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2. Decentralization and Privatization of Education in El Salvador: Assessing the Experience. Occasional Paper.
- Author
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Columbia Univ., New York, NY. National Center for the Study of Privatization in Education. and Marchelli, Helga Cuellar
- Abstract
This paper presents the most notorious decentralization and privatization policies of education delivery included in the 1995-2005 education reform plan and briefly explains some of the factors justifying their existence, potential success, and possible limitations. It also examines the capacity of a privatization strategy, contracting not-for-profit parents' associations to administer schools financed by the state, to improve education in rural areas (The EDUCO program). The author concludes that decentralization and privatization policies have produced multiple results. In the search for a better education system, decentralization and privatization policies have not only given the Salvadoran government new ways to exert control over the education system but also added new problems and challenges. In the case of the EDUCO program, for instance, although it has successfully contributed to expanding education supply and promoting social cohesion, its impact on equity and the productive efficiency of schooling may not be what is expected. Therefore, decentralization and privatization strategies, like any other policies, have had their pros and cons. There may never be a perfect policy to solve satisfactorily all weaknesses within an education system, but education advocates and policymakers should always be committed to review and improve existing practices. (Contains 37 references.) (Author/RT)
- Published
- 2001
3. Teachers: Powerful Innovators--Generating Classroom Based Education Reform. GEC Working Paper Series. Number 4
- Author
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Academy for Educational Development, AED Global Education Center and Alvarado, Felix
- Abstract
The countries of Central America have made great educational strides in recent years. More children are now attending school and more finish primary school; however, there is still a long way to go. We still need to ensure that the children who go to school learn effectively and can use their education to develop useful life and work skills. This document sets out to recognize and commend the many ways in which teachers innovate inside and outside the classroom, as well as to identify the ways in which institutions, programs and projects can more effectively foster innovation. While this paper focuses on experiences in Central America, the findings have worldwide applicability and it is the authors' hope that the information will be shared across regions, countries, and communities to support and improve teacher innovation. The case studies used in this publication are based on Academy for Educational Development (AED) projects in El Salvador, Honduras, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Peru and the Dominican Republic. In particular, the authors have relied on the help of many colleagues and leaders in these countries who are committed to improving educational quality, who have referred them to examples of teacher innovation and in many cases have written down the stories. This paper is divided into four sections. The first section explores the importance of teachers as the linchpin to effective learning in the classroom, the significance of innovation in that role and some of the assumptions that get in the way of seeing the teacher as an innovator. The second section illustrates, by using examples from teaching practice in the different countries, the wealth of innovative practices that teachers have discovered. The third section proposes a model for nurturing innovation based on teacher empowerment, teacher formation and institutional development. Examples of interventions that have been effective in strengthening teacher innovation are used to illustrate this model. Finally, the authors present a working framework of principles and components for a strategy to foster teacher innovation, taking into account the capacities and responsibilities of different actors in the education sector. Appended are: (1) Description of Projects and Initiatives; (2) Additional Resources; and (3) Bibliography. (Contains 1 footnote.) [This paper was written with Diane La Voy.]
- Published
- 2006
4. School Report Cards: Some Recent Experiences. Working Paper
- Author
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Academy for Educational Development (AED), Educational Quality Improvement Program 2 (EQUIP2), Cameron, Laurie, Moses, Kurt D., and Gillies, John
- Abstract
Decentralization and an increased emphasis on community and parent participation represent significant education reform trends over the past decade. These reforms take place in the context of increased emphasis within Education for All (EFA) on improving education quality and outcomes and on strengthening accountability for results. They require that substantial information be available to local and regional stakeholders, school officials, and communities in order to increase transparency, establish a basis for accountability, and provide tools for effective management at the local level. Parents, teachers, school officials, and other stakeholders must be able to assess school performance and status. A number of countries are experimenting with school-level information systems known as "school report cards" to increase accountability and transparency. These systems have different formats and purposes, ranging from strict accountability systems that measure student performance to participatory diagnostic and management tools that support school managers. Efforts are relatively novel, and substantial evaluation information is not yet available. The purpose of this report is to present the various types of school report cards and information systems currently being used and establish a typology for understanding the range of audiences and purposes for such systems, as well as the continuum of cost and sophistication involved.
- Published
- 2006
5. Trends in Private Sector Development in World Bank Education Projects. Policy Research Working Paper Series.
- Author
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World Bank, Washington, DC. Human Development Network. and Sosale, Shobhana
- Abstract
The private sector is playing an increasingly important role in financing and providing educational services in many countries. (Often the term "private sector" encompasses households' out-of-pocket expenses rather than describing for-profit or not-for-profit sectors.) Private sector development has not arisen primarily through public policy design but has been affected by the design and limitations of public policy. Analyses of case studies of 11 of 70 World Bank education projects in 1995-97 reveal that the World Bank's interest in private sector development is in capacity-oriented privatization to absorb excess demand for education. This is crucial to the bank's general strategy for education lending: promoting access with equity, focusing on efficiency in resource allocation, promoting quality, and supporting capacity building. Absorbing excess demand tends to involve poorer families, usually much poorer than those that take advantage of other forms of privatized education. The bank emphasizes capacity-oriented privatization, especially of teacher training for primary and secondary schools, as well as institutional capacity building for tertiary and vocational education. The underlying principle is that strengthening the private sector's role in noncompulsory education over time will release public resources for the compulsory (primary) level. (Case studies of World Bank projects in the following countries are appended: Dominican Republic, Maldives, Chile, Mauritania, Argentina, Senegal, Burkina Faso, Mali, Indonesia, El Salvador, and Comoros. Contains 74 references.) (KC)
- Published
- 2000
6. A low-cost, paper-based hybrid capture assay to detect high-risk HPV DNA for cervical cancer screening in low-resource settings.
- Author
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Smith, Chelsey A., Chang, Megan M., Kundrod, Kathryn A., Novak, Emilie N., Parra, Sonia G., López, Leticia, Mavume, Celda, Lorenzoni, Cesaltina, Maza, Mauricio, Salcedo, Mila P., Carns, Jennifer L., Baker, Ellen, Montealegre, Jane, Scheurer, Michael, Castle, Philip E., Schmeler, Kathleen M., and Richards-Kortum, Rebecca R.
