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Copyright of Restaurator is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Restaurator is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Although editorial cartoons occupy an integral place on the editorial pages of most newspapers, they have seldom been a topic of research, especially First Nations cartoons. Editorial cartoons offer readers clarity and humour and quickly present a point of view. Everett Soop, of the Blackfoot First Nation and contributor to the Kanai News, fits the description of Trickster through his often ironic and satirical politically charged editorial cartoons. This paper provides an introduction to issues surrounding Indigenous/Mainstream relations in Canada during 1969-70 by unpacking several of Soop's editorial cartoons. During this period in Canadian history Trudeau's Liberal government produced an assimilationist policy document levelled at Canada's First Nations and titled the White Paper, which sparked a united voice of resistance among Canada's Indigenous peoples and eventually led to the withdrawal of the proposed changes to the Indian Act. Everett Soop's cartoons from this period provide a discerning analysis of this affair. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: While the ubiquity of social media as a mode of communication, collaboration, connection and creativity has been widely adopted in journalism, entertainment, healthcare and others, the field of education has been more reticent to integrate social media for teaching and learning purposes. This paper aims to summarize research on how social media may support educational aims with specific reference to large classrooms. In addition, the authors provide practical tips on using Twitter from the experience teaching in a typical higher education setting: a large, undergraduate course in a public university. Finally, the authors offer conclusions about how instructors can use social media to support increased engagement, professional development and digital literacy skills. Design/methodology/approach: This paper presents a real-life "case study" of using Twitter in an educational context common to many in higher education: a large, undergraduate lecture class over the course of one semester. This course focused on the foundations of educational technology and was a requirement of receiving a teaching credential at a large public institution in the Midwest. As a required course, students from a number of different majors were enrolled in the course, including biology, chemistry, mathematics, English, history, world languages, physical education and many more. While these majors were grouped by content-area groups (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math; the humanities; and physical education), for this paper the authors will focus on the part of the course where students were all together in lecture format. Guided by the research above, and pedagogical practices discussed elsewhere (Greenhow and Gleason, 2012), it was decided to use Twitter for a number of different pedagogical purposes, including in-class discussion, increase student engagement with course material, expand student interaction and develop student presence. Findings: The use of Twitter was found to increase student participation, help facilitate conceptual understanding, to foster students' "social presence," and to increase interactions with "real world experts." Twitter provided a way, for example, for students in a large lecture course to participate, and roughly 90 per cent of students did so with Twitter. Likewise, instructors used Twitter as a way to bridge learning across different experiences (i.e. lab activities, lecture and online lesson), while also providing a way to support social presence (letting students share humorous pictures). Finally, Twitter facilitated interaction with content experts including historians, during a lesson on global collaboration. Research limitations/implications: Overall, integrating Twitter into a large, lecture course seemed to suggest a number of positive learning outcomes, including presenting opportunities for student voice and expression, visible participation, the development of social presence and tools to connect different course activities (e.g. lecture, in-class activities and lab activities). For example, much research in this field has begun to explore the educational outcomes associated with social media use, and this study contributes to this emerging field. Here, the authors advocate for using social media to support interactive, collaborative and social learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study on the use of violence news items in three newspapers "The Chicago Tribune," "Atlanta Constitution," and "New York Times" from 1924-1973 in the U.S. The study measures the type of violence emphasized in the article, source of violence item, and photos, drawings, and cartoons. Results of tn study reveal that in the three pages for 50-yeas span of the newspapers, 3,453 violence items were found out of 16.66% of the total front page content. It adds that "Chicago Tribune" used news stories on violence for 19.27% of its stories, 15.92% for "Atlanta Constitution, and 15.42% for "New York Time."

