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Our study presents an innovative material for application in the construction of biocomposites produced from agro-industrial by-products, constituted by the matrix of 70% raw rice bran, reinforced with 15% of rice husk fibers of different particle sizes (> 1 mm, > 500 µm, > 250 µm and < 250 µm) and 15% glycerol as a plasticizer. The materials were manually mixed and then molded by thermal compression in a hydraulic press with heating using a tray format. The molded parts were submitted to tests of biodegradability, contact angle, water absorption and impact resistance. The obtained results showed the influence of the incorporation of the rice husk fibers in the improvement of the evaluated properties when compared to the biocomposite produced only with rice bran. The different particle sizes of the rice husk fibers used in this study presented minor influence on the evaluated properties. Nevertheless, it should be noted that biocomposites with grain sizes > 250 µm and < 500 µm showed significant improvements, such as greater impact performance, higher initial contact angle and minor mass losses in composting experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various treatments, such as alkaline and silane treatments, are commonly applied to natural fillers before production to enhance their quality, thermal stability, and water absorption capacity and improve the fiber–matrix interface properties. However, these processes are not environmentally friendly and may escalate the production cost of composites due to the need for additional processing steps in mass production. This study delves into the impact of untreated walnut shell (WS) filler material, employed in varying ratios (ranging from 10 to 40%) as a filler, on the mechanical, thermal, morphological, and physical properties of environmentally friendly polylactic acid (PLA) matrix composites. The experimental results highlight a significant decrease in tensile modulus by 28%, tensile strength ranging from 32 to 65%, a decrease in flexural modulus by 22%, and flexural strength ranging from 24 to 58% with varying WS filler ratios. Time-dependent water absorption and increased density were observed. FT-IR analysis indicates structural similarities, while DSC results show minimal effects on glass transition temperature and crystallinity. TGA results reveal reduced thermal stability with increasing WS content. SEM microstructure imaging demonstrates homogeneous WS particle distribution, but higher WS content leads to increased brittleness and diminished resistance properties. In conclusion, this study underscores the importance of balancing sustainability through WS filler ratios while preserving mechanical performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights Development of biocomposites is becoming a necessity due to environmental concerns. Polylactide is a matrix of choice, regarding its bio‐sourced and compostable nature along with its mechanical properties. In this study, poly(L‐lactide)/flax biocomposites were produced using thermoplastic resin transfer molding (TP‐RTM) in one step process from the monomer, affording sustainable and fully compostable composite materials. The polymerization of L‐lactide (L‐LA) monomer was promoted by tin octoate, affording poly(L‐lactide) (PLLA) matrices displaying monomer conversions superior to 96% and mass‐average molar masses above 140,000 g/mol. Flax fibers were used as received without any functionalization which is usually conducted to prevent the hydroxyl groups to conduct side reactions. Mechanical testing revealed bending modulus of 9.3 GPa and bending strength of 177 MPa comparable to existing literature values for PLLA/flax composites produced by other techniques. Digital microscopy analysis provided insights into impregnation quality and void characterization within the composites. In addition, the durability of these biocomposites was also evaluated via accelerated aging tests. PLLA/flax biocomposites were produced by TP‐RTM for the first time. In situ polymerization of the PLLA matrix associated with non‐functionalized flax fabrics was conducted. Bending properties were found in line with those of PLLA/flax composites produced by compression molding. Aging tests under UV at 50°C of PLLA/flax biocomposites were conducted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global regulations are guiding society towards more sustainable material solutions. This increasing awareness of the need for environmentally friendly alternatives has led to a greater emphasis on biocomposites, which combine natural fibers with bio-based polymers. This study investigates how bleached softwood pulp fibers (BSWPF) and unbleached softwood pulp fibers (UBSWPF) affect the characteristics of poly(lactic acid) (PLA)-based biocomposites. UBSWPF is a more cost-effective option because it is manufactured with less processing steps than BSWPF. However, it is largely unexplored as a reinforcement in biopolymers. Through investigating the mechanical, thermal, and morphological aspects of the biocomposites, this study showed that UBSWP increased the modulus and impact strength of the PLA biocomposites better than BSWPF. The impact strength, modulus, and tensile strength of PLA-BSWPF and PLA-UBSWPF improved as the fiber content increased. However, a decrease in tensile strength was seen at higher percentages of UBSWPF in PLA. Despite the decrease in tensile strength