- Subjects
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HUMAN papillomavirus , *CERVICAL cancer , *EARLY detection of cancer , *DNA , *PATHOLOGICAL laboratories , *CELLULAR inclusions , *TESTING laboratories - Abstract
Cervical cancer is a leading cause of cancer death for women in low-resource settings. The World Health Organization recommends that cervical cancer screening programs incorporate HPV DNA testing, but available tests are expensive, require laboratory infrastructure, and cannot be performed at the point-of-care. We developed a two-dimensional paper network (2DPN), hybrid-capture, signal amplification assay and a point-of-care sample preparation protocol to detect high-risk HPV DNA from exfoliated cervical cells within an hour. The test does not require expensive equipment and has an estimated cost of <$3 per test without the need for batching. We evaluated performance of the paper HPV DNA assay with short synthetic and genomic HPV DNA targets, HPV positive and negative cellular samples, and two sets of clinical samples. The first set of clinical samples consisted of 16 biobanked, provider-collected cervical samples from a study in El Salvador previously tested with careHPV and subsequently tested in a controlled laboratory environment. The paper HPV DNA test correctly identified eight of eight HPV-negative clinical samples and seven of eight HPV-positive clinical samples. We then performed a field evaluation of the paper HPV DNA test in a hospital laboratory in Mozambique. Cellular controls generated expected results throughout field testing with fully lyophilized sample preparation and 2DPN reagents. When evaluated with 16 residual self-collected cervicovaginal samples previously tested by the GeneXpert HPV assay ("Xpert"), the accuracy of the HPV DNA paper test in the field was reduced compared to testing in the controlled laboratory environment, with positive results obtained for all eight HPV-positive samples as well as seven of eight HPV-negative samples. Further evaluation showed reduction in performance was likely due in part to increased concentration of exfoliated cells in the self-collected clinical samples from Mozambique compared with provider-collected samples from El Salvador. Finally, a formal usability assessment was conducted with users in El Salvador and Mozambique; the assay was rated as acceptable to perform after minimal training. With additional optimization for higher cell concentrations and inclusion of an internal cellular control, the paper HPV DNA assay offers promise as a low-cost, point-of-care cervical cancer screening test in low-resource settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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7. Do Community-Managed Schools Work? An Evaluation of El Salvador's EDUCO Program. Working Paper Series on Impact Evaluation of Education Reforms. Paper No. 8.
- Author
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World Bank, Washington, DC., Jimenez, Emmanuel, and Sawada, Yasuyuki
- Abstract
This paper measures the effects on student outcomes of decentralizing educational responsibility to communities and schools. In El Salvador, community-managed schools emerged during the 1980s when public schools could not be extended to rural areas because of the country's civil war. In 1991, El Salvador's Ministry of Education decided to draw on this prototype to expand preprimary and primary education in rural areas through the EDUCO program (Educacion con Participacion de la Comunidad). The present EDUCO schools are each managed autonomously by a community education association elected from among the parents of students. The associations take a central role in administration and management. They are also responsible for contracting teachers and maintaining schools. Drawing on a national survey of schools, 38 EDUCO schools and 154 traditional rural schools were compared for third-graders' achievement on standardized tests of mathematics, language and school days missed due to teacher absence. Analysis controlled for student characteristics and selection bias, using an exogenously-determined formula for targeting EDUCO schools as an instrumental variable. Findings indicate that the rapid expansion of rural schools through EDUCO has not adversely affected student achievement yet has diminished student absences due to teacher absences. It was concluded however that this expansion may have effects on achievement long-term. (Contains 20 references and extensive statistical data tables.) (Author/SV)
- Published
- 1998
8. Backed by papers: Undoing persons, histories, and return.
- Author
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Yngvesson, Barbara and Coutin, Susan Bibler
- Subjects
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DEPORTATION , *IMMIGRATION law , *RETURN migration , *ADOPTION - Abstract
The article focuses on the implications on the deportations of long-time U.S. residents to El Salvador and the radical trips that Swedish transnational adoptees must make in order to reestablish their identities with their ancestries. However, such trips have been the source of destabilization for these individuals causing deviance from the original course of action and embracing emigration or adoption. The connection with the culture for which these individuals are embedded have also been lost.
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
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9. Gender occupational intensity and wages in the Northern Triangle of Central America.
- Author
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Espino, Ilya, Hermeto, Ana, and Luz, Luciana
- Subjects
WAGES ,JOB classification ,QUANTILE regression ,JOB analysis ,GENDER - Abstract
Purpose: This paper aims to explore the relationship between gender occupational intensity and wages in the Northern Triangle of Central America using national surveys carried out in 2014. Design/methodology/approach: A harmonized occupational classification at the -digit level is built with the objective of analyzing the occupational distribution across countries. Then, quantile regressions (QRs) are estimated to explore in detail which factors are affecting the wages of both females and males; in particular, this paper pays special attention to female occupational intensity (the share of females within each occupation). Findings: The comparative analysis suggests that women are overrepresented in certain occupations, and they are much more likely to be working in part-time jobs than men in all countries. Furthermore, findings reveal that working in female-dominated occupations has a negative effect on wages along the distribution across countries. However, the effect of this variable is higher at the lower quantile of the distribution for women, especially in El Salvador and Honduras. Originality/value: This paper first proposes a new typology of occupations, which allows a consistent and comparable analysis of the occupational structure. The results then provide a picture to address gender occupational intensity and its links with wages. Further, the characteristics of the labor market and differences in trends across these countries suggest that this topic requires challenging research for the region. Peer review: The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/IJSE-03-2021-0165 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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10. Researchers from Federal University Bahia Report Details of New Studies and Findings in the Area of CDC and FDA (Homemade Paper Analytical Device and Digital Image Colorimetry As Tools for Learning About Calibration Curve Methods During the...).
- Subjects
DIGITAL technology ,CALIBRATION ,COVID-19 pandemic ,LEARNING ,NEW product development laws ,REPORTERS & reporting - Abstract
Keywords: Salvador; Brazil; South America; CDC and FDA; Epidemiology; Health and Medicine; Pandemic EN Salvador Brazil South America CDC and FDA Epidemiology Health and Medicine Pandemic 953 953 1 07/31/23 20230731 NES 230731 2023 AUG 6 (NewsRx) -- By a News Reporter-Staff News Editor at TB & Outbreaks Week -- Current study results on CDC and FDA have been published. Keywords for this news article include: Salvador, Brazil, South America, CDC and FDA, Epidemiology, Health and Medicine, Pandemic, Federal University Bahia. Salvador, Brazil, South America, CDC and FDA, Epidemiology, Health and Medicine, Pandemic. [Extracted from the article]
- Published
- 2023
11. Negotiating humanitarian space with criminal armed groups in urban Latin America.
- Author
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Lucchi, Elena and Schuberth, Moritz
- Subjects
COMMUNITIES ,PHILANTHROPISTS ,CITIES & towns ,CRIMINALS ,TRUST - Abstract
Copyright of Disasters is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2023
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12. Is presidential re-election really allowed in El Salvador? Constitutional Analysis and Supreme Court Rulings.
