PC evaluation as well as reactions to PC breach and feelings of violation. The authors found evidence of a psychological contract type not discussed before in empirical studies. The employer in this research intentionally disrupts the exchange relationship, creating a destructive PC. In these cases, it is assumed that employees would exit such an employment relationship, but instead the study found a mix of dysfunctional behavior in the form of neglect, workplace deviance and revenge cognitions. Accounting for the limitations of the study the authors highlight the implications of the findings for theory, practice and future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This systematic review endeavors to offer a comprehensive analysis of the research on expatriate managers in the hospitality industry, elucidate contemporary issues, and identify prominent trends that are important for both researchers and practitioners. This study utilizes bibliometric and thematic analytic methodologies to trace the development of academic scholarship on expatriate managers over time, highlighting emerging themes at critical points in the literature. A review of 43 articles published between 1990 and 2023 reveals that researchers have paid disproportionate attention to issues that arise and encounter managers during their international assignments, while giving far less attention to issues related to returning home, expatriate work‐life balance, family dynamics, and female expatriates. Imperative voids in the literature on hospitality expatriation are revealed and theoretical and practical consequences are advanced, including suggestions for future research and methods for improving expatriate managers' journeys in international hospitality assignments. To the best of our knowledge, this review is a groundbreaking effort in this academic field, paving the way for future studies that aim to shed light on the complex realities faced by hospitality industry expatriate managers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is a chronic disorder prevalent in South and Southeast Asia and is mainly related to the habit of chewing betel quid. Although there are numerous South-Asian studies about OSF, there is no study that evaluates the awareness of OSF among expatriate populations of South-Asian origin. Evaluated the awareness of OSF among South-Asian expatriate patients reporting to a dental hospital in Sharjah. Prevalidated questionnaires were given to 150 expatriate patients of South-Asian origin with quid-chewing habit reporting to the teaching clinics of a dental hospital in the United Arab Emirates. Among the 150 patients, 103 responded to the questionnaire. Among the 103 respondents, 11.65% were aware of OSF. Respondents living in shared residency and labor camps had significantly (P = 0.43) lower awareness of OSF compared to respondents living with their families. The results of our study show that the awareness of OSF is lower among the respondents living in labor camps and shared residencies. The younger respondents had more awareness of OSMF and were more likely to quit the quid-chewing habit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Note explores the United States’ history of detaining noncitizens awaiting immigration proceedings in detention facilities that are often managed in whole or in part by private for-profit prison companies. This Note primarily argues that facilities created through Intergovernmental Service Agreements (IGSAs) lack adequate regulation and oversight, both of which exacerbate abuse against people detained in facilities that were created through these agreements. To curtail the use of IGSAs, this Note proposes that Congress amend the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), that the President issue an executive order limiting the use of IGSAs, and that Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) phase out its use of detention centers and replace them with an expansive and accessible community-based case management system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Activist movements that embrace the idea of sanctuary for noncitizens are rich with nayratives of resistance. These narratives vary; some sanctuary advocates pursue resistance only to specific federal immigration policies, while others offer more radical critiques that challenge the very legitimacy of U.S. immigration law. But when local and state governments adopt sanctuary policies, the idea of resistance is often altogether lost. Local and state governments who adopt policies of noncooperation with federal immigration enforcement sometimes offer narratives in which the values that motivate sanctuary policies involve not resistance to injustice, but public safety, economic development, and other more traditional local-government goals. In these narratives, local governments are not resisting cruelfederal policies; they are simply minding their own business. This Article examines the abandonment of resistance narratives from an expressivist and law-and-humanities perspective, arguing that much is lost when sanctuaries fail to include resistance in their own narratives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the British government's measures for its civilian subjects stranded as 'enemy aliens' in Japanese-controlled areas in the Far East during World War II. The British government tried to protect the interests of these Far Eastern subjects during the war and in the immediate postwar period. Its manner of dealing with the latter's redress movement from the late 1980s was initially reluctant but eventually became relatively adequate, thanks to the twin pressures of domestic public opinion and precedents set by other former Allied governments and the resolute struggles of the ex–Far Eastern subjects themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the potential of bringing biographical and cultural sociology together in the analysis of the political lives of refugee non-citizens. Our analysis is based on empirical research conducted in two regions outside the capital areas of Austria and Czechia. The conceptual focus is on modes of political participation and if and how they shift during the migration experience. To explore the political lives of refugee non-citizens, we call upon complementary theories, on alternative forms of (non)citizenship and on the autonomy of migration and asylum as regards agency in the everyday practices of people who cross borders. The findings show that our research participants' political lives tend to remain rather untouched by the migration experience itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author analyses the operation by Swedish diplomats in the Soviet Union during the peak of the Stalinist Terror. Although Swedish communists living in the USSR have been in the spotlight of some journalists and historians, the extent of the different Swedish groups and the complicated diplomatic actions to help them are nearly unknown. Who could be saved? Who disappeared in the Gulag? The context is the Soviet actions against all foreigners in the Great Terror from 1937, forcing them to either become Soviet citizens or immediately leave the country. Comparisons are made with Finnish people in the Soviet Union, a group much harder hit by the terror than the small groups of Swedes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]