at higher UBSWPF concentrations, both types of fibers improved the mechanical properties of the biocomposites, demonstrating a potential sustainable reinforcing material for PLA biocomposites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The canola oil industry generates significant waste as canola meal (CM) which has limited scope and applications. This study demonstrates the possibility of valorization of CM as a sustainable natural filler in a biodegradable polymer composite of Poly(lactic acid) (PLA). Generally, interfacial bonding between natural fibers and the polymer matrix in the composite is weak and non-uniform. One possible solution is to derivatize natural fibre to introduce interfacial bond strength and compatibility with the PLA polymer matrix. Here, CM was succinylated in a reactive extrusion process using succinic anhydride at 30 wt% to get 14% derivatization with 0.02 g of -COOH density per g of CM. The CM or succinylated CM at 5 and 15 wt% was co-extruded with amorphous PLA to get composite fibers. CM-PLA and succinylated CM-PLA biocomposites were foamed using a mild and green microcellular foaming process, with CO2 as an impregnating agent without any addition of organic solvents. The properties of the foams were analyzed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), shrinkage, and imaging. The addition of CM or succinylated CM as a natural filler did not significantly change the glass transition temperature, melting point, percent crystallization, stiffness, and thermal stability of PLA foams. This suggests succinylation (modification) of CM is not a mandatory step for improving interphase compatibility with the amorphous PLA. The new PLA-CM foams can be a good alternative in the packaging industry replacing the existing petroleum-based polymer foams. Highlights: Valorization of CM as a sustainable natural filler in PLA biocomposite foams Modification of CM is not mandatory for interphase compatibility with the PLA PLA-CM foams have similar appearance and properties to control PLA foams New PLA-CM foams can be a good alternative in the packaging industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the promising potential of bio-composites derived from plant fibers due to their ecological and economic benefits, challenges persist in their preparation, restricting their commercial applications. These challenges are primarily associated with developing suitable methods, acquiring appropriate equipment for treating plant fibers, and addressing the time constraints in preparation. This study aims to contribute to the development and characterization of a new biocomposite and biodegradable material based on natural fibers produced through hot compression. The newly developed biocomposite comprises commercial biodegradable poly-lactic acid (PLA) as a matrix and untreated fiber fabric extracted from date palms as reinforcement. The use of untreated fiber fabric has successfully overcome the preparation difficulties. Experimental results on the new biocomposite reveal the strong adhesion between its fibers and the matrix, emphasizing the significant impact of choosing the right manufacturing conditions on the developed mechanical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This study involved fabricating thermoplastic wheat starch–sugarcane bagasse biocomposites through melt mixing method. The effect of sugarcane bagasse concentration at 3 levels of 0 wt.%, 7.5 wt.% and 15 wt.% of wheat starch and sorbitol:glycerol weight ratio at 4 levels of 0:4, 1:4, 2:4 and 4:4 on their physicomechanical properties was evaluated. The results indicated that increasing both of the weight ratio of sorbitol to glycerol and the concentration of bagasse generally led to a significant increase in tensile strength and modulus, but a decrease in elongation at break and equilibrium moisture content. The biocomposite containing the weight ratio of sorbitol:glycerol of 0:4 and bagasse concentration of zero, had the lowest tensile strength (0.22 MPa) and tensile modulus (0.23 MPa), and the highest elongation at break (103.1%) and equilibrium moisture content (30.6%) and conversely The biocomposite containing the weight ratio of sorbitol:glycerol of 4:4 and bagasse concentration of 15, had the highest tensile strength (5.3 MPa) and tensile modulus (371.5 MPa), and the lowest elongation at break (1.5%) and equilibrium moisture content (20.6%). Moisture absorption was also studied using the Peleg model, which showed that samples with lower weight ratios of sorbitol to glycerol and lower bagasse concentrations had higher initial moisture absorption rates and greater moisture absorption capacity. The investigation of thermal behavior of the biocomposites by TGA analysis showed improved thermal stability of the biocomposites by increasing both of the sorbitol:glycerol weight ratio and the bagasse concentration. Finally, the FTIR spectrum revealed an increase in hydrogen and polar bonds in the biocomposites compared to pure starch. Graphical Abstract