- Author
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Alas Moreno, Nancy Eunice
- Subjects
LEGAL judgments ,ELECTIONS ,PRESIDENTIAL system - Abstract
Copyright of Revista Euro Latinoamericana de Análisis Social y Político (RELASP) is the property of Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Facultad de Ciencia Politica y Relaciones Internacionales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2024
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13. DECOLONIZING ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION WITH LITERATURE BY BLACK AND INDIGENOUS WRITERS.
- Author
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Mota-Pereira, Fernanda
- Subjects
ENGLISH language education ,ENGLISH literature education ,EMPATHY ,FOREIGN language education ,DECOLONIZATION ,CONVERSATION method (Language teaching) - Abstract
Copyright of Trabalhos em Lingüística Aplicada is the property of Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Portal de Periodicos Eletronicos Cientificos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. HAYDER ALIYEV'S PERSPECTIVE OF THE TURKIC WORLD: A QUALITATIVE RESEARCH ON THE CONCEPT OF SAVIOR LEADERSHIP IN POLITICAL COMMUNICATION.
- Author
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Yilmaz, Baha Ahmet, Gültekin, Bilgehan, Babayeva-Shukurova, Farahila, and Ün, Lütfullah
- Subjects
POLITICAL communication ,POLITICAL leadership ,IDENTITY (Psychology) ,ACCULTURATION ,LEADERSHIP ,NAGORNO-Karabakh Conflict - Abstract
Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2024
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- View/download PDF
15. The Unintended Consequences of Deportations: Evidence from Firm Behavior in El Salvador.
- Author
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Bandiera, Antonella, Dinarte Diaz, Lelys, Rozo, Sandra V., Schmidt-Padilla, Carlos, Sviatschi, María Micaela, and Winkler, Hernan
- Subjects
INFORMAL sector ,COMMUNITIES ,COUNTRY of origin (Immigrants) ,DEPORTATION ,REPATRIATION - Abstract
Can repatriation inflows impact firm behavior in origin countries? This paper examines this question in the context of repatriation inflows from the United States and Mexico to El Salvador. The paper combines a rich longitudinal dataset covering all formal firms in El Salvador with individual-level data on all registered repatriations from 2011 to 2016. The empirical strategy combines variation in the municipality of birth of individuals repatriated over 1995–2002—before a significant change in deportation policies—with annual variation in aggregate inflows of repatriations to El Salvador. The findings show that repatriations have large negative effects on the average wages of formal workers. This is mainly driven by formal firms in sectors that face more intense competition from the informal sector, which deportees are more likely to join. Repatriation inflows also reduce total employment among formal firms in those sectors. Given that most deportees spend less than a month abroad, these findings suggest that the experience of being detained and deported can have strong negative effects not only on the deportees but also on their receiving communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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16. The C.I.A. and The White Paper On El Salvador.
- Author
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McGehee, Ralph
- Subjects
MURDER - Abstract
Criticizes the secret plot documented by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in clandestine with the U.S. administration to depose and kill leftist ruler Salvador Allende in El Salvador. Forgery operation of CIA in El Salvador; Efforts by CIA to distort the truth of Allende's murder; Support by the U.S. administration to CIA to weave the conspiracy to kill Allende.
- Published
- 1981
17. Labor Force Participation of Central American Migrant Women in Mexico.
- Author
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Pederzini, Carla and Meza, Liliana
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LABOR supply ,CENSUS ,WOMEN employees ,MEXICANS ,HUMAN capital ,MARITAL status - Abstract
Central Americans living in Mexico remain a small group (100 thousand) relative to the size of the Mexican population. However, they experienced accelerated growth between 2000 and 2020, with Guatemalans as the largest group and Hondurans as the most dynamic one. The previous literature has found a positive and significant, albeit decreasing, income advantage of Central American workers in Mexico. Meanwhile, the percentage of migrant women reported as spouses has gone down and the female labor force has increased. The paper uses information from the 2000, 2010, and 2020 Mexican censuses as well as the 2015 Intercensal Survey to compare access to the labor market for men and women from Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras residing in Mexico. We compare marital status, female labor force participation, main economic sectors, human capital, and income levels of the men and women of each of the three nationalities considered, seeking to identify from a gender perspective the differentiated labor performance of each nationality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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18. Use of Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) to Improve Plastic Waste Management.
- Author
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Pereira, Lucas Menezes, Sanchez Rodrigues, Vasco, and Freires, Francisco Gaudêncio Mendonça
- Subjects
PLASTIC scrap ,STRUCTURAL equation modeling ,WASTE management ,LITERATURE reviews ,CITIES & towns ,PLASTIC scrap recycling - Abstract
This paper aims to propose improvements to plastic waste management performance via Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) using a survey's structured questionnaire and hypothesis testing. The methodology has been applied to the metropolis of Salvador, Brazil's third most populated city, although it can be used for other cities worldwide. All the indicators, constructs, and hypotheses concerning collection, sorting, and recycling came from a literature review. The dependence of the performance on efficiency, effectiveness, the municipality's socioeconomic aspects, and the municipality's infrastructure was evaluated, and both academic and practitioner public representatives were surveyed. Since almost double the minimum number of respondents answered the questionnaire and the PLS-SEM statistics showed that the modeling presents consistency, the discussion is relevant. The final results show that the respondents rated the volume of processing to be slightly more significant than the market maturity for the effectiveness of plastic waste management, which in turn contributes to performance. Once the positive influence of the municipality's infrastructure on performance has also been verified, the Deposit-Return Systems (DRSs) should be considered for improvement, in addition to an increase in the availability of selective collection systems, contributing to the growth of both the recycling rate and business profitability, reflections of performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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19. Seeing Luanda from Salvador: Lineaments of a Southern Atlantic Urbanism.
- Subjects
CITIES & towns ,URBANIZATION ,URBAN growth ,SLAVE trade ,REAL estate business - Abstract
Copyright of Antipode is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
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20. Design in a Colonial Periphery: Guilds, Artisans, and Non-Artisans in 18th-Century Sonsonate, El Salvador.
