7 results
Search Results
2. The BRICs Countries (Brazil, Russia, India, and China) as Analytical Category: Mirage or Insight?
- Author
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Armijo, Leslie Elliott
- Subjects
- *
INTERNATIONAL relations , *ECONOMICS ,INDUSTRIES & economics - Abstract
American hegemony has passed its peak. The twenty-first century will see a more multi-polar international system. Yet Western European countries may not be the United States' main foils in decades to come. Four new poles of the international system are now widely known in the business and financial press as the "BRICs economies" (Brazil, Russia, India, and China). Does the concept of "the BRICs" have meaning within a rigorous political science framing? From the perspective of an economic liberal employing neoclassical assumptions to understand the world economy, the category's justification is surprisingly weak. In contrast, a political or economic realist's framing instructs us to focus on states that are increasing their relative material capabilitiesâ”as each of the four is. Finally, within a liberal institutionalist's mental model, the BRICs countries are a compelling set, yet one with a deep cleavage between two sub-groups: large emerging powers likely to remain authoritarian or revert to that state, and those that are securely democratic. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
3. TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION IN THE BRIC ECONOMIES.
- Author
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Chun-Yao Tseng
- Subjects
ECONOMICS ,TECHNOLOGICAL innovations - Abstract
Despite the tremendous economic potential of the Brazilian, Russian, Indian, and Chinese (BRIC) economies, few studies have compared technological innovation in these countries. This study investigates three main issues related to technological innovation in BRICs: 1) indicators of technological innovation were evaluated and used to compare capability of technological innovation between the four countries; 2) differences in innovative configurations were mapped based on constructs of "fundamental vs. applied innovation "and "incremental vs. radical innovation "; 3) the absolute and relative innovative strengths of these four countries were examined in 31 different technological fields. The empirical findings are based on analysis of a patent and citation data set comprising all utility patents granted by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office to BRIC inventors from 1976 to 2006. These findings elucidate the comparative development of technological innovation in BRIC countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Bedaquiline- versus injectable-containing drug-resistant tuberculosis regimens: a cost-effectiveness analysis.
- Author
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Ionescu, Ana-Maria, Mpobela Agnarson, Abela, Kambili, Chrispin, Metz, Laurent, Kfoury, Jonathan, Wang, Steven, Williams, Abeda, Singh, Vikram, and Thomas, Adrian
- Subjects
MEDICAL care cost statistics ,ANTITUBERCULAR agents ,COMPARATIVE studies ,COST effectiveness ,HOSPITAL care ,INJECTIONS ,RESEARCH methodology ,MEDICAL cooperation ,QUINOLINE ,RESEARCH ,EVALUATION research ,TREATMENT effectiveness ,ECONOMICS - Abstract
Background: Drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) continues to be a major public health challenge with suboptimal treatment outcomes including well-documented treatment-related toxicities. We compared the cost-effectiveness of bedaquiline (BDQ) containing regimens with injectable containing regimens (short-course regimen [SCR] and long-course regiman [LCR]) in India, Russia, and South Africa.Methods: The analysis evaluated the direct costs of DR-TB treatment which included drugs, hospitalization, injectable-related adverse event costs, and other costs. Scenarios altered regimen costs, SCR/LCR ratio, and substitution rate between regimens (whether BDQ or injectable containing).Results: BDQ containing regimens are more cost effective based on cost per treatment success compared with injectable containing regimens, reducing these in SCR by 18-20% and in LCR by 49-54%. Average cost effectiveness ratios (ACERs) of BDQ containing regimens are lower. The incremental cost effectiveness ratio (ICER) is negative. Exclusive use of BDQ containing regimens results in approximately 61,000 more patients treated successfully over 5 years.Conclusions: Across all countries, BDQ containing regimens are dominant compared to injectable containing regimens, entailing lower treatment costs to achieve better clinical outcomes. This analysis can provide insight and support to local and global decision-makers and public health organizations to allocate efficiently resources improving patient and public health outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Socioeconomic Inequalities in Secondhand Smoke Exposure at Home and at Work in 15 Low- and Middle-Income Countries.