The fiber-filled polymer composite is one of the best materials which provides a symmetrical superior strength and stiffness to structures. With the strengthening of people's environmental protection and resource reuse consciousness, the development of renewable materials, especially natural fiber-filled polymer composites, is receiving great attention. This study investigated the mechanical properties of polymer composites incorporating waste materials from the food processing industry and agricultural sources. Waste vegetal fiber-filled polymer biocomposites (WVFFPBs) with varying fiber types and 3D printing orientations were systematically fabricated. Subsequently, the tensile tests were executed to comprehensively assess the anisotropic mechanical behaviors of the WVFFPBs. The results demonstrated that WVFFPBs performed excellent anisotropic mechanical properties compared to pristine matrix samples as print orientation changed. As the printing angle increased from 0° to 90°, the tensile mechanical properties of the WVFFPBs displayed a decreasing trend. Moreover, the print orientation–anisotropic mechanical behavior relationship of 3D-printed WVFFPBs was revealed through the analysis of the material manufacturing characteristics and damage features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disposable surgical gowns are usually made from petroleum-based synthetic fibers that do not naturally decompose, impacting the environment. A promising approach to diminish the environmental impact of disposable gowns involves utilizing natural fibers and/or bio-based synthetic fibers. In this study, composite webs from polylactic acid (PLA) bicomponent fiber and natural fibers, cattail and kapok fibers, were prepared using the hot press method. Only the sheath region of the PLA bicomponent fiber melted, acting as an adhesive that enhanced the strength and reduced the thickness of the composite web compared with its state before hot pressing. The mechanical and physical properties of these composite webs were evaluated. Composite webs created from kapok fibers displayed a creamy yellowish-white color, while those made from cattail fibers showed a light yellowish-brown color. Additionally, the addition of natural fibers endowed the composite webs with hydrophobic properties. The maximum natural fiber content, at a ratio of 30:70 (natural fiber to PLA fiber), can be incorporated while maintaining proper water vapor permeability and mechanical properties. This nonwoven material presents an alternative with the potential to replace petroleum-based surgical gowns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural fibers are one of the most attractive materials in biocomposites due to their potential for sustainability. This study aims to prepare sustainable composite materials using fibers from Sansevieria trifasciata (snake plant) and to investigate their mechanical, morphological, and water absorption properties. The composite was prepared with epoxy resin through a manual hand lay‐up process, maintaining standard parameters with changeable reinforcement (10%, 20%, and 30%). The mechanical properties (tensile, impact, and flexural strength), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and water absorbency of the composites were evaluated. The result showed that the tensile strength, flexural strength, and impact resistance of the composites are 6.99 MPa, 10.77 MPa, and 14 J, respectively, for 30% fiber components, which are significantly higher than other composite materials. The SEM analysis showed a strong interfacial bond between the snake plant fiber and the epoxy resin. The FTIR analysis revealed a reduction in hemicellulose and lignin and an improvement in the interfacial adhesion between snake plant fiber and epoxy resin. The composites also demonstrated time‐dependent increases in water absorption, with the sample containing 30% fiber components showing the best absorbency performance at 0.88%. Highlights: A study is being conducted on the effective and sustainable use of biowaste.The composite materials loaded with 30% fibers had significantly high tensile strength, flexural strength, and impact resistance.The SEM analysis of snake plant fiber‐reinforced polymer composite showed a strong interfacial bond between fiber and epoxy resin.The FTIR analysis of the composite revealed the reduction of hemicellulose and lignin.The use of non‐renewable materials is reduced, and eco‐friendliness is promoted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study involved fabricating thermoplastic wheat starch–sugarcane bagasse biocomposites through melt mixing method. The effect of sugarcane bagasse concentration at 3 levels of 0 wt.%, 7.5 wt.% and 15 wt.% of wheat starch and sorbitol:glycerol weight ratio at 4 levels of 0:4, 1:4, 2:4 and 4:4 on their physicomechanical properties was evaluated. The results indicated that increasing both of the weight ratio of sorbitol to glycerol and the concentration of bagasse generally led to a significant increase in tensile strength and modulus, but a decrease in elongation at break and equilibrium moisture content. The biocomposite containing the weight ratio of sorbitol:glycerol of 0:4 and bagasse concentration of zero, had the lowest tensile strength (0.22 MPa) and tensile modulus (0.23 MPa), and the highest elongation at break (103.1%) and equilibrium moisture content (30.6%) and conversely The biocomposite containing the weight ratio of sorbitol:glycerol of 4:4 and bagasse concentration of 15, had the highest tensile strength (5.3 MPa) and tensile modulus (371.5 MPa), and the lowest elongation at break (1.5%) and equilibrium moisture content (20.6%). Moisture absorption was also studied using the Peleg model, which showed that samples with lower weight ratios of sorbitol to glycerol and lower bagasse concentrations had higher initial moisture absorption rates and greater moisture absorption capacity. The