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In light of the prevailing approach in which data from side-scan sonar (SSS) from Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) are primarily processed and visualized post mission, failing to meet the requirements in terms of timeliness for on-the-fly image acquisition, this paper introduces a novel method for real-time processing and superior imaging of navigation strip data from SSS aboard AUVs. Initially, a comprehensive description of the real-time processing sequence is provided, encompassing the integration of multi-source navigation data using Kalman filtering, and high-pass filtering of attitude and heading data to exclude anomalies, as well as the use of bidirectional filtering techniques within and between pings, ensuring real-time quality control of raw data. In addition, this study adopts the semantic segmentation Unet network for automatic real-time tracking of seafloor lines, devises a real-time correction strategy for radial distortion based on historical echo data, and utilizes the alternating direction multiplier method for real-time noise reduction in strip images. With the combined application of these four pivotal techniques, we adeptly address the primary challenges in real-time navigation data processing. In conclusion, marine tests conducted in Bohai Bay substantiate the efficacy of the methodologies delineated in this research, offering a fresh paradigm for real-time processing and superior visualization of SSS navigation strip data on AUVs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The limitations of underwater acoustic communications mean that the side-scan sonar data of an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) cannot be transmitted back and processed in real time, which means that targets cannot be detected in real time. To address the problem, this paper proposes an autonomous underwater vehicle-based side-scan sonar real-time detection method for underwater targets. First, the paper describes the system and operation of real-time underwater-target detection by the side-scan sonar mounted on the autonomous underwater vehicle. Next, it proposes a real-time processing method for side-scan sonar data, method for constructing a deep-learning-based underwater-target detection model, and real-time method for underwater-target detection based on navigation strip images, which, together, solve the three key technical problems of real-time data processing, deep-learning-based detection model construction, and real-time target detection based on the autonomous underwater vehicle. Finally, through sea-based experiments, the effectiveness of the proposed methods is evaluated, providing a new solution for the autonomous underwater vehicle-based side-scan sonar real-time detection of underwater targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As widely applicated in many underwater research fields, conventional side-scan sonars require the sonar height to be at the seabed for geocoding seabed images. However, many interference factors, including compensation with unknown gains, suspended matters, etc., would bring difficulties in bottom detection. Existing methods need manual parameter setups or to use postprocessing methods, which limits automatic and real-time processing in complex situations. To solve this problem, a one-dimensional U-Net (1D-UNet) model for sea bottom detection of side-scan data and the bottom detection and tracking method based on 1D-UNet are proposed in this work. First, the basic theory of sonar bottom detection and the interference factors is introduced, which indicates that deep learning of the bottom is a feasible solution. Then, a 1D-UNet model for detecting the sea bottom position from the side-scan backscatter strength sequences is proposed, and the structure and implementation of this model are illustrated in detail. Finally, the bottom detection and tracking algorithms of a single ping and continuous pings are presented on the basis of the proposed model. The measured side-scan sonar data in Meizhou Bay and Bayuquan District were selected in the experiments to verify the model and methods. The 1D-UNet model was first trained and applied with the side-scan data in Meizhou Bay. The training and validation accuracies were 99.92% and 99.77%, respectively, and the sea bottom detection accuracy of the training survey line was 99.88%. The 1D-UNet model showed good robustness to the interference factors of bottom detection and fully real-time performance in comparison with other methods. Moreover, the trained 1D-UNet model is used to process the data in the Bayuquan District for proving model generality. The proposed 1D-UNet model for bottom detection has been proven effective for side-scan sonar data and also has great potentials in wider applications on other types of sonars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As one of the most commonly used acoustic systems in seabed surveys, the altitude of the side scan sonar from the seafloor is always difficult to determine, especially when raw signal levels and gain information are unavailable. The inaccurate sonar altitudes would limit the applications of sonar image geocoding, target detection, and sediment classification. The sonar altitude can be obtained by using bottom tracking methods, but traditional methods often require manual thresholds or complex post-processing procedures, which cannot ensure accurate and real-time bottom tracking. In this paper, a real-time bottom tracking method of side scan data is proposed based on a one-dimensional convolution neural network. First, according to the characteristics of side scan backscatter strength sequences, positive (bottom sequences) and negative (water column and seabed sequences) samples are extracted to establish the sample sets. Second, a one-dimensional convolution neural network is carefully designed and trained by using the sample set to recognize the bottom sequences. Third, a complete processing procedure of the real-time bottom tracking method is established by traversing each side scan ping data and recognizing the bottom sequences. The auxiliary methods for improving real-time performance and sample data augmentation are also explained in detail. The proposed method is implemented on the measured side scan data from the marine area in Meizhou Bay. The trained network model achieves a 100% recognition of the initial sample set as well as 100% bottom tracking accuracy of the training survey line. The average bottom tracking accuracy of the testing survey lines excluding missed pings reaches 99.2%. By comparison with multi-beam bathymetric data and the statistical analysis of real-time performance, the experimental results prove the validity and accuracy of the proposed real-time bottom tracking method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]