- Author
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Castellón Osegueda, José Ricardo
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INDUSTRIAL design ,DEVELOPED countries ,DESIGN services ,GUILDS ,ARTISANS - Abstract
Historical studies on the subject of Central American design are scarce. This article attempts to fill the gap as well as to overcome the exclusive correlation of design with industrialization. It highlights the relationship in a space and time other than those studied customarily: in the present case, 18th-century Sonsonate, El Salvador. With this purpose, it analyzes crafts, based primarily on an unpublished census of 1787 housed in the Archivo Municipal de Sonsonate. Considering design as a practice inherent to human life, this paper argues that design was present in craft activity through the creation of products, becoming a key factor for survival in a colonial periphery and overcoming guild barriers. Research findings indicate the limitations of conceiving design in industrial societies as a construction of coloniality, positing also the need to advance a concept of design that addresses the cultural and historical realities of peripheral regions like Sonsonate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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21. Staging the New City: Urban spectacles and the ecological origins of Nayib Bukele's authoritarian populism.
- Author
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Gutiérrez, Julio
- Subjects
REAL property ,CITIES & towns ,POPULISM ,POLITICAL doctrines - Abstract
This paper analyzes the connections between real estate speculation and authoritarian populism in El Salvador. Focusing on president Nayib Bukele's term as mayor of Nuevo Cuscatlán (2012–2015), I examine the role speculative urbanism played in the crafting of his profile as a promising politician in the early years of his career. I trace how Bukele instrumentalized the ecosystem of Nuevo Cuscatlán's coffee forest as a means to fund a personalistic populist strategy whose main project called for the construction of a "New City." This project involved the lifting of barriers to real estate investment to raise funds for social programs and municipal infrastructure. Its flipside was an aggressive process of deforestation and displacement of rural populations. Drawing on urban political ecology and critical agrarian studies, I argue that Bukele's New City project constituted a type of urban spectacle. This urban spectacle was rooted in two socio‐ecological dynamics: (1) The use of land as a revenue‐raising token of exchange; and (2) The fetishization of urban water infrastructure in the context of water scarcity. The paper concludes with various considerations about the destructive force of the link between authoritarian populism and urban extractivism in rural environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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22. Public works programs and crime: Evidence for El Salvador.
- Author
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Acosta, Pablo and Monsalve Montiel, Emma
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PUBLIC works ,SOCIAL services ,CRIME ,INCOME maintenance programs ,COMMUNITY involvement ,CRIME statistics - Abstract
Most evaluations of public works programs in developing countries study their effects on poverty reduction and other labor market outcomes (job creation, earnings, and participation). However, very few look at other collateral effects, such as the incidence of violence. Between 2009 and 2014, El Salvador implemented the Temporary Income Support Program (PATI), which aimed at guaranteeing a temporary minimum level of income to extremely poor urban families for 6 months, as well as providing beneficiaries with experience in social and productive activities at the municipal level. Making use of a panel data set at the municipal level for 2007–2014, with monthly data on different types of crime rates and social program benefits by municipalities, this paper assesses the effects of the program on crime rates in municipalities in El Salvador. There are several possible channels through which the PATI can affect crime. Since the program is associated with cash transfers to beneficiaries, a decrease in economically motivated crimes is expected (income effect). But since the program enforces work requirements and community participation, this could generate a negative impact on crime, because the beneficiaries will have less time to commit crime and because of community deterrence effects. Overall, the paper finds a robust and significant negative impact of the PATI on most types of crimes in the municipalities with the intervention. Moreover, the negative effects of the program on some types of crime rates hold several years after participation. The positive spillover effects for municipalities hold within a radius of 50 km. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
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23. Tenders Info Reports 10-12-2020: El Salvador.
- Subjects
LETTING of contracts ,PUBLIC contracts ,PAPER industry ,PACKAGING - Published
- 2020
24. From securities to currencies: the regulatory consequences of adopting cryptocurrencies as legal tender.
- Author
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Parampathu, Joseph
- Subjects
- *
LEGAL tender , *CRYPTOCURRENCIES , *HARD currencies , *MONETARY policy , *BITCOIN - Abstract
In 2021, El Salvador designated Bitcoin as legal tender within that country, payable for all debts, public and private. The move is novel in the realm of cryptocurrency regulation, but fits within a time-honoured battle over monetary policy with which every country engages. This piece examines the impacts of legal tender designations in these various areas and maps the current regulatory framework of cryptocurrency transactions, to argue that cryptocurrency's practical uses are decoupling states from monetary control and developing a transnational legal theory agnostic to concerns such as the legal tender question. It shows how the El Salvador regulation threatens to shift the dominant global economic regime towards a world wherein money may not be governed by states at all. The paper develops this transnational legal theory through mapping the US regulatory framework regarding cryptocurrency and examining the impact of the El Salvador regulation from a US point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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25. San Isidro, Sonsonate, El Salvador: Development of a Preclassic Settlement in Chronological and Geographic Context.
- Author
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Szymański, Jan and Méndez, Miriam
- Subjects
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RADIOCARBON dating , *ARCHAEOLOGICAL excavations , *CULTURAL relations , *AREA studies , *UNITED States history , *ARCHAEOLOGICAL dating - Abstract
This paper presents a study of the San Isidro archaeological site in El Salvador, providing significant insights into the development of Preclassic settlements in the region. Through analysis of ceramic sequences, radiocarbon dating, and excavations, the study traces the site's evolution and its contextual significance within Mesoamerican and Isthmo-Colombian spheres. We report on the discovery of over 50 mounds constructed around 400 b.c., indicating the emergence of a complex social structure at that time. The unearthed artifacts, including jade objects and Bolinas-type figurines, suggest cultural exchange with often distant regions of Mesoamerica and the Isthmo-Colombian area. This research not only contributes to understanding the chronological and geographic development of San Isidro but also highlights the site's role in broader Preclassic Mesoamerican cultural dynamics. Our findings challenge existing perceptions of cultural peripherality and emphasize the need for nuanced regional studies in reconstructing ancient Central American history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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26. The Effects of Transit Systems on International Trade.
- Author
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Carballo, Jerónimo, Graziano, Alejandro G., Schaur, Georg, and Volpe Martincus, Christian
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INTERNATIONAL trade ,DEVELOPING countries - Abstract
In this paper, we estimate the trade effects of a transit system upgrading that streamlines border processing in developing countries. Our empirical approach combines transaction-level export data from El Salvador with unique data that distinguishes export flows that were processed on the transit system. Our results indicate that the new transit system lowered regulatory border costs and raised exports. At the low end, our back-of-the-envelope estimate of the return to investment is US$ 3-to-1. This evidence informs a policy covered by the 2013 WTO Agreement of Trade Facilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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27. Machine learning models for forecasting water demand for the Metropolitan Region of Salvador, Bahia.