investigation of thermal behavior of the biocomposites by TGA analysis showed improved thermal stability of the biocomposites by increasing both of the sorbitol:glycerol weight ratio and the bagasse concentration. Finally, the FTIR spectrum revealed an increase in hydrogen and polar bonds in the biocomposites compared to pure starch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the "new car smell" has been linked to materials off‐gassing toxic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) within the chamber of vehicles. Previous studies collected air samples directly from the vehicle chamber and analyzed them using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). However, there is a lack of data regarding which materials are responsible for each compound and the resulting concentrations. This preliminary research was focused on analysis of VOC emissions emitted from basalt fiber and hemp hurd‐reinforced polypropylene (PP) panels, glass fiber reinforced PP panels, and PP panels intended for interior automotive applications such as dashboards and door panels. The panels were subjected to various temperatures and UV radiation that may be experienced within a vehicle. Results showed increasing concentrations as temperature increased, and a reduction in off‐gassing in the presence of UV radiation. The major compounds detected were acetaldehyde (<41 μg/m3), acetone (<29 μg/m3), and various alkanes (<6786 μg/m3). Overall, the concentrations detected from all panels were below the suggested standards and limitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we utilized a hybridization approach for two different fibers to overcome the drawbacks of single-fiber-reinforced PLA composites. Coir fiber and bamboo leaf fiber were used as reinforcing natural fibers as their properties complement one another. Additionally, we combined thermal annealing with hybridization techniques to further improve the overall properties of the composites. The results showed that the hybridization of BF: CF with a ratio of 1:2 gave PLA-based hybrid composites optimal mechanical and thermal properties. Furthermore, the improvement in the thermal stability of hybrid composites, attributable to an increase in crystallinity, was a result of thermal annealing. The improvement in HDT in annealed 1BF:2CF hybrid composite was about 13.76% higher than that of the neat PLA. Annealing of the composites led to increased crystallinity, which was confirmed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The synergistic effect of hybridization and annealing, leading to the improvement in the thermal properties, opened up the possibilities for the use of PLA-based composites. In this study, we demonstrated that a combined technique can be utilized as a strategy for improving the properties of 100% biocomposites and help overcome some limitations of the use of PLA in many applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this work is to analyze the influence of the cross-section of a bumper beam made of fully biodegradable composites. Flax/PLA bumper beams were manufactured with four types of cross-sections with different degree of roundness. Specimens were subjected to low velocity impacts and the post-impact behavior is evaluated under three-point bending tests. Results indicate that different cross-sections can be selected if the objective is to maximize the impact performance or the post-impact residual properties. The bumper beam with the higher roundness exhibits the best impact performance, while an intermediate section exhibits the best after impact residual mechanical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to fabricate eco-friendly fiber metal laminates (FMLs) with acceptable flexural and impact properties. For this reason, the jute and basalt fibers are hybridized into the epoxy matrix and then sandwiched between 2024 aluminum layers. After that, various contents of montmorillonite nanoparticles are dispersed in these structures to enhance these mechanical properties. To characterize the effect of hybridizing fibers and incorporating nanoparticles, macrostructural and microstructural investigations are performed. In hybrid structures, the highest flexural and impact properties are achieved, when the basalt layers are placed as exterior layers of the composite core. However, in the FMLs containing nanoclay particles, the FMLs with the 1.5 or 3 wt% nanoclay have an acceptable improvement in the mechanical properties, which relates to the exfoliated or intercalated structure of nanoclay. Creating nanocomposite interlocks on the surface of aluminum layers, enhancing the adhesion bonding at the interface of metal/composite, and improving the adhesion between jute or basalt fibers with the epoxy matrix are the distinct improving mechanisms, which are characterized by macro- and microstructural methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioderived poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is a promising alternative for fossilbased polymers, but its poor hydrophilicity, high brittleness, and low heatresistance are problems for its utilization. In this work, bleached softwood kraft pulp (BSKP) fiber was adopted to modify PLA with MAPP as the coupling agent, with BSKP accounting for 10 wt% to 50 wt%. Internal mixing (IM) was applied to mix the PLA/fiber blend instead of screw grinding. The thermal and mechanical properties of the composites were assessed. The IM process was proven qualified