In-service teacher development continues to be a challenge of curriculum reform in South Africa. In spite of previous interventions that have been used, visual literacy continues to challenge many in-service teachers. Visual literacy involves the development of competencies that a person needs in order to understand a combination of linguistic, visual, audio, gestural and spatial design elements. This paper proposes that change laboratory workshop methodology can transform in-service teacher development of visual literacy. Change laboratory workshop methodology develops from Cultural Historical Activity Theory's principles of contradictions and expansive learning, and is used to implement change. This paper uses an illustrative example of a cartoon in English First Additional Language in Grade 11. Data were collected from a change laboratory workshop of nine participants who met for four sessions of two hours each. Lesson video clips and transcript and a cartoon were used for double stimulation and reflexivity. Insights from Cultural Historical Activity Theory and the Newfield Framework were used to analyse this data. The main finding of this intervention is opening of a dialogical space in which participants took initiatives to develop their visual literacy and reconfigure the multi-layers of interpreting cartoons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses editor Edward E. Cooper and periodical "Freeman". Topics discussed include African American visual art, African American artists and black periodicals. Other topics such as black caricatures, African American viewers of periodical cartoons and racial and intraracial relations of African Americans are also discussed.

In this paper, we propose the first sketching system for interactively personalized and photorealistic face caricaturing. Input an image of a human face, the users can create caricature photos by manipulating its facial feature curves. Our system first performs exaggeration on the recovered 3D face model, which is conducted by assigning the laplacian of each vertex a scaling factor according to the edited sketches. The mapping between 2D sketches and the vertex-wise scaling field is constructed by a novel deep learning architecture. Our approach allows outputting different exaggerations when applying the same sketching on different input figures in term of their different geometric characteristics, which makes the generated results “personalized”. With the obtained 3D caricature model, two images are generated, one obtained by applying 2D warping guided by the underlying 3D mesh deformation and the other obtained by re-rendering the deformed 3D textured model. These two images are then seamlessly integrated to produce our final output. Due to the severe stretching of meshes, the rendered texture is of blurry appearances. A deep learning approach is exploited to infer the missing details for enhancing these blurry regions. Moreover, a relighting operation is invented to further improve the photorealism of the result. These further make our results “photorealistic”. The qualitative experiment results validated the efficiency of our sketching system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the persistent use of a particular term, "Voodoo Doll," to classify certain artifacts and argues that it is both fundamentally misleading in its history of applications and especially egregious in the current debate over the openness of classics to people of color. Voodoo Doll not only exploits caricatures of Afro-Caribbean religion, it maintains a fundamental error in the interpretation of ancient ritual figurines: that is, the assumption of a primitive "law of sympathy." This paper reviews current scholarship on ancient ritual figurines and then discusses the category Voodoo Doll and its modern origins, with an argument for its abandonment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How does the introduction of information technology (IT) influence production systems? This paper reveals two important changes by introducing information technology (IT) into a production system in the case of the Japanese anime industry. In particular, it focuses on the production system and the relationship between outsourcing and in-house production. Given this objective, this research explores each process and technology of the production system. The processes that are focused in this research are the art production process, painting process and the process that follows. In addition, it examines three-dimensional computer graphics and digital sakuga (drawing) in the technology. The results of the paper elucidate the following. First, companies in Japan cannot attain successful introduction of IT until IT achieve low cost or/and high quality. Second, the process of choosing in-house production or outsourcing depends upon the following factors. Realizing the integration of multiple processes or enhancing the flexibility of the production process leads to the transition from outsourcing to in-house production. On the other hand, realizing lower cost by the delivery of digitalized data through storage media or the Internet results in the transition from in-house production to outsourcing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In April 1921, J.H. Thomas, the Labour Party MP and National Union of Railwaymen (NUR) leader, initiated libel proceedings against the Communist—journal of the Communist Party of Great Britain. He cited defamation in the form of cartoons and words depicting the events of ‘Black Friday’—when he allegedly betrayed the locked-out Miners' Federation by leading the withdrawal of NUR solidarity. To Thomas, the framing of his image by indigenous Bolsheviks threatened to fatally define his character and career within popular imagination, and undermine Labour's rise. In this paper, I argue that during the domestic and international crises surrounding the First World War, innovative left-wing editors and cartoonists tested the boundaries of newspaper cartooning, and gave dissident cartoons renewed menace before the Law. The case was the first for over a century in which graphic satires of a national political figure were successfully prosecuted. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article examines the context and production of early Chinese cartoons in Singapore relative to Tong Meng Hui and its successor, the Kuomintang. Early Chinese cartoons were introduced in 1907 by members of the Singapore branch of the Tong Meng Hui. These were widely used by reformist papers in the country since they saw the potential of cartoons in getting their message to the public. Chinese cartoons were also used as one of the most powerful propaganda tools in the anti-Japanese campaign.

