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The integration of Russia into the international common space of research and education accompanied by modernization of the national system of education puts forward new demands to postgraduate education. The processes of integration and modernization increase the importance of learning a foreign language for a future scientist. The article deals with the methodological content of a foreign language lesson, the components of which are individualization, speech orientation, situatedness, functionality and novelty. Those components define the features, structure, principles and techniques of a modern foreign language lesson. The aim of this paper is to describe how the above-mentioned components are implemented during foreign language classes with postgraduates. In the end, we come to the conclusion that individualization, speech focus and novelty at foreign language lessons are fully implemented through specific lesson arrangement models, based on personal involvement into the learning process in the context of scientific activity. The use of socially-oriented technologies promotes active involvement of postgraduates into speech activity, enhancing the interactive character of scientific communication.

This paper examines how high-skilled immigrants contribute to knowledge diffusion using a rich data set of Russian scientists and US citations to Soviet-era publications. Analysis of a panel of US cities and scientific fields shows that citations to Soviet-era work increased significantly with the arrival of immigrants. A differencein- differences analysis with matched paper pairs also shows that after Russian scientists moved to the United States, citations to their Soviet-era papers increased relative to control papers. Both strategies reveal scientific field-specific effects. Ideas in high-impact papers and papers previously accessible to US scientists were the most likely to "spill over" to natives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the impact a Russian amended law concerning state secrets is having on science publishing by Russian scientists. It states President Vladimir Putin used a decree in May 2015 expanding the scope of a law requiring scientists get permission from the Federal Security Service prior to publishing results which could have industrial or military applications. It reports Russian universities are requiring scientists seek approval to the publication of any findings without exception.

The author contemplates the fate of Russian science in the light of the reforms that are going on today, and the requirements of bringing it into conformity with this country's traditions as well as with international practices. [This article was translated by Kim Braithwaite.]

The present era is characterized by scientists' high level of mobility, which is due to the characteristics of science work and its dynamic nature. Scientific activity knows no boundaries, and mobility is a vital factor of the mutual cultural and professional enrichment of scientific communities. The international migration of scientists is creating opportunities and challenges for societies that both lose and gain scientists. In this article, the author describes the types of scientists' social mobility and discusses the state regulation of the social mobility of scientists in Russia, Western Europe, and the United States. The author also identifies negative consequences of scientists' social mobility in these countries. The high level of scientists' international mobility has introduced serious changes in the mechanism of the reproduction of the scientific elite in Russia. Owing to the emigration character of mobility and the lack of an appropriate science policy, Russia is lagging behind the developed countries of Europe and the United States when it comes to indicators of its inclusion in the world science community. Here, the author argues that more attention needs to be given by the Russian government to the development of programs and organizations that would enable Russian science to be more competitive internationally.

Recognizing that education is an important condition necessary for the development of public life and the economy, the author examines elite education in the natural sciences, its criterion represented by ability and talent rather than social origin or economic status. Education of such students, advocates the author, can ensure the training of a scientific elite that possesses cultural capital and has a sense of social responsibility for the consequences of the practical application of scientific achievements. In the formation of a scientific elite, focus is on the integration of the natural sciences, economic knowledge, and the humanities, to foster the formation of highly educated specialists who are able, in their scientific endeavors, to achieve creative self-realization and to be actively involved in the life of society. Characteristics of institutions and programs necessary to foster such an elite are discussed from viewpoints of both researchers and prospective students. (Contains 1 figure and 1 table.)

The article presents a summary about the II International Scientific Seminar on economic, social and technological challenges in the era of globalization. Discussed is the aim of the seminar in determining the common areas of interest of scientists from the Russian Federation and Poland. Also discussed are the issues regarding the problems encountered by the mining industry such as the competitiveness evaluation of coal mining business, operation management and financial crisis.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, the article explores an understudied side of invention commercialization–the rejection of business as something "dirty" among Russian scientists. As such, the paper contributes to the individual-level explanations of innovation promotion, hence balancing extant literature's excessive focus on institutional explanations. Second, the article suggests that Russian scientists' rejection of business is rooted in broader Russian work ethics rift between "material" and "ideational" aspects of life. As such, the paper shows how dominant collective values refract in the management practice of specific social class, i.e. of scientists. Design/methodology/approach: To analyze the rift between material and ideational aspects of Russian scientists' work, the article employs directed content analysis (DCA) of in-depth interviews with 45 Russian scholars. To address credibility bias of the research findings stemming from DCA, I further draw on the survey of existing studies, researches and polls highlighting Russian population attitudes toward the dichotomy between "material" and "ideal" realms. Findings: This study argues that Russian scientists' likelihood of invention commercialization is positively associated with their ability to integrate in a personal psyche business and science as equally valuable facets of life. Originality/value: The article identifies the three groups of scientists – opportunity-seekers, idealists and integrators – with different attitudes to invention commercialization. The article shows how policymakers should apply institutional incentives differently to each group of scientists to achieve higher rates of invention commercialization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents supportive statements from a member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and a Nobel Peace Prize winner that the scientific community has an obligation to inform the public fully about the impact of scientific developments. Autobiographical data concerning the author is also included. (CS)