for its effective dispersion of BSKP fibers in the PLA matrix. At a fiber loading of 50 wt%, IMprocessed composites acquired satisfactory tensile strength (50.49 MPa, slightly higher than PLA) and Young's modulus (2.56 GPa, 45.8% higher than PLA). The pulp fillers matched PLA matrix well for the characteristic temperatures in thermal decomposition. The BSKP/PLA composites were thermally strengthened by pulp fibers characterized by higher content of residues. The fibers improved the interfacial crystallinity of PLA in the composites (i.e., from 5.22% to 11.86%). The increased crystallinity resulted in enhanced stiffness or weaker damping performance of the composites. In conclusion, natural plant fibers are a feasible option to modify PLA for extended applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bio-derived epoxy green composites were fabricated using waste tea fibers and their durability was studied under aggressive environments. The fibers were first mercerized and subsequently functionalized with maleic anhydride. Functionalization resulted in improved adhesion as well as uniform distribution of the fibers in the matrix. Although, the tensile strength was lower than the pristine, improvements were recorded in their mechanical strengths (tensile strength up to 16.1 MPa) compared to un-modified ones, with good elongation at break (23.8%). The green composites also demonstrated good thermal stability up to 244 °C. On investigating the durability toward disparate chemical and physical environments, all the materials exhibited high resistance under extreme temperatures (2 and 70 °C) and UV irradiation and showed remarkable enhancements in tensile strength after aging (up to 65.8% and 49.5%, respectively). This study ensured promising outdoor applications of this green composite derived using waste materials as a benign durable material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mechanical properties of natural fibers, as used to produce sustainable biocomposites, vary significantly—both among different plant species and also within a single species. All plants, however, share a common microstructural fingerprint. They are built up by only a handful of constituents, most importantly cellulose. Through continuum micromechanics multiscale modeling, the mechanical behavior of cellulose nanofibrils is herein upscaled to the technical fiber level, considering 26 different commonly used plants. Model-predicted stiffness and elastic limit bounds, respectively, frame published experimental ones. This validates the model and corroborates that plant-specific physicochemical properties, such as microfibril angle and cellulose content, govern the mechanical fiber performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An ever‐increasing rise in demand for sustainable materials has received significant attention in developing biocomposites for structural applications. In this regard, natural fibers replacing synthetic fibers as reinforcement in epoxy composite could be a significant gain toward sustainability, especially in automobile and structural applications. Herein, flax fiber/cellulose paper–reinforced epoxy biocomposite (FREC‐X) was fabricated via a vacuum infusion process. The influence of postcuring conditions (time and temperature) and cellulose paper density on the mechanical properties of FREC‐X was studied. The tensile strength and modulus of FREC‐X increased by 37% and 64%, respectively, upon the integration of paper. Postcuring FREC‐X further augmented the tensile and flexural properties of the composite, which could be attributed to the increase in cross‐linking of the epoxy and yields a strong polymer network. Fractography analysis confirmed that the composites integrated with paper showed fewer defects with improved interfacial adhesion. In addition, the water absorption and thickness swelling results revealed that the presence of cellulose paper marginally increased the water uptake and thickness swelling of FREC‐X. Furthermore, there was no significant change in the tensile and flexural properties of FREC‐X observed even after immersing in water for >200 h. Such properties of FREC‐X seen as a fascinating alternative to synthetic fibers and petroleum‐based epoxy and are promising material for sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The usage of new cellulosic fibers in industrial applications is massive because of its excellent performances. These fibers are utilized especially for manufacture of high-performance composites. Coconut leaf sheath (CLS) fibers are extracted for leaf sheath of coconut tree. The aim of this paper is to study the possibility of using a natural fiber CLS as an alternative for polymer composites. In the current study, the consequence of NaOH treatment on structural, thermal and morphological behavior of treated and untreated coconut leaf sheath (CLS) fiber in terms of single fiber tensile strength, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (×RD), ther)mogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) has been explored. From SEM analysis, it was identified globular lumps spread consistently over the fiber which could help the mechanical interlock with the resin. The outcomes from the experimentation exposed that the NaOH treatment has impacted in the eradication of amorphous hemicellulose and lignin contents from the CLS fiber surface and in turn resulted in excellent structural and thermal stability behaviour of fiber. The