- Author
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Santos de Jesus, Edmilson dos and Silva Gomes, Gecynalda Soares da
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MACHINE learning ,WATER demand management ,DEMAND forecasting ,MOVING average process ,TIME series analysis ,LONG-term memory ,BOX-Jenkins forecasting - Abstract
This paper proposes a new hybrid SVR-ANN model for water demand forecasting. Where an adaptation of the methodology proposed by Zhang (Neurocomputing 50:159–175, 2003) is used to decompose the time series of 10 reservoirs that supply the Metropolitan Region of Salvador (RMS). The data used are from the historical consumption from January 2017 to February 2022, obtained from the local supply company, Empresa Baiana de Águas e Saneamento, and meteorological data obtained from the National Institute of Meteorology of Brazil. The results demonstrated the feasibility of using the proposed model, compared to other traditional models such as the multilayer perceptron (MLP), support vector regression (SVR), short long-term memory (LSTM) and autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Guerrillas and authoritarians: Partners in post-war polarization.
- Author
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Turner, Jacob R
- Subjects
GUERRILLAS ,AUTHORITARIANISM ,POLARIZATION (Social sciences) ,PEACEBUILDING - Abstract
Despite a violent and extremist past, some armed rebel movements often abandon their arms and successfully contest power through elections. This paper seeks to understand the environmental factors that determine an insurgent successor party's electoral success. Using first a cross-national analysis of insurgent successor party performance and then a subnational analysis of Salvadoran elections from 1994–2019, it is shown that the party's ability to leverage identities forged during the war and organize its appeals along a highly polarized pro- and anti-government axis is crucial to electoral success. This is understood as an organizational capability, the capacity to oppose. At the national level, the existence of an authoritarian successor party increases the longevity of such polarization while subnationally levels of violence help to solidify the wartime cleavage as the most important for local politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
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29. Advancing progress on tobacco control in low- income and middle- income countries through economic analysis.
- Author
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Small, Roy, Nugent, Rachel, Webb, Douglas, Hutchinson, Brian, Spencer, Garrison, Ngongo, Carrie, Chestnov, Roman, and Tarlton, Dudley
- Subjects
SMOKING prevention ,GOVERNMENT policy -- Law & legislation ,MIDDLE-income countries ,GOVERNMENT policy ,TOBACCO ,INTERPROFESSIONAL relations ,SMOKING ,HEALTH policy ,COST benefit analysis ,POPULATION geography ,TOBACCO products ,LOW-income countries - Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. The Asymmetrical Stop Inventory of Witzapan Nawat.
- Author
-
Salgado, Hugo
- Subjects
- *
INVENTORIES , *LINGUISTIC change , *INVENTORY theory , *PHONOLOGY - Abstract
The stop inventory of Witzapan Nawat, a critically endangered indigenous language of El Salvador, has been traditionally described as consisting only of a voiceless series /p t k kw/. In this paper, I measure the voice onset time, consonant duration, and percent voicing in stops produced by five L1 Witzapan Nawat speakers. I find that, while /p t kw/ have acoustic characteristics of voiceless stops in practically all contexts, the velar stop in this language is better analyzed as a voiced velar stop /ɡ/ rather than /k/. This results in an asymmetrical and unusual stop system that is not predicted by some theories of phonemic inventory structure. For instance, markedness-based theories propose that /ɡ/ is more marked that /b d/ and predict that, if a language has one voiced stop, it would be /b/ or /d/ rather than /ɡ/. On the other hand, feature-systemic models predict that, if a language has a stop with the [+voice] feature at a given place of articulation, it will also tend to have this feature in stops at other points of articulation to maximize feature economy. The phonemic inventory of Witzapan Nawat contradicts these predictions. I explain the asymmetrical stop inventory of this language as the result of diachronic developments involving sound change and analogy, concluding that language change does not necessarily advance towards symmetry and that phonemic inventories are the reflection of their diachrony, as proposed by Evolutionary Phonology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. A Four-Speed Reform: A Typology for Legal Capacity Reforms in Latin American Countries.
- Author
-
Constantino Caycho, Renato Antonio and Bregaglio Lazarte, Renata Anahí
- Subjects
LAW reform ,PEOPLE with disabilities ,REFORMS - Abstract
In the past few years, Latin American countries have started to enact changes in their legal capacity regulations regarding persons with disabilities. However, even when these changes started over eight years ago, there were few to no analyses on the matter. In addition, there is no encompassing theory or typology on how these reforms happen and on their effects. In the present paper, we propose two axes of analysis for the reforms: enforceability and compliance with Article 12 of the CRPD. This matrix allows for four kinds of reforms: incipient, formal, conciliatory and radical. Using this matrix, we examined the legislative changes in Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Mexico, Nicaragua and Peru. Incipient reforms (Mexico) are not that effective but can lead to serious later change. Formal reforms (the Dominican Republic, El Salvador and Nicaragua) have few to no effects. Conciliatory reforms (Argentina, Brazil and Costa Rica) are a legislative compromise that allows for progressive change. Finally, radical reforms create encompassing change that is good but might create problems in the implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. The Implications of Migration Governance and Colonial Structures in Humanitarian Organisations in Mexico.
- Author
-
Rosales, Erika Herrera
- Subjects
COLONIAL administration ,MASS migrations ,PATERNALISM ,PHILANTHROPISTS ,NONGOVERNMENTAL organizations ,SUSPICION - Abstract
Non-government organisations (NGOs) have emerged in Mexico to support migrants while also cooperating with governmental institutions. Based on nine months of fieldwork, this paper explores the ambivalences within humanitarian organisations that aid migrants from Guatemala, Honduras and El Salvador. First, this article suggests that organisations engage in practices of mistrust and policing of migrants that do not align with their intention to safeguard them. Second, it argues that NGOs facilitate instances of paternalism to control migrants in their shelters and further subordinate them. Finally, it addresses how local organisations and shelters resolved the duality of care and control by punishing migrants. NGOs are drawn to reinforce the power structures that govern global migration. This is often in contradiction to their caring and supportive roles. As a result, NGOs replicate entrenched racialising discourse, power inequalities and control over mobile subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Military Responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic Crisis in Latin America: Military Presence, Autonomy, and Human Rights Violations.