The political cartoon became a settled part of the British daily press early in the twentieth century. The cartoon is an editorial in pictures, working with a traditional armoury of images and often including caricature and humour. Cartoonists typically enjoy high status and long tenure. Using the resources of the University of Kent Cartoon Centre database, this article analyses the depiction of party leaders in the 1997 general election and categorises the dominant images employed. The future of this cartoon tradition is explored in the light of changes in the size and design of newspapers and the development of television. Increasingly cartoonists thrive in the broadsheet papers more than the tabloids. The impact of a changing political culture is illustrated by Steve Bell's underpants motif in cartoons of John Major, and by tracing the growth of uninhibited cartoon treatment of royalty. The cartoon's unique ability to convey the unsayable through graphic images ensures that it will continue to flourish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the potential of incorporating visual methods in the study of identity and identity work. Design/methodology/approach – Scholars have proposed a range of approaches to the study of identity. However, studies have typically relied on interviews or surveys with little exploration of the dynamic narrating of self-in-situ inherent to identity and identity work. The paper reviews the aforementioned methods, builds on the power of visual approaches, and proposes a method involving figurative character image-elicitation (FCI). FCI uses personal, contextual cartoon-style images to mobilize and encourage the narration of identity. The paper details the development of the approach, drawing on a pilot study, and reports its use in an exploratory study of employee identity. Findings – The results suggest that the use of FCI provides a situated focus for the narration of identity with the signifying – self-insitu – nature of the images providing room for participants to position themselves as subject. These features are also suggested to provide a safe distance for a more in-depth and expressive discussion which transcends impression management. Originality/value – The use of FCI has highlighted the power of visual methods in the exploration of identity and identity work. The approach is personally engaging and contextually adaptable providing methodological opportunities for a range of organizational and societal studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905 captured the imagination of reading publics around the world and in Britain spawned a breadth of products aimed at a domestic audience, including cigarette cards, illustrated magazines and newspaper cartoons. This essay investigates the commentary on and interpretation of the war offered by cartoons appearing in the British Sunday paper the News of the World and the Welsh daily paper the Western Mail. Editorial cartoonist J. M. Staniforth drew over 70 cartoons documenting the war for both papers, and the degree to which these visual images complemented or diverged from the editorial line expressed in leader columns is considered. The importance of distinguishing between cartoons and editorials and of taking into account the identity and career of the cartoonist is stressed. The visual codes for communicating conflict are also investigated, revealing in the process something of the intellectual horizons of both cartoonist and audience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a semiotic analysis of political cartoons published in Jordan prior to and during the 2013 elections. It seeks to depict the sociopolitical context after the 2011 Arab Spring and focuses on the changes to people's practices and stances toward politics and politicians. The data consist of political cartoons by the Jordanian cartoonist Imad Hajjaj drawn during the parliamentary election campaigns in 2007, 2010, and 2013. This paper argues that the humor generated in cartoons conveys strong messages that require an analysis of the interaction between the different signs in cartoons and their social and ideological implications. A model of analysis derived from Barthes' perception of denotation and connotation theories is adopted. This model is comprised of three types of messages: linguistic, literal, and symbolic. The analysis identifies different messages in the cartoons before and after 2011. Unlike the cartoons from 2007 to 2010, the linguistic and denoted messages in the cartoons of 2013 connoted a sense of salvation, achievement, victory, freedom, dignity, and democracy, merits that had rarely been highlighted in previous cartoons. This attitude is reflected by themes such as the positive image of the young, public awareness of political and national issues, and resistance towards corruption. The study sheds light on this neglected area of visual communication in the Arab world and hopes to provide new insights into the fields of semiotics, pragmatics, multimodal analysis, and critical discourse analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the creation and meaning of American Indian savagery in editorial cartoons in New York City's Daily Graphic, the world's first illustrated daily newspaper. The research focuses on Indian images at two historical moments: before and after the Battle of the Little Bighorn. The Daily Graphic featured several ghostlike Indian spirits and comic caricatures before the battle. These figures were racially stereotyped but presented as harmless, even