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On 25 June, the City of Hull suffered from extensive pluvial flooding, causing damage to over 8600 homes and 1300 businesses. Over 100 mm of rain fell over a 24-h period, rapidly overwhelming the city's drainage system. Hull is especially vulnerable to flooding as it is largely below sea level and relies on a pumped drainage system with no natural ways of drainage. The causes of the flooding can be locally attributed to blocked roadside gulleys but in the main were due to issues with the conveyance of drained water in sewers and the performance of the three pumping stations. In particular, an extensive redesign of the system in 2001 increased flood storage and reduced the pumping capacity. In 2004, remodelling of the 2001 system indicated that it may be underpredicting flood volumes by 100% and decommissioned pumping stations were re-activated to rectify matters. Subsequent modelling showed that the performance of the drainage system in 2007 was slightly worse than its 2001 configuration. The floods also revealed a series of key weaknesses in how urban drainage systems are managed. There is no system of warning from surface water flooding in the United Kingdom, despite there being an extensive warning system for coastal and fluvial flooding. Urban drainage is largely designed to accommodate 1 in 30-year events, but this level is not appropriate in all areas, especially low-lying regions with little or no natural drainage such as Hull. Finally, the structure of the UK water industry postprivatisation, with Local Authority, the Environment Agency and the Water Utility all having control over separate parts of the system, left no single agency with lead control or responsibility for urban surface water flooding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The last decade has witnessed the development of a series of cellular models that simulate the processes operating within river channels and drive their geomorphic evolution. Their proliferation can be partly attributed to the relative simplicity of cellular models and their ability to address some of the shortcomings of other numerical models. By using relaxed interpretations of the equations determining fluid flow, cellular models allow rapid solutions of water depths and velocities. These can then be used to drive (usually) conventional sediment transport relations to determine erosion and deposition and alter the channel form. The key advance of using these physically based yet simplified approaches is that they allow us to apply models to a range of spatial scales (1–100 km2) and time periods (1–100 years) that are especially relevant to contemporary management and fluvial studies. However, these approaches are not without their limitations and technical problems. This paper reviews the findings of nearly 10 years of research into modelling fluvial systems with cellular techniques, principally focusing on improvements in routing water and how fluvial erosion and deposition (including lateral erosion) are represented. These ideas are illustrated using sample simulations of the River Teifi, Wales. A detailed case study is then presented, demonstrating how cellular models can explore the interactions between vegetation and the morphological dynamics of the braided Waitaki River, New Zealand. Finally, difficulties associated with model validation and the problems, prospects and future issues important to the further development and application of these cellular fluvial models are outlined. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The CAESAR (Cellular Automaton Evolutionary Slope And River) model is used to demonstrate significant differences in coarse sediment transfer and alluviation in medium sized catchments when responding to identical Holocene environmental changes. Simulations for four U.K. basins (the Rivers Swale, Ure, Nidd and Wharfe) shows that catchment response, driven by climate and conditioned by land cover changes, is synchronous but varies in magnitude. There are bursts of sediment transfer activity, generally of rapid removal but with some sediment accumulation ‘spikes’, with longer periods of slow removal or accumulation of sediment in different valley reaches. Within catchments, reach sensitivity to environmental change varies considerably: some periods are only recorded in some reaches, whilst higher potential sensitivity typically occurs in the piedmont areas of the catchments modelled here. These differential responses appear to be highly non-linear and may relate to the passage of sediment waves, by variable local sediment storage and availability, and by large- and small-scale thresholds for sediment transfer within each catchment. Differential response has major implications for modelling fluvial systems and the interpretation of field data. Model results are compared with the record of dated alluvial deposits in the modelled catchments. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The development and application of numerical models to investigate fluvial sedimentary archives has increased during the last decades resulting in a sustained growth in the number of scientific publications with keywords, ‘fluvial models’, ‘fluvial process models’ and ‘fluvial numerical models’. In this context we compile and review the current contributions of numerical modelling to the understanding of fluvial archives. In particular, recent advances, current limitations, previous unexpected results and future perspectives are all discussed. Numerical modelling efforts have demonstrated that fluvial systems can display non-linear behaviour with often unexpected dynamics causing significant delay, amplification, attenuation or blurring of externally controlled signals in their simulated record. Numerical simulations have also demonstrated that fluvial records can be generated by intrinsic dynamics without any change in external controls. Many other model applications demonstrate that fluvial archives, specifically of large fluvial systems, can be convincingly simulated as a function of the interplay of (palaeo) landscape properties and extrinsic climate, base level and crustal controls. All discussed models can, after some calibration, produce believable matches with real world systems suggesting that equifinality - where a given end state can be reached through many different pathways starting from different initial conditions and physical assumptions - plays an important role in fluvial records and their modelling. The overall future challenge lies in the development of new methodologies for a more independent validation of system dynamics and research strategies that allow the separation of intrinsic and extrinsic record signals using combined fieldwork and modelling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An important part of planning for the rehabilitation of a mine site is the design of stable final landforms for waste rock dumps or spoil piles. Whilst able to be assessed over the short-term (years to decades), the longer term behaviour (centuries to millennia) of such landscapes is not within any meaningful human time frame of observation. Predictive numerical models, therefore, form an important tool with which current landscape behaviour and longer term trajectory can be assessed. However, an important issue associated with the use of models is the ability to assess the reliability and accuracy of the model. Here the SIBERIA and CAESAR-Lisflood Landscape Evolution Models (LEMs) are used to simulate and assess the geomorphic stability of a conceptual rehabilitated landform of the Ranger uranium mine in the Northern Territory, Australia, for a simulated period of up to 1000 years. Utilising both models in this study enabled an independent assessment of likely landscape processes and evolution as well as each model. Results show that SIBERIA and CAESAR-Lisflood produce erosion rates and patterns that are broadly similar. At millennial time scales, short-term processes such as gullying appear to be the dominant erosion features in the proposed landforms and may produce substantial erosion in terms of size and amount of hillslope material eroded and transported downslope. Vegetation was found to have a major effect on the erosion potential of the landform surface. Overall both models produce very similar results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper describes 20th century climate and human impacts on terrestrial and fluvial systems in the Dabie Mountains, Anhui Province, China, based on analyses of four types of information. Analyses of particle size, mineral magnetism, organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in a sediment core taken from the Longhekou reservoir, built in 1958 AD in the upper reaches of Hangbu River, provide an ∼45 year record of fluvial responses, while monitored meteorological and hydrological data provide records of climate and river discharge. Census data compiled for the local Shucheng County provide records of population and land use, complemented with analyses of satellite images. The Xiaotian river delivers over 65% of the total water and silt to the reservoir. Analyses indicate that the fluvial regime tracks the monsoon climate over seasonal timescales, but human activities have a strongly mediating effect on sediment supply, sediment delivery and, to a lesser extent, runoff over longer timescales. Notable periods of human impact on erosion include the Great Leap Forward (1958–1960) and Great Cultural Revolution (1966–1976). A rising trend in precipitation and new land use changes at the present time may be leading to an enhanced flood risk. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: As the result of current and historical metal mining, river channels and floodplains in many parts of the world have become contaminated by metal-rich waste in concentrations that may pose a hazard to human livelihoods and sustainable development. Environmental and human health impacts commonly arise because of the prolonged residence time of heavy metals in river sediments and alluvial soils and their bioaccumulatory nature in plants and animals. This paper considers how an understanding of the processes of sediment-associated metal dispersion in rivers, and the space and timescales over which they operate, can be used in a practical way to help river basin managers more effectively control and remediate catchments affected by current and historical metal mining. A geomorphological approach to the management of rivers contaminated by metals is outlined and four emerging research themes are highlighted and critically reviewed. These are: (1) response and recovery of river systems following the failures of major tailings dams; (2) effects of flooding on river contamination and the sustainable use of floodplains; (3) new developments in isotopic fingerprinting, remote sensing and numerical modelling for identifying the sources of contaminant metals and for mapping the spatial distribution of contaminants in river channels and floodplains; and (4) current approaches to the remediation of river basins affected by mining, appraised in light of the European Union''s Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC). Future opportunities for geomorphologically-based assessments of mining-affected catchments are also identified. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]