present work endorses the great potential of CLS fibers to be utilized for bio-reinforcement in order to fabricate lightweight composite structures, employed in automobile and structural applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new class of biobased composites with tailorable mechanical properties made of natural fibers, polylactic acid, and ferulic acid derivatives (FAD) is studied. FAD was used to develop composites with elastomeric properties like improved elongation at break and highly reversible deformation upon elongation. Composites were prepared using raw and enzymatically treated hemp fibers. The fibers were defibrillated due to the enzymatic treatment increasing their aspect ratio. The composites were characterized by their mechanical properties and their reaction to fire. No significant change in the dispersion of the fibers in the composites was reported. Homogenously dispersed crystallites of FAD were observed by scanning electron microscopy in the PLA matrix and at the interface between the PLA and the fibers, where they are suspected to increase the free volume in correlation with a decrease in mechanical properties following the increase in the aspect ratio of the fibers. FAD also degraded the reaction to fire of the material with an increase in 10% of the peak of Heat Release Rate (pHRR) in comparison to neat PLA. It also increased the charring residue up to 3 wt.%. A synergistic effect between FAD and the lignin increasing the charring residue is also reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, fracture toughness of banana fiber reinforced thermoplastic starch (BF_TPS) material was studied. Fiber weight percent (30, 40, and 50 wt.%) to starch polymer was fabricated using hot press at a pressure of 5 MPa of 160°C for 30 min. Experimental result shows that 40 wt.% BF_TPS biocomposite gave optimum tensile strength. Furthermore, nanoclay with varying weight percentage (1-5 wt.%) of dry cornstarch (CS) powder was added to enhance the property of the optimum 40 wt.% BF_TPS biocomposite, hence, forming hybrid clay/BF_TPS biocomposite. Tensile, impact, and fracture mechanics (Mode I fracture test) through Single End Notched Bending (SENB) Test were studied concurrently. Thermal properties and degradations were equally studied through Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). Results show that tensile strength and impact resistance increased to the maximum of 65% and 15.6%, respectively, at 3 wt.% clay addition. Critical stress intensity factor (KIC) was approximately higher by 276% when compared to neat BF_TPS material. Strain energy release rates (GIC) values were minimal. Delamination and catastrophic failures occurred with less fiber crack propagation along the crack initiation notches. In TGA, less weight reduction was observed at 3 wt.% clay/BF_TPS material, while a positive shift occurred in DMA tan delta (Tan δ) Tg by 30°C. The micrography of the clay-enhanced biocomposites resulted in better bonding interaction between the polymer and fiber. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study focuses on the development of biodegradable composites to replace synthetic polymer-based composites for potential lightweight structural applications in the automobile, aeronautical, marine, and packaging industries. Initially, PLA and NFBF/PLA films are prepared by solution casting, and from these films, composite laminates are prepared by film sequencing and compression (hot-press) molding methods. First, the critical buckling load (Pcr) of composites is analyzed, and then, the influence of compressive load on natural frequency is studied. The critical buckling load-bearing capacity of PLA is enhanced with the reinforcement of NFBF (natural fiber braided yarn fabric). The composite with three layers of NFBF registered the highest critical-buckling load (Pcr) of 374.19 N, and this value is 172.13% high compared to the virgin PLA. Similarly, the natural frequency of the NFBF composites approaches minimum when the applied load is equal to the corresponding Pcr. However, a significant increase in the fundamental frequency is noticed when the applied load is higher than the Pcr. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

However, for the first time in literature, we have fabricated a biocomposite from glasswort (GW) as a natural fiber in high-density polyethylene (HDPE) matrix and investigated the interaction of GW with a commodity plastic by examining the mechanical and surface properties of composites. SEM micrographs of (a) GW fiber powder at 100x, (b) GW fiber powder at 500x, (c) 15 wt% GW filled HDPE at 100x, (d) 15 wt% GW filled HDPE at 250x magnifications As observed in Figure 9a and 9b, some of the splinter structures which have a radius that can pass through the filter neck, but larger than the longitudinal filter neck which can reach about 980 µm length but have 200 µm radius, were present. Gained mass percentages according to weeks HT