playful. Such images disappeared after the battle, when The Graphic published a number of inflammatory cartoons depicting dark, angry, and armed Indian warriors as threats to U.S. society. The Graphic soon moderated its imagery, however, and began depicting both hostile and peaceful Indians. The Daily Graphic's visual shifts demonstrate the nation's long-standing ambivalence toward Indians and their place in nineteenth-century American life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Electronic Turkish Studies is the property of Electronic Turkish Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Interactive graphics are commonly used in games and have been shown to be successful in attracting the general audience. Instead of computer games, animations, cartoons, and videos being used only for entertainment, there is now an interest in using interactive graphics for ‘innovative testing’. Rather than traditional pen-and-paper tests, audio, video and graphics are being conceived as alternative means for more effective testing in the future. In this paper, we review some examples of graphics item types for testing. As well, we outline how games can be used to interactively test concepts; discuss designing chemistry item types with interactive 3D graphics; suggest approaches for automatically adjusting difficulty level in interactive graphics based questions; and propose strategies for giving partial marks for incorrect answers. We study how to test different cognitive skills, such as music, using multimedia interfaces; and also evaluate the effectiveness of our model. Methods for estimating difficulty level of a mathematical item type using Item Response Theory (IRT) and a molecule construction item type using Graph Edit Distance are discussed. Evaluation of the graphics item types through extensive testing on some students is described. We also outline the application of using interactive graphics over cell phones. All of the graphics item types used in this paper are developed by members of our research group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, it is proposed that some variations in generally fixed muscle tonus found in people are linked to postural patterns and personality. It is suggested that the pattern originates from, or at least matches, dorsal-ventral undulation, an evolutionarily early form of locomotion. Drawings demonstrate, with simple line, how muscle tonus patterns define whole bodies and individuals, much in the same way that cartooning does. In addition, whole-body mental imagery provides a kinesthetic experience of the concepts and types. New tools for dance movement therapy, body psychotherapy, and kinesthetically based postural reeducation could arise from the concepts. This variety of physical typology has not been previously proposed, though we notice the types in everyday life and in cartooning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The creation and interpretation of humor in cartoons draws on various cognitive mechanisms, such as conceptual metaphor and metonymy, conceptual integration or blending, and cognitive and cultural models. The role that these mechanisms play in the humor process has been explored in relatively recent studies (Coulson 2002; Brne & Feyaerts 2003; Medubi 2003; Bergen 2004; Marn-Arrese 2003, 2005; Brne, Feyaerts & Veale 2006). The present paper examines humor in political cartoons in relation to the Referendum on the European Constitution, held in France on May 29, 2005, and the various perceptions and representations of the results in the English and Spanish press. The paper aims to: (a) explore some of the cognitive mechanisms involved in the construction of meaning, in particular metaphoric and metonymic reasoning and conceptual blending; and (b) reveal some of the common or contrasting features of cultural models in political cartoons in English and Spanish, and the role that these cartoons play in reinforcing or challenging social, cultural and political practices. The analysis reveals the ways in which humor is used as a form of criticism against the dominant ideology of French political elite, as well as an attack, especially in the Spanish press, against the government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the waning days of autumn 1941, readers of Chicago's top morning and evening papers read about what appeared to be two different wars: one the United States needed to join and one it desperately needed to avoid. By the time the presses rolled after the attack on Pearl Harbor December 7, only one war was reported. This content analysis of editorial cartoons in the weeks before and after Pearl Harbor explores the themes emphasized by these bitter newspaper rivals—one run by President Roosevelt's harshest critic in the press and the other by Roosevelt's Navy secretary. Results suggest that even when the newspapers rallied around the flag, they often rallied around two different flags. