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Objective: Pathogens can be transmitted to banknotes due to the personal unhygienic habits. The aim of study was to find the possible pathogens on the banknotes circulating in the market and also to present their antibacterial resistance and their various virulence factors using genotypic and phenotypic methods., Methods: A total of 150 samples of bank-notes were randomly collected between August 2017 and March 2018. VITEK systems were used for identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing respectively. Antimicrobial resistance genes (mecA, van, extended-spectrum β-lactamase [ESBL] and carbapenemases) and staphyloccoccal virulence genes (staphyloccoccal enterotoxins [SEs], pvl, and tsst-1) were determined using with real-time PCR., Results: Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS), Enterococcus spp., Gram-negative enteric bacteria, non-fermentative Gram-negative bacteria and Candida spp. were detected 48%, 54.7%, 56%, 21.3%, 18.7%, and 4%, respectively. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus, vancomycin-resistant enterococci and ESBL producing Gram-negative were found 46.8%, 1.3%, and 28.7%, respectively. Pvl, tsst-1, and SEs genes were found in a 2.8/4.9%, 1.4/1.2%, and 100/ 87.8% of the S. aureus/CoNS strains, respectively. The sea gene was found the most common enterotoxigenic gene. blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCTX-M-2, blaCTX-M-1, blaKPC, and blaOXA-48 were found 55.8%, 46.5%, 41.2%, 18.6%, 18.6%, and 18.6%, respectively in Gram-negative strains., Conclusions: These results is very important to highlight hygienic status of paper currencies. This can be considered as an indication that banknotes may contribute to the spread of pathogens and antimicrobial resistance. Therefore, we may need to start using alternative products instead of banknotes., (©The Author 2020. Published by Sociedad Española de Quimioterapia. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).)

This paper presents a benefit-cost analysis of the ongoing, state-level tobacco prevention and control programs in the United States. Using state-level panel data for the years 1991-2007, the study applies several variants of econometric modeling approaches to estimate the state-level tobacco demand. The paper finds a statistically significant evidence of a sustained and steadily increasing long-run impact of the tobacco control program spending on cigarette demand in states. The study also shows that, If individual states follow the Best Practices funding guidelines, potential fixture annual benefits of the tobacco control program can he as high as 14-20 times the cost of program implementation. (JEL C2, H5, 11), I. INTRODUCTION State-level tobacco control programs gath-ered momentum in the United States during the early 1990s and have since been continuing with a varying degree of success in lowering smoking [...]

This paper examines the drivers behind China's economic growth. In particular, it focuses on the channels of knowledge spillovers: human capital and openness to trade and foreign direct investment. The specific features of the study include using the most recent comprehensive panel data consisting of 29 provinces during the period 1994-2006 and performing unit root and cointegration tests in the panel data framework. The paper finds that human capital, trade and FDI are the significant determinants of total factor productivity, but their importance varies with technological levels of provinces. These findings have important policy implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rotogravure printing is the preferred method when large print runs are required, such as for catalogues. Penetration of ink into the paper is not desirable as this increases the amount of ink needed to obtain a certain print density. Thus the differences in ink demand between different papers have a significant impact on the economics of the process. In order to control the ink penetration, paper is often coated with a thin layer of kaolin clay. The extent of penetration depends on the structure of this coating and the characteristics of the ink used.High spatial resolution gallium ion SIMS has been used to study ink penetration by embedding the paper in resin and imaging in cross-section, as well as depth profiling the ink film on the paper. For inks that react with the embedding resin however, the former technique fails. More recently, focused ion beam (FIB) cross-sections were used to visualise the penetration of ink into the paper. The more conductive nature of the ink used here compared with the coating gave high contrast between them, allowing easy assessment of the penetration. Results obtained from this method on paper with two different coatings were consistent with print gloss, print density and size of the printed dots. Ink is seen to have penetrated further into a paper coating with a ‘blocky’ morphology than one with a ‘platey’ morphology. This is consistent with the smaller dot area, lower print gloss and lower print density achieved on the blocky paper coating. TEM sections were obtained using the FIB with ex situ lift-out, providing a more direct view of the ink-paper interface. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This article focuses on the journal "The Scandinavian Journal of Economics." In 2003, the four issues of volume 105 of "The Scandinavian Journal of Economics" were published. 25 contributions out of a total 34 contributions were regularly submitted articles, nine were published in special issue, "Population Dynamics and Macroeconomic Performance" and two were presentations of the recipients of the Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel. The average publication lag, excluding the papers which appeared in our special issue and the Nobel material, from submission to acceptance of revised versions was 15.7 months, and from receipt of final versions to publication 9.0 months.

This case study provides insight on issues surrounding labor-management cooperative programs both for those who will teach trade unionists about them and for those labor leaders who are considering participating in one. It explores the role of three local unions at the Jackson Mill in the formation of a labor-management cooperative program that gained employee support. The key to attaining support rested in two key areas. First, the locals played an instrumental, autonomous part in the development and eventually workings of the program. Second, the cooperative program stuck to concrete job operation issues with clear goals that could be measured., Introduction Labor education classes that discuss labor-management cooperative (L-MC) programs usually occur in response to demands of local union officers for training after management makes it an issue in contract [...]

The dynamic theory of oligopoly up to the end of the nineteen-fifties consisted mainly of the basic work of economists A. Cournot who showed that a linear duopoly is stable. In 1959 economist R.D. Theocharis proved that Cournot obtained his result by accident, since his model becomes unstable if more than two oligopolists act on the market. Theocharis' paper gave rise to a variety of successive publications, in which the duopoly of Cournot was modified in many respects; especially with regard to the Cournot-behaviour-rule, that consists, strictly speaking, of two assumptions, namely: Assumption C1: Each oligopolist computes his optimal quantity on the basis that the quantities of all his rivals remain unchanged and; Assumption C2: Every seller adjusts his output completely and instantaneously to the one that he derived according to Assumption C1.