Supercomputing technologies have a lot of aspects, and, speaking of their serious support at the state level, it is necessary to create and develop all elements of a supercomputing infrastructure, not focusing only on its individual components. In this paper, we discuss all basic elements of this infrastructure and illustrate the extreme demand for it in Russia, where only the list of tasks published by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation contains more than 700 problems that require supercomputing resources for their solution. Many researchers have worked in this field; however, in this paper, we overview only the results achieved by some prominent Russian scientists from the Moscow State University, to which M.R. Shura-Bura devoted a significant part of his life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a survey of Russian researchers' synchronous international scientific mobility as an element of the global system of scientific labor market. Synchronous international scientific mobility is a simultaneous holding of scientific positions in institutions located in different countries. The study explores bibliometric data from the Web of Science Core Collection and socio-economic indicators for 56 countries. In order to examine international scientific mobility, we use a method of affiliations. The paper introduces a model of synchronous international scientific mobility. It enables to specify country's involvement in the international division of scientific labor. Synchronous international scientific mobility is a modern form of the international division of labor in science. It encompasses various forms of part-time, temporary and remote employment of scientists. The analysis reveals the distribution of Russian authors in the space of affiliations, and directions of upward/downward international scientific mobility. The bibliometric characteristics of mobile authors are isomorphic to those of receiver country authors. Synchronous international scientific mobility of Russian authors is determined by differences in scientific impacts between receiver and donor countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyses humour about scientists and humour produced by scientists in Russia. The aim of the study is to track back the evolution of scholarly humour and analyse social factors that stand behind professional humour in the academia. The analysis centres around three categories of humour: “intellectual” humour, which requires knowledge in a specific branch of science, “professor vs. student” humour, which is based on our understanding of social relations between two social groups involved in academic communication. Finally, there is profession-specific humour based entirely on professional experience and is best understood by those involved in research. While “intellectual” and “professor vs. student” jokes are not unique to the Russian culture, profession-specific ingroup humour reflects social problems characteristic of science in Russia. This category of scholarly humour has grown from the ongoing debates about criteria of academic excellence and the discussions about importance of science for society in general. Profession-specific humour mirrors social tension caused by the attempts to introduce quantitative measures of academic excellence and to reform science in Russia (the recent attempts at turning around the Russian Academy of Sciences being a good example of such a reform). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present the modeling of industrial–postindustrial transition in Russian society. The very special part of this process concerns the relations between lordship and bondage. The relations between Lordship and Bondage in a context of so-called Master–Slave dialectic can elucidate a way to the knowledge-based society as a kind of modern capitalistic society.Design/methodology/approach An author uses a complex of methods. He applies a phenomenological approach, mixed with the dialectics and analytical approach. Phenomenological approach presupposes the neediness of attention on a work of the conscious actions within formation of the social experiences. The modification of dialectics helps to make the comprehension of the history of social relations as a game of forces in self-consciousness, which nowadays bases on the attitudes between leaders and led people. A variant of analytic methodology helps to understand each problem as a puzzle.Findings As a result, author finds a spirit of the processes within development of knowledge-based society and innovative economy depends on so-called Master–Slave dialectic. In Europe, Master–Slave dialectic caused the leading role of scientists. In Russia, scientists depended on the Government and played secondary role in economy.Research limitations/implications Research is the philosophical treatise, which demonstrates the speculative evaluation of industrial–postindustrial transition in Russian society.Practical implications Practical implications is the constructing the prognosis of the development of the Russian society.Social implications Research can help to improve the understanding of the mechanisms of leadership in society.Originality/value Originality of the paper is the reconstruction of social forms, which caused the social progress in Russia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explain the current role of foreign foundations in the cross-border mobility of Russian elite scientists. Design/methodology/approach – The methodology is based on a combination of a quantitative survey (December 2004-February 2005) of former Russian Humboldtians and qualitative research (expert interviews in 2005 and in 2012, respectively) of Russian alumni of the Alexander von Humboldt foundation (Germany). Findings – For Russian elite researchers participating in academic mobility, in 2000s it is rather cross-border mobility’ brain circulation’ rather than “brain drain” a dominant form of academic mobility typical. Even in 2000s, western foundations still played a significant while twofold role – promoting emigration of for a small part of Russian elite researchers, on the one hand, while and getting access to top-level labs, etc. and to international academic chains of excellence for the majority of them, on the other. Coming back to the home country, affiliation with foreign foundations reduces the dependence of Russian elite researchers on hierarchical structures within the national state science system and promotes project teams and network forms of interaction their career. However, Russian scientists dependence on foreign funding affect both the scope of research and their academic status (mostly – second-level positions within research projects, etc.). Among the reasons to for leave leaving Russia it is primarily the desire to remain have closer access to their academic community and the equipment to do on the top level in research. The paper formulates some measures to foster incentives to stay in Russia and respectively to support re-emigration of elite researchers, in form of world class research labs and strengthening the motivation of senior researchers to work in the home country. Research limitations/implications – Research limitations consist in using of only one of the alumni networks of several western foundations database. Originality/value – The paper is unique as regards the empirical results; its value consists in their organizational, social and political implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past century, a considerable amount of theoretical and experimental work in all areas of fluvial hydraulics was carried out in Russia. The outcomes of this massive work have been successfully applied in numerous engineering projects in the former Soviet Union. Unfortunately, because of the language barriers and even more due to the geopolitical situation that dominated the last century, the exchange of scientific knowledge between Russia and western countries was greatly impaired. This paper highlights some interesting contributions by the Russian scientists Levi and Studenitcnikov. In particular, Levi’s formula for the sediment discharge and Studenitcnikov’s formula for the critical velocity are discussed and revisited in light of the Shields approach, currently dominant in the western literature. An application example is given considering prediction of local scour along elliptical guide banks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the study is to work out the scientific basics for the development of organic production livestock products for their application in the practice of the agro-industrial complex of Russia. In preparing the article, we took data from the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation, the Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation, statistical materials FAOSTAT, EUROSTAT, scientific works of Russian and foreign scientists. The following methods of scientific research were used: statistical-economic, monographic, abstract-logical, calculationconstructive. Using the principles of a system approach, the scientific basics for the development of organic production, from the author's point of view, has been developed, which is a form of scientific knowledge that studies the sequence of creation and development of enterprises in organic agriculture, ensuring the effective construction and interaction of the system structure. A system analysis of the environment in which the development of organic livestock production is supposed to take place has made it possible to divide the scientific basics into three blocks of elements (technological, economic and social), including all its stages (problem-tasks-solution).The probable efficiency of production of organic livestock products is substantiated on the basis of its total cost indicator, predicted before 2030, taking into account the use of organic production methods and without them, using extrapolation and analogy of European experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses studies by Russian hydrologists which have never been made available to the English-speaking hydrology community. Subsurface flow is an important component of the catchment hydrological cycle. Various mechanisms of this process and their role in storm-flow generation attracted the attention of many researchers throughout the twentieth century. The results of most of these studies are well documented. However, similar studies conducted in the past by many Russian hydrologists have never been made available to the English speaking hydrological community. This paper attempts to fill this gap and briefly review some of these investigations, focusing on their main results. It starts with the review of the early experimental studies (after 1930s-1950s), which allow the main characteristics of subsurface storm flow to be established. This is followed by a review of the research conducted in 1960s, which resulted in some conceptualization of the subsurface flow mechanisms. The paper also draws some parallels between this, mostly unknown, subsurface flow research in Russia and the better-known contemporary studies of this process.