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose - This paper aims to demonstrate how blog searching can be used as a retrospective source of public opinion. Design/methodology/approach - In this paper a variety of blog searching techniques are described and illustrated with a case study of the Danish cartoons affair. Findings - A time series analysis of related blog postings suggests that the Danish cartoons issue attracted little attention in the English-speaking world for four months after the initial publication of the cartoons, exploding only after the simultaneous start of diplomatic sanctions and a commercial boycott. Research limitations/implications - Blogs only reveal the opinions of bloggers, and blog analysis is language-specific. Sections of the world and the population of individual countries that do not have access to the internet will not be adequately represented in blogspace. Moreover, bloggers are self-selected and probably not representative of internet users. Originality/value - The existence of blog search engines now allows researchers to search blogspace for posts relating to any given debate, seeking either the opinions of blogging pundits or casual mentions in personal journals. It is possible to use blogs to examine topics before they first attract mass media attention, as well as to dissect ongoing discussions. This gives a retrospective source of public opinion that is unique to blog search engines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The separation of image content into semantic parts plays a vital role in applications such as compression, enhancement, restoration, and more. In recent years, several pioneering works suggested such a separation be based on variational fore mutation and others using independent component analysis and sparsity. This paper presents a novel method for separating images into texture and piecewise smooth (cartoon) parts, exploiting both the variational and the sparsity mechanisms. The method combines the basis pursuit denoising (BPDN) algorithm and the total-variation (TV) regularization scheme. The basic idea presented in this paper is the use of two appropriate dictionaries, one for the representation of textures and the other for the natural scene parts assumed to be piecewise smooth. Both dictionaries are chosen such that they lead to sparse representations over one type of image-content (either texture or piecewise smooth). The use of the BPDN with the two amalgamed dictionaries leads to the desired separation, along with noise removal as a by-product. As the need to choose proper dictionaries is generally hard, a TV regularization is employed to better direct the separation process and reduce ringing artifacts. We present a highly efficient numerical scheme to solve the combined optimization problem posed by our model and to show several experimental results that validate the algorithm's performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is an attempt at uncovering some online practices that it is proposed utilise the age-old lineages of the visual comic and cartoon, which can help one better understand how to create and learn through interaction enabling technologies such as those available today. As a secondary theme the paper looks at the potential for new media practices (using the label to cover a range of disciplines from design to fine arts in the digital realm) to encourage a different type of educational dialogue between student and tutor, a dialogue which could be useful in developing student confidence and thus re-engage them in academic enquiry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extracting balloons has been a challenge in digital comics, in particular for complex comic books. In fact, current algorithms are seemingly adequate for simple comics, but not for complex ones. This paper proposes an algorithm based on the Sobel operator plus a modified flood fill operator to identify and extract balloons in comic book pages. Unlike other approaches, our algorithm applies to any sort of comics, no matter they are simple or complex comics, without making any assumptions regarding the line continuity of the image, color depth of the image, orientation of the text, and language. Experimental results show that our algorithm significantly improves the rate of correctly detected balloons, and simultaneously decreases the number of false positives, when compared to other algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yomihon (reading-book) was a popular form of literature in Shogun- arc Japan, between late seventeenth and early nineteenth centuries. They are illustrated wood-cut publications, and were often, but not always, contrasted with ehon (picture books). Both reading and picture books were published in the same format and dealt closely with the lives of common city dwellers and their worldview. Their identities rested on the basis of the number of illustrations, and there was no clear distinction in their contents. They both became important sources of urban entertainment in pre-modern Japan along with kabuki theatre. The variety of these forms of popular literature in the Edo Period was immense. This paper examines their forms and contents and explores why the yomihon could be considered a precursor of modem comic books. Of special interest is a series of `vulgar' literature known as `yellow coven', published toward the end of the Shogunate period. Specific contents and features of this vulgar literature partially illustrates how the popularity of illustrated books had contributed to the sophistication of ukiyo-e woodcut printing technology in pre-modem Japan. The manner in which these publications were produced, distributed and appreciated will be the focus of this paper. The author maintains the perspective that cultural aesthetics which enable the development of a specific form of popular entertainment withstand historical forces and technological revolution. This paper thus attempts to understand the deeper historical sources that support the immense popularity of comics in contemporary Japan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]