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When the PRC was first establishing diplomatic missions around the world Ambassador Panikkar reported to Nehru about Yuan Zhongxian, who would be the PRC's first ambassador to India, and the preparations being made for the embassy in India: "The women members of the mission have been given special courses in deportment. Devaki Panikkar got the opportunity to live in China because of her father's position, but she obviously did not see herself as an extension of him or of the Indian embassy in China. The China-India relationship in the late 1940s and the early 1950s is often viewed through the lens of "Hindi-Chini bhai bhai" (Indian and Chinese brotherhood) but attention to gendered language in the Nehru Papers archive highlights the extent to which the relationship was both fostered and troubled by women. While the Chinese authorities took the delegation to the case to show how gender roles were changing in China, Singh found it was more evidence of the lack of individuality in China. [Extracted from the article]

The discovery of a dozen ‘new’ documents in Marvell’s hand from the Carlisle embassy discloses much about his role in Sweden and Denmark late in 1664. The forms and contents of the letters themselves, and the further diplomatic correspondence with which they are bound, confirm how the demands first of language (owing to a preference for diplomacy in native tongues in Muscovy and Sweden) and then of secrecy (owing to extremes of caution in Denmark) worked against Marvell having more of a part in the negotiations in those countries. Even so, the documents show him in service as diplomatic secretary on matters great and small. They also shed new light on Marvell’s ventriloquial function, whether it is Carlisle speaking in Marvell’s writing or whether the secretary more nearly writes in his own person. When we find Carlisle, ship-bound with his secretary for a week off Elsinore, writing his friends for the sake of writing, and curveting rhetorically as never before, we sense something nearer minds melding at the end of their 18 months abroad together. Marvell learned a lot from hearing Carlisle speak and from speaking for Carlisle.

The article reports on the Digitale Edition von Quellen zur habsburgisch-osmanischen Diplomatie 1500-1918 (Qhod), a digital editing project created in 2020 at the Institute for Habsburg and Balkan Studies of the Austrian Academy of Sciences to research and digitally edit sources of the diplomatic contacts between Vienna and Istanbul, Turkey beginning in the 1490s. Topics include the launch of the project website, the first group of primary sources and execution of Qhod transcriptions.

Cotton explains the position of the Commonwealth nations in the League, Australia's membership, the mandates system, and the League's social, economic, and security interventions. Cotton seeks to forge this path by following the lives "of a diverse but at the same time untypical group of Australians" who worked at Geneva with the League or the International Labour Organisation (ILO). These interwar transformations are the focus of Cotton's book, which aims 'to carry the revolution in League studies further into Australian historical inquiry' (3). [Extracted from the article]

The article presents research on peace communication, and its relation with diplomacy. It is stated that diplomacy has been used in negotiations, and also for social learning processes related to communication codes. It is mentioned that communication cannot communicate everything at the same time, and complexities need to be reduced if social communication about any matter has to be given actual sense.

The path of the international system is driven by political, economic, and social developments. COVID-19 has been an influential and transformative crisis which has had a huge impact on the world order. It has highly affected international affairs, is capable of transforming the system and is one of the world's major occurrences since the Second World War. The first impact has been that the crisis has forced all areas of public and private life into a rapid digitization process. In fact, the process had started before the pandemic, but the COVID-19 crisis triggered the transition process at an extraordinary intensity. As in a variety of other sectors, digital diplomacy has been highly impacted by the coronavirus pandemic, which has brought momentum to the digitalization process of diplomacy. This paper analyzes digital diplomacy in the digital age, with a focus on the impact of the coronavirus pandemic. The research uses a theoretical framework that clarifies the distinctions between traditional and new public diplomacy. The article addresses the process of diplomacy responding to the new normal requirements in terms of technical impact. It provides an overview of the digitalization process of diplomacy, which was intensified by the pandemic, and examines the post-coronavirus global trends in terms of potential assumptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When states face international terrorism, their response almost automatically lies in the area of foreign policy. As such, actors in foreign policy making play a key, yet understudied role in this process. In this paper, I will therefore analyse West German foreign policy responses to Palestinian terrorism in the 1970s, which evolved from technical to diplomatic measures. The focus will be on the role of diplomats, not least on their sustained and expanding efforts to negotiate with representatives of violent Palestinian organisations after terror attacks affecting West Germany. This paper thereby shows the potential of a more actor-focused counterterrorism research agenda. Moreover, from a methodological standpoint it also illustrates how archival material can help to uncover the internal dynamics and complexities of governmental decision-making when it comes to counterterrorism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International environmental agreements have multiplied over the last five decades. We examine the impact of multilateral environmental diplomacy on carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions in the presence of capital formation, renewable energy consumption, and economic growth using the framework of the Environment Kuznets Curve (EKC) and data from the United States from 1980 to 2015. We developed a comprehensive empirical analysis using Zivot-Andrews structural break unit root tests. Co-integration analysis indicates long-run relationships of the variables. The results of the generalized linear models (GLMs) and robust least secure (ROBUSTLS) approach reveal that environmental diplomacy, capital formation, and economic growth deteriorate environmental quality in the long run, while renewable energy consumption improves it. These results support the EKC hypothesis for the United States and suggest that, in the early stages, increased environmental diplomacy stimulates CO 2 emissions to a point, after which CO 2 emissions start declining with further increases in international commitments and strong diplomatic relationships among countries. Policy implications for the United States are presented.