The article discusses developments in the journal "High Temperature." According to the author, the journal did not reduce the demands of the level of publications despite of decline in scientific activities in Russia in 1990. The author adds that the journal has largely met the demands of thermophysical science and new advanced technologies such as energy, rocket-and-space and nuclear. The author also mentions that several leading scientists in the country actively cooperate with the journal.

The article presents a biography of Russian acoustic scientist A.V. Rimski&#012C; Korsakov. He was born in St. Petersburg, Russia on August 29, 1910, into a family of prominent diplomats, scientists and musicians. He received his education at the Leningrad Conservatory and the Polytechnical Institute. In 1932, he began his career in science and engineering. He helped in the creation of an electric musical instrument called the Emiriton, and also made several contributions to his subject also.

Reports that the N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), a large scientific center in Russia in the field of organic chemistry, organic catalysis, and the chemistry of natural and biologically active compounds, has turned 70 years old on February 23, 2004. Institute's concentration of highly qualified scientists on its staff; Major scientific results achieved by several institute; Studies in heterocyclic chemistry.

Profiles Anatolii Vladimirovich Yakovlev, a mathematician in Russia. Personal and educational background; Key contributions to mathematics; Predilections.

Pays tribute to Sergei Ivanovich Vavilov, scientist, organizer of Soviet science, statesman and public figure. Family and educational background; Career highlights; Contributions to the field of Soviet science.

The article mentions the 80th birthday of Yu. N. Bubnov, a scientist and member of the Russian Academy of Sciences Nikolaevich Bubnov.