- Author
-
Acacio, Igor, Passos, Anaís M., and Pion-Berlin, David
- Subjects
COVID-19 pandemic ,INFERENCE (Logic) ,HUMAN rights violations ,STAY-at-home orders ,HUMAN rights ,MEDICAL care ,UNITED States armed forces ,PREPAREDNESS ,PUBLIC safety - Abstract
The military in Latin America has been extensively involved in pandemic relief operations. This paper analyses the impact of militarization of pandemic relief operations on human rights. It argues that not all militarization is equally harmful to individuals in the region. When troops assume responsibilities regarding medical care and logistical support, human rights violations do not follow. When involved in policing the stay-at-home orders, the extent of human rights violations is explained by the level of operational autonomy the military has in public security operations. The more autonomous the military, more likely abuses are to occur. Additionally, military exposure to judicial prosecution for human rights offenses contributes to the explanation. After gathering original empirical evidence from 14 Latin American democracies on military presence in pandemic relief, we draw our inferences from process tracing on four comparative case studies of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and El Salvador. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Shithole rhetorics.
- Author
-
Bahrainwala, Lamiyah
- Subjects
GREEN cards ,RHETORIC ,ISLAMOPHOBIA ,POPULAR culture ,ANXIETY - Abstract
In 2018, U.S. President Donald Trump described El Salvador, Haiti, and the continent of Africa as "shitholes" in a meeting about immigration. This comment, which was readily legible as racist, is situated within a larger toileting discourse that deploys what I call "shithole rhetorics" to further anti-Muslim and anti-queer anxieties. These anxieties cluster around the anatomy and infrastructure of shitholes, i.e., anuses and squat toilets. I examine shithole rhetorics in several Trumpian texts to expose the bizarre role of toileting in U.S. nationalist discourse. Additionally, I examine toileting texts from popular culture that seek to interrupt such shithole rhetorics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Corporate Networks and Business Influence in Panama, Costa Rica, and El Salvador.
- Author
-
Cárdenas, Julián and Robles-Rivera, Francisco
- Subjects
BUSINESS networks ,CAMPAIGN funds ,ECONOMIC elites ,POLITICAL campaigns ,POLITICAL participation ,BUSINESS enterprises - Abstract
Copyright of Colombia Internacional is the property of Universidad de los Andes and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. "A Daily Born and Dying": Dynamics of Affective-Semiotic Self-Regulation Involved in Early Intervention Practices with Children with Congenital Zika Virus Syndrome.
- Author
-
Brito, Nara Jesus, Pontes, Vívian Volkmer, and Bustamante, Vania
- Subjects
ZIKA virus infections ,PUBLIC health ,PERFORMANCE in children ,MEDIATORS (Persons) ,SYNDROMES in children - Abstract
From 2015 to 2016, an epidemic of births of children with Congenital Zika Virus Syndrome emerged in Brazil, and the state of Bahia concentrated the highest incidence of cases. The official health guidelines recommended that the affected children and their families should be supported by interdisciplinary teams of early intervention. This paper aims to deepen the comprehension of regulation and affective-semiotic mediation processes involved in the early intervention with children with Congenital Zika Virus Syndrome and their families. It focus on the experiences of a professional interviewed in a public health service in Salvador, Bahia – Brazil, through narrative analysis and the theoretical-methodological foundations of Cultural Psychology of the Semiotic Dynamics. These approaches allowed the understanding of the processes of construction of meanings, symbolic action and affective-semiotic regulation. The care of Congenital Zika Virus Syndrome children by professionals relates to disquieting experiences, inter subjectivity, meaning construction, affections and symbolic actions. These dynamic processes allowed the professional to better adapt to regulation and affective-semiotic mediation, as well as her own performance in face of children and their families. This analysis emphasizes the reflections of health care practices and their repercussions in the quality of the assistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. THE SLIPPERY SLOPE OF ABORTION RIGHTS: THE MANUELA V. EL SALVADOR INFANTICIDE DECISION BY THE INTER-AMERICAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS.
- Author
-
De Jesus Castaldi, Ligia
- Subjects
PRO-choice movement ,HUMAN rights ,CRIMINAL procedure ,LEGAL services - Abstract
In an unprecedented holding for any international human rights court, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights ordered El Salvador to create impunity for infanticide, to carry out criminal procedure law reform to inhibit its prosecution, and to inhibit enforcement of El Salvador's ban on abortion in Manuela v. El Salvador, decided in November 2021. This paper analyzes the case's factual, legal and political context, and challenges the validity of the judgment's holdings under the American Convention on Human Rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
38. Populism, Religion, and Social Media in Central America.
- Author
-
Siles, Ignacio, Guevara, Erica, Tristán-Jiménez, Larissa, and Carazo, Carolina
- Subjects
SOCIAL media ,POLITICAL campaigns ,CHARISMATIC authority ,COMMUNICATION styles ,DISCOURSE analysis ,CHARISMA ,ELECTIONS - Abstract
This paper analyzes how presidential candidates Fabricio Alvarado and Nayib Bukele used Facebook during the elections in Costa Rica (2018) and El Salvador (2019) respectively to develop a particular style of communication that blended populist elements and religious discourse. This style of communication extended traditional modes of populism that have prevailed in Latin America since the turn of the century (emphasizing the notion of the hero who comes to rescue "the people") but expressed them in an explicitly religious way (stressing the role of a "messiah" who comes to alter the established political order). We conducted both content and multimodal discourse analyses of 838 posts made by these candidates on Facebook during their respective electoral campaigns. We argue that the study of these campaigns would be incomplete without accounting for the relationship between populism, religion, and social media. While populism gave political validity to religious discourse, a religious imaginary provided populism with charismatic and messianic authority. This populist/religious reason found an ideal expression in Facebook and, simultaneously, was resignified by this platform's affordances. In this way, we assess how fundamentalist Christianity has become a legitimating force of knowledge and politics in the context of epistemic tensions that shape contemporary Latin-American societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. SOIL-WATER RETENTION CURVE AND BEGINNING OF MONITORING IN TIERRA BLANCA JOVEN (TBJ).