The article offers the author's insights on the search of New Zealand for a comfortable relationship with the U.S. under the collective security agreement Australian, New Zealand, and U.S. (ANZUS) treaty. Topics discussed include the prohibition of nuclear-armed vessels by former New Zealand Prime Minister David Lange, the vision of diplomat Alan Watt, and the global diplomacy with Washington, District of Columbia.

Since the establishment of diplomatic relations between South Korea (hereafter referred to as Korea) and India in 1973, their bilateral relationship has made significant progress. This year marks the 50th anniversary of their diplomatic partnership, which calls for a scholarly examination of the developments in Korea-India relations over the last five decades, and their future prospects. This special issue's introductory paper provides a concise overview of the evolution of Korea–India relationships and introduces the other papers in the issue, emphasizing their significance in understanding the trajectory of the relationships. The primary goal of this introductory paper is to make two contributions: First, it aims to enrich the existing literature on India–Korea relations; and second, it provides key insights for policymakers to strengthen India–Korea ties in a new global order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research note discusses the 2009 Defence White Paper, particularly its focus on the potential threat the Chinese military might pose to the security of the Asia-Pacific in the foreseeable future. It also examines Chinese responses to the White Paper's main theses. It concludes that the White Paper marked a departure from the Howard government's policy of de-emphasising differences in Canberra's dialogue with Beijing and, by re-affirming commitment to the alliance with the United States (US), delineated the limits of Australia's partnership with China. However, its poorly substantiated predictions regarding the rise of China's power, the US economic and military decline and Beijing's geostrategic objectives raise doubts about the Rudd government's capacity to formulate a coherent vision for the future of Australia's relations with China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to its central location the Chaghadaid ulus played a key role in the interregional diplomatic connections in the Mongol period. Unfortunately, comparing to the other three ulus es of the Mongol Empire we have a very limited number of written sources concerning the Chaghadaid realm. The aim of the present paper is to show how the new results of the philological study of the Old Uyghur and Middle Mongolian documents can throw new light upon our knowledge about the diplomatic practices in the Chaghadaid ulus. The paper concentrates on the two most important institutions which facilitated diplomatic relations: the chancelleries and the postal system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Government implemented education access policies occupy a prominent place in the discourse on access to education. Education access issues have, thus, been examined almost exclusively from macro-level structural perspective. The micro-politics that take place behind the scenes after structural access issues have been resolved is minimally broached. Drawing on qualitative data from first generation educated women in Ghana and their mothers, this paper addresses the dark underbelly of girls' access to education, and the resistance activities undertaken by women to ensure that girls who become causalities of non-enrolment decisions are enrolled. Thus, the paper is guided by two questions. How do girls who become casualties of non-enrolment decisions go to school? How does the resistance activities women take against such non-enrolment decisions enable access for girls? In presenting the roles played by different actors such as mothers and kins, this paper makes an argument that, through women's resistance activities such as subverting the norms, covert diplomacy, and infractions of gendered rules in decision-making, women resist structural distribution of norms that exclude them from decision-making before girls can go to school unimpeded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite its importance in the global system, the literature provides little guidance on how treaty-making emerged as a well-accepted practice. In either assuming the appropriateness of treaty-making (and then analysing design) or treating treaties as strategic choices in the pursuit of gains (without analysing how treaties came to be a way to pursue gains), the current literature discounts the emergence and evolution of treaty-making. This lacuna contributes to a biased view of treaty-making as the epiphenomenal result of specific, ahistorical factors, rather than as a patterned, historical practice. We contend that the evolution of the practice of treaty-making is significant for questions of design/compliance, the future of multilateral interaction and global order. In addressing this concern, we pursue two linked goals. The first is self-consciously descriptive. We introduce a dataset of multilateral treaties that provides a novel picture of treaty-making across time, space and issue-areas. The second goal is explanatory. We develop and test a social constructivist and path-dependent explanation for the patterns of treaty-making evident in the data, especially 150 years of exponential growth, the spread of treaty-making across multiple issues and the diffusion of the practice across the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]