The article dedicates the current issue to the memory of Antonina Fedorovna Prikhotko, on her birth centenary, celebrated in 2006. An outstanding scientist and founder of experimental spectroscopists school, Antonina became first woman Doctor in the USSR in Physics and Mathematics. Antonina's achievements include discovery of the collective excitonic nature of the excited electronic states in molecular crystals, discovery of cryocrystals, and study of bimolecular spectra of solid oxygen.

This article focuses on the International Conference and Young Scientists School CITES-2005 that was held on March 13-23, 2005 on Novosibirsk, Russia. The themes of the conference sessions were subdivided into the following sections: 1. Data and Metadata; 2. Physics of Climate System; 3. Data Assimilation in Climate Modeling and Weather Forecast; 4. Basic and Applied Computation-Informational Systems; 5. Urban and Regional Atmosphere: From Modeling to Monitoring and Risk Estimation. This conference was useful for both young and older scientists. Further, it represented an educational and scientific forum.

Exploration of confined swirled flows in the former USSR and present-day Russia has a long history and is presented by numerous publications, mostly written in Russian. The obtained results have been put to practical use in different areas of chemical, energy, and processing industries. In view of the process intensification concept, such characteristics of confined swirled flows may be considered unique: high centrifugal gravity, elongation of trajectories, the presence of internal separation zones, energy separation phenomena, and efficient mass/heat transfer in the absence of any moving parts. For instance, high gravity provides an excellent opportunity for multiphase flow stabilization, preventing the appearance of nonuniformities and stability loss, while enhancement of various driving forces acting on the reaction medium takes place. This review is devoted to outlining the main research trends and to discuss the most essential practical implementations in the subject matter done up until now. It is not foreseen to embrace the whole area of swirled flow investigations in the world, but only covers most of the significant ideas and applications contributed in by former Soviet and Russian scientists and engineers. Shortcomings and difficulties of using swirled flows are also briefly discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Profiles Russian mathematician Aleksandr Vasil'evich Ivanov. Biographical information; Educational background; Analysis of linear and quasilinear parabolic equations; Engagement in the study of nonuniformly elliptic and nonuniformly parabolic quasilinear equations of the second order; Studies of elliptic and parabolic questions; Identification of classes of equations for which certain properties are preserved.

Presents a biography of Lev Aleksandrovich Grigov, eminent scientist from Russia. Education; Achievements; Scientific writings.

A review of the results of planetary atmospheres studies performed by Russian scientists in 2015–2018 prepared in the Commission on planetary atmospheres of the National Geophysical Committee for the National Report on Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences to the XXVII General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (Montreal, June 8–18, 2019) is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article consists of three parts. In the first part we describe a short history of cybernetics and an effort, which has been undertaken by a group of scientists in the United States and Europe in recent years, to expand the conception of science so that it more successfully encompasses the social sciences. The intent is to aid communication among disciplines and improve our ability to manage social systems. The second part of the article presents an effort in Russia to develop reflexivity theory into a general theory of purposeful, self-developing systems, thus improving our understanding and management of social systems. Understanding Western and Eastern approaches to cybernetics can be difficult because of the very different histories and intellectual traditions of cybernetics in the United States and Russia. The article ends with a comparison of the two approaches to cybernetics, comparing their features side by side. The differences suggest a great potential for ideas from Russian and Western scientists to enrich the further development of cybernetics and science in East and West. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article presents information on authors featured in the January 2006 issue of the "Russian Journal of Nondestructive Testing." The authors are Markov Anatolii Arkad'evich, Mosyagin Vladimir Valentinovich and Keskinov Mikhail Viktorovich, scientists working with the Scientific and Technical Complex of Facilities for Nondestructive Testing in Russia.

Presents a tribute to Evgenii L'vovich Shenderov, honored scientist and engineer of the Russian Federation. Education and career highlights; Fields of expertise.

The article examines the processes that made Russian science internationally visible. Topics include the practices used by scientists to make their ideas and concepts comprehensible and instructive at an international level, and translation of Russian scientific texts into other languages, and Russian and non-Russian scientists' joint field trips in soil science. Also discussed are the history of soil science and the global dissemination of pochvovedenie.

A biography of Vyacheslav Vasil'evich Osiko, scientist and member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) is presented. He was born in Leningrad, Russia and studied at the Mendeleev Institute of Chemical Technology. His career started at the Lebedev Institute of Physics and participated in the preparation and characterization of inorganic phosphors. He received several awards including the Order of Honor, Lenin Prize, and the Fedorov Prize.

The article focuses on the life and accomplishments of Gennadii Pavlovich Kalinin, a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He was responsible for the foundation of the Water Problems Institute of the Academy of Sciences, where he was head of the Department of Regional and Global Water Exchange. Kalinin was also the chairman of Land Hydrology of the Moscow State University and the Surface Water Commission of the Interdepartmental Committee on Geophysics and Geodesy of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He lead the establishment of a scientific trend, particularly the global hydrology.