- Author
-
Chávez, José A., López, Reynaldo, Kopecky, Lubomir, and Landaverde, José
- Subjects
- *
SOIL moisture , *ZONE of aeration , *SOIL permeability , *SHEAR strength of soils , *TENSIOMETERS , *ECOLOGY - Abstract
In El Salvador during the rainy season or when major earthquakes occur, the areas covered by the volcanic tephras Tierra Blanca Joven (TBJ) suffer mass movements, liquefaction and erosion; causing important environmental, social and economic losses. To start the characterization of these unsaturated soils, suction values of a fall unit of TBJ were obtained using pressure plate, centrifuge and filter paper to build a Soil-Water Retention Curve. The use of this curve into finite elements software can help to acquire shear strength and permeability properties. The filter paper showed to be a practical method but close to saturation the pressure plate is needed. With the centrifuge, scatter results were observed. Also field test using Quickdraw tensiometer (suction) and TMS3 (soil moisture content) are being conducted to propose a field methodology for an early warning system for the slopes, that could help in urban planning and risk assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
40. The "Ketu Nation" of Brazilian Candomblé in Historical Context.
- Author
-
Castillo, Lisa Earl
- Subjects
HISTORIC sites ,SLAVE trade ,CULTURAL property - Abstract
The Afro-Brazilian religion of Candomblé arose during the Atlantic slave trade and has unmistakable Yorùbá influences. In the city of Salvador, the term nação ketu [Ketu nation] is used among the oldest temples in describing Yorùbá heritage. This has led some scholars to assume that the founders came from the Yorùbá kingdom by that name. This paper critically examines the idea of Kétu origins, taking as a case study the temple Ilê Axé Iyá Nassô Oká, a national historic heritage site in Brazil that is recognized by UNESCO as a site of diasporic memory. The paper shows that the first generations of leadership were dominated by people from Ọ̀yọ́ and that the term ketu emerged not as an allusion to ethnic origins but perhaps as a metaphor for a heterogeneous cultural context in which Yorùbá speakers from disparate regions lived in close coexistence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Strategic management practices in Central American micro family enterprises: The case of the commercial sector in El Salvador.
- Author
-
Flores‐Hernández, Edwin R., García‐Alonso, Carlos R., and Hervás‐Martínez, César
- Subjects
FAMILY-owned business enterprises ,STRATEGIC planning ,SMALL business ,CORPORATE governance ,BALANCED scorecard ,ENTREPRENEURSHIP - Abstract
This paper analyses the characteristics of family microenterprises (San Salvador, El Salvador) regarding competitiveness, entrepreneurship, strategic design, decision‐making process, and corporate governance practices. By applying clustering algorithms, it was possible to identify company profiles based on their strategic, entrepreneurial, and decision‐making practices. Variables not used for clustering were analyzed to explain a microenterprise's inclusion in a profile. The goal of this research are to help policy makers and managers understand the behavior of family microenterprises in a very complicated socioeconomic environment and to guide policy design to promote more organized and competitive business structures in compromised socioeconomic situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Transport and density of population groups in the urban area of the city of Salvador.
- Author
-
Carvalho, Daniel S. A. and Santos, Gervásio F.
- Subjects
CITIES & towns ,URBAN density ,URBAN growth ,CITY traffic ,BLACK people ,PUBLIC spaces - Abstract
Copyright of Regional Science Policy & Practice is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Solar Radiation Forecasting Using Machine Learning and Ensemble Feature Selection.
- Author
-
Solano, Edna S., Dehghanian, Payman, and Affonso, Carolina M.
- Subjects
FEATURE selection ,SOLAR radiation ,FORECASTING ,RANDOM forest algorithms ,TIME perspective ,MACHINE learning - Abstract
Accurate solar radiation forecasting is essential to operate power systems safely under high shares of photovoltaic generation. This paper compares the performance of several machine learning algorithms for solar radiation forecasting using endogenous and exogenous inputs and proposes an ensemble feature selection method to choose not only the most related input parameters but also their past observations values. The machine learning algorithms used are: Support Vector Regression (SVR), Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBT), Categorical Boosting (CatBoost) and Voting-Average (VOA), which integrates SVR, XGBT and CatBoost. The proposed ensemble feature selection is based on Pearson coefficient, random forest, mutual information and relief. Prediction accuracy is evaluated based on several metrics using a real database from Salvador, Brazil. Different prediction time-horizons are considered: 1 h, 2 h and 3 h ahead. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed ensemble feature selection approach improves forecasting accuracy and that VOA performs better than the other algorithms in all prediction time horizons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Poverty and probability: aspiration and aversion to compound lotteries in El Salvador and India.
- Author
-
Spears, Dean
- Subjects
POVERTY ,PROBABILITY theory ,RISK aversion ,LOTTERIES ,EMPLOYMENT ,SOCIAL participation ,INVESTMENTS - Abstract
Some experimental participants are averse to compound lotteries: they prefer simple lotteries that depend on only one random event, even when the simple lotteries offer lower expected value. This paper proposes that many behavioral 'investments' represent more compound risk for poorer people-who often face multiple dimensions of deprivation-than for richer people. As a result, identical aversion to compound lotteries can prevent investment among poorer people, but have no effect on richer people. The paper reports five studies: two initial studies that document that aversion to compound lotteries operates as an economic preference, two 'laboratory experiments in the field' in El Salvador, and one Internet survey experiment in India. Poorer Salvadoran women who choose a compound lottery are 27 percentage points more likely to have found formal employment than those who chose a simple lottery, but lottery choice is unrelated to employment for richer women. Poorer students at the national Salvadoran university choose more compound lotteries than richer students, on average, implying that aversion to compound lotteries screened out poorer aspirants but not richer ones. Poorer and lower-caste Indian participants who choose compound lotteries are more likely than those who choose simple lotteries to have a different occupation than their parents, which is not the case for better-off participants. These findings suggest that the consequences of aversion to compound lotteries are different in the context of poverty and disadvantage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Bikuda: hair, aesthetic, and bodily perspectives from women in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
- Author
-
Means, Sheryl Felecia
- Subjects
AESTHETICS ,SOCIAL status ,HAIR ,PLURALITY voting ,SEMI-structured interviews ,MAN-woman relationships ,HIGHER education ,DRESS codes - Abstract
The Steve Biko Cultural Institute (Biko) is one of various institutions that aim to educate civically active Afro-descendant youth in Salvador who hope to enter higher education spaces. From this institution emerge the Bikudas, the female students. This paper analyzes semi-structured interviews and observations of this group from 2015 to 2016 and their shared experiences. The three aims of the paper are as follows regarding analysis of: (1) the plurality of Black identity; (2) the intersectionality Bikudas navigate as part of their social positioning within family, and relationships; and (3) how Black womanhood manifests on the body. This paper discusses how participants described their social standing as the lowest rank and struggled with their interactions with others on the basis of color, were often rejected by family members for wearing their hair naturally and assuming outward markers of Black identity, and endured greater socioeconomic burdens than their male counterparts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Medical Brigades to El Salvador and Honduras: Travel imaginaries and volunteer tourist recruitment.