- Author
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Nazar, Gaurang P., Lee, John Tayu, Arora, Monika, and Millett, Christopher
- Subjects
PASSIVE smoking ,MIDDLE-income countries ,LOW-income countries ,CROSS-sectional method ,NONSMOKING areas ,GOVERNMENT policy ,WORK environment ,POVERTY ,COMPARATIVE studies ,RESEARCH methodology ,MEDICAL cooperation ,RESEARCH ,RESEARCH funding ,SMOKING ,SOCIOECONOMIC factors ,EVALUATION research ,ECONOMICS - Abstract
Introduction: In high-income countries, secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure is higher among disadvantaged groups. We examine socioeconomic inequalities in SHS exposure at home and at workplace in 15 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).Methods: Secondary analyses of cross-sectional data from 15 LMICs participating in Global Adult Tobacco Survey (participants ≥ 15 years; 2008-2011) were used. Country-specific analyses using regression-based methods were used to estimate the magnitude of socioeconomic inequalities in SHS exposure: (1) Relative Index of Inequality and (2) Slope Index of Inequality.Results: SHS exposure at home ranged from 17.4% in Mexico to 73.1% in Vietnam; exposure at workplace ranged from 16.9% in Uruguay to 65.8% in Bangladesh. In India, Bangladesh, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, Vietnam, Uruguay, Poland, Turkey, Ukraine, and Egypt, SHS exposure at home reduced with increasing wealth (Relative Index of Inequality range: 1.13 [95% confidence interval [CI] 1.04-1.22] in Turkey to 3.31 [95% CI 2.91-3.77] in Thailand; Slope Index of Inequality range: 0.06 [95% CI 0.02-0.11] in Turkey to 0.43 [95% CI 0.38-0.48] in Philippines). In these 11 countries, and in China, SHS exposure at home reduced with increasing education. In India, Bangladesh, Thailand, and Philippines, SHS exposure at workplace reduced with increasing wealth. In India, Bangladesh, Thailand, Philippines, Vietnam, Poland, Russian Federation, Turkey, Ukraine, and Egypt, SHS exposure at workplace reduced with increasing education.Conclusion: SHS exposure at homes is higher among the socioeconomically disadvantaged in the majority of LMICs studied; at workplaces, exposure is higher among the less educated. Pro-equity tobacco control interventions alongside targeted efforts in these groups are recommended to reduce inequalities in SHS exposure.Implications: SHS exposure is higher among the socioeconomically disadvantaged groups in high-income countries. Comprehensive smoke-free policies are pro-equity for certain health outcomes that are strongly influenced by SHS exposure. Using nationally representative Global Adult Tobacco Survey (2008-2011) data from 15 LMICs, we studied socioeconomic inequalities in SHS exposure at homes and at workplaces. The study showed that in most LMICs, SHS exposure at homes is higher among the poor and the less educated. At workplaces, SHS exposure is higher among the less educated groups. Accelerating implementation of pro-equity tobacco control interventions and strengthening of efforts targeted at the socioeconomically disadvantaged groups are needed to reduce inequalities in SHS exposure in LMICs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
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6. Russian-Indian Relations: Alliance, Partnership, or?
- Author
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Khripunov, Igor and Srivastava, Anupam
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BALANCE of power ,MILITARY relations ,ECONOMICS ,INTERNATIONAL relations - Abstract
Provides information on a study which analyzed the Indian security options and trajectories within the overall context of evolving Indian-Russian relations. Information on the emerging Asian balance of power; India's stabilizing impact on Central Asia; Conclusions of the study.
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- 1999
- Full Text
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7. Editor's Page.
- Author
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Warikoo, K.
- Subjects
INTERNATIONAL relations ,INTERNATIONAL cooperation ,ECONOMICS - Abstract
The article focuses on the foreign policy of Russia which prioritizes its relationship with China and India. It mentions that political and economic cooperation between Moscow and Delhi is the focus of new foreign policy doctrine. It appeals for a trilateral cooperation with the two nations and allots greater value in strengthening the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO). It also states that the political and strategic interests of Russia and India meet the major complimentary issues.
- Published
- 2008
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