- Author
-
Morrissey, Marietta
- Subjects
VOLUNTEER recruitment ,ECONOMIC underdevelopment ,VOLUNTEER service ,VOLUNTEER tourism ,INTERNATIONAL adoption - Abstract
In this paper, I explore travel imaginaries in the recruitment of participants to short-term medical brigades in El Salvador and Honduras. I look in particular at how trip leaders and organization website frame the volunteer tourist experience, drawing on familiar, shared imaginaries of poor, backward international settings, and related performative interventions that echo white colonial relationships. Recruitment messaging offers little specific or informed sense of place, ignoring the national histories and socio-economic circumstances of the receiving countries. As a consequence, the health profiles and capacities of El Salvador and Honduras are finally obscured in favor of the valorized performance of visitors and externally-driven protocols and care. The efforts of some brigade sponsors and related organizations to improve health-care delivery to local communities, in particular fundraising among brigade participants and other donors, would seem to separate the link between travel and volunteerism. They continue, however, to reinforce broadly-held imaginaries of international poverty and economic backwardness and related rescue by the Global North. A more realistic understanding of Honduran and Salvadoran economies and politics remains elusive and requires a reorientation of voluntary engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. State Presence, Armed Actors, and Criminal Violence in Central America.
- Author
-
Cruz, José Miguel and Vorobyeva, Yulia
- Subjects
NON-state actors (International relations) ,COMMUNITIES ,VIOLENCE ,VIOLENCE in the community ,CRIMINALS ,DEVELOPING countries - Abstract
This paper examines the relationship between the perceived presence of state forces and non-state actors and the levels of criminal violence affecting Central America. It contends that state presence in some communities does not necessarily lead to lower crime levels than communities where state institutions are absent. The data of this study come from three nationally representative surveys conducted in Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador. The findings suggest that state forces, such as the police and the military, have a limited role in reducing criminal violence rates. In contrast, non-state armed actors, such as vigilantes and community groups, may have a more significant role in reducing violence in some circumstances. We analyze these findings as evidence of the complex relationships between state actors, non-state actors, and criminal violence in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. 'Accumulation by appropriation': The integration of recyclable-waste collector cooperatives in Salvador, Brazil, and the right to the city.
- Author
-
Manzi, Maya, Santana, Joilson Santos, and Marchi, Cristina Maria Dacach Fernandez
- Subjects
INDUSTRIAL relations ,WASTE management ,LEGAL recognition ,CIVIL rights ,RIGHT to work (Human rights) ,CITIES & towns - Abstract
This paper analyzes the intersection between waste, value, and the right to the city within the context of the Municipal Recycling Collection Program in Salvador, Brazil. It shows how the legal recognition of recyclable-waste collectors as legitimate workers and their integration into municipal practices of waste management has not materialized into improved working conditions and has done nothing to advance their struggle for the right to the city. A critical value perspective on this specific case demonstrates that waste and "humans-as-waste" "switching" from not-value to value-in-the-making does not represent a way of escaping abjection and exploitation. Instead, the inclusion of cooperative collectors into the municipal recycling collection program has resulted in new forms of dispossession, through state-increased control over recyclables and in the municipality appropriating the value produced by the struggles, knowledge, and informal collective labor of the collectors. The right to the city for waste workers in Salvador therefore entails the right to work with dignity and the re-appropriation of waste as the urban commons to create livelihoods based on labor relations and regimes of value against and beyond capitalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. The Politics of Negotiating with Gangs. The Case of El Salvador.
- Author
-
Miguel Cruz, José
- Subjects
NEGOTIATION ,CRIME policy ,ORGANIZED crime ,SOCIAL order ,SOCIAL history - Abstract
This paper explores the dynamics of negotiations between the Salvadoran government and the street gangs, called maras. The paper argues that state negotiations with criminal groups can occur when organized crime is a significant part of the social and political order. This tacit order allows a great deal of coordination between and within criminal organizations and the focus of negotiations from the state's point of view is limited to the management of violence, not the dismantling of gangs' territorial control. This article draws on seventeen in‐depth interviews with middle‐level gang leaders, government officials, and participants of the truce negotiations from 2012 to 2016; it also relies on public information published by Salvadoran journalists and government sources about the truce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Democratization in the Third Wave:Political Violence as a Transition Tactic.
- Author
-
Lupo, Lindsey
- Subjects
- *
DEMOCRATIZATION , *POLITICAL violence - Abstract
Between 1974 and 1990, the international system experienced what Samuel Huntington has termed “the third wave of democratization in the modern world” (Huntington 1991). During this sixteen-year period, approximately thirty countries, from southern and Eastern Europe to Latin America to Asia, transitioned to democracy while a handful of other countries significantly liberalized their political systems. In the years following, states continued to democratize, including even apartheid-weary South Africa. Indeed, much of the transition literature touts the peaceful nature of the third wave. The result is that there is a dearth of information regarding political violence and the role it plays in democratic transitions. This paper seeks to explore the issue of political violence as it relates to the transition process. Specifically, does political violence hinder the democratic transition process? Instances of political violence that occur during the transition period are as important to study as instances of peaceful transition; to understand only one type of transition is to misunderstand the idiosyncratic nature of transitions. The gap in the literature that currently fails to address the role of political violence in countries moving toward democratic rule has mistakenly resulted in broad generalizations that violence is only detrimental to the prospect of democracy. Instead, political violence should be understood to be one of many factors affecting the process, sometimes creating problems for the success of the transition but other times emerging as the only option. What this paper finds is that, first, while violence may act as a hindrance to the transition process, other aspects of the transition can be just as much of a barrier. Second, the degrees of obstruction should be qualified – while political violence may be a hindrance, it is by no means detrimental to the transition process. Democratic transitions can successfully occur in the presence of political violence. Finally, democratic transitions should be studied as idiosyncratic phenomena as broad generalizations often do not apply. This paper will explore these three arguments and will also briefly discuss five transitions in which violence occurred– Portugal, El Salvador, South Africa, Romania, and East Timor (Timor Leste). This research will have implications for the sub-fields of comparative politics, international relations, and political violence. How we study democratic transitions and the presence or absence of political violence will be altered as we address the explanatory value of broad generalizations. These “formulae for democratization” have deemed violent transitions as inherently dangerous to the subsequent success of the democratic state. However, the research shows that democracy can indeed arise alongside political violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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