This article presents the development of laminate biocomposite via film stacking technique (FST) represents a method for processing fiber-reinforced thermoplastic laminate composites. The primary difficulty is the compatibility between the hydrophilic natural fibers and the hydrophobic PLA. With these limitations, the utilization of fiber content exceeding 50 wt% remains unfeasible. The PVA-based adhesives spraying technique is used to improve compatibility. Additionally, the effect of four different compatibilizer adhesives applied between the layers was examined: polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), PVA modified with 3-(trimethoxysilyl) propyl methacrylate (modified PVA), PVA–microfibrillated cellulose (PVA–MFC), and PVA-MFC modified with 3-(trimethoxysilyl) propyl methacrylate (modified PVA–MFC). The findings of the study demonstrate that the natural fibers/PLA laminate biocomposite comprises 65 wt% fiber and 35 wt% PLA, thus achieving successful preparation of laminate biocomposites containing over 50 wt% fibers using the FST technique. In comparison to PVA, modified PVA elevated the flexural strength of the laminate biocomposite by up to 122 %. The modified PVA–MFC compatibilizer, when compared with modified PVA, enhanced impact strength by up to 148 %, reduced surface polarity by 31 %, and notably improved thermal stability. In a QUV accelerated weathering test, all the laminates exhibited reduced flexural modulus and flexural strength, but the flexural strength of all the tested materials remained above 50 MPa. In soil burial tests, the PVA laminate exhibited the most rapid decomposition, whereas the modified PVA–MFC laminate demonstrated a notably slower degradation rate. Accelerated weathering notably increased the decomposition of the materials in soil. The modified PVA–MFC laminate emerged as the optimal material for producing a high-strength biodegradable laminate biocomposite, due to its superior mechanical and thermal properties, rendering them suitable for applications requiring structural support, such as interior construction, stage floors, furniture, and building interior decoration materials. • 5 wt% of modified microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) raising the impact strength of the laminate by 148 %. • 65 wt% of pulp fiber in biocomposite successfully processed via lamination. • Modified MFC superior protecting the laminate from UV light, outdoor applicability. • Modified MFC-PVA decaying the least biodegradation, appropriating for soil products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of eco-friendly biocomposites with improved mechanical properties and interfacial interaction were prepared by melt-mixing natural fibers using a cellulose acetate derivative as a polymer matrix and used to evaluate their mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties. The natural fiber used as a biofiller was pre-surface-treated by a refining process using alkali and natural enzymes to improve compatibility and increase interfacial bonding with biopolymer substrate. To increase the processability of the cellulose material, the raw material was plasticized and the composition prepared in the form of pellets in a twin-screw extruder by mixing with an additive before being molded through an injection process. For each composition, the interfacial bonding force between different materials was confirmed through morphology analysis and evaluation of mechanical and thermal properties. When biofillers and a viscosity modifier were used at the same time, the fabricated biocomposites had controllable crystallinity, stiffness, and elasticity and showed improved mechanical strength, such as tensile strength and flexural strength. These results indicated that interfacial properties could be increased through interfacial interactions between two different components due to appropriate surface treatment. In addition, it was confirmed that a composition having interfacial interaction, not a simple mixture, could be prepared by lowering both glass transition and melting temperature. The lowering of glass transition temperature increased the elasticity of the biocomposites, which have the potential advantage of easier melt processing when applied to various injection parts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In engineering applications, natural fiber composites must comply with fire requirements including the use of flame retardant. Furthermore, biocomposites are known to be water sensitive. Whether flame retardants affect the water sensitivity and whether water absorption affects the fire behavior and the mechanical performance of biocomposites are the two main topics addressed in this work. In this study, a flax fiber/epoxy composite flame retardant with 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) or aluminum diethyl phosphinate (AlPi) was aged in humid atmosphere or by immersion in water. Water absorption kinetics revealed that DOPO induces an increase in equilibrium water content by approximately a factor of 2 due to its intrinsic hygroscopicity and/or its plasticizing effect on the epoxy matrix. In contrast, AlPi does not significantly change the water sensitivity of the biocomposite. Mechanical testing highlighted that, whatever the FR, the evolution of mechanical properties with ageing is governed by the moisture content. The drop of elastic modulus was attributed to a decrease in fiber rigidity due to plasticization, while the increase in tensile strength was assigned to an increase in fiber/matrix friction due to fiber swelling. As regards flame retardancy, only the highest water contents modified the fire behavior. For the AlPi containing biocomposite, the water release resulted in an increase by 50% of the time to ignition, while for the DOPO flame retardant biocomposite the water release was mainly postponed after ignition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural fibre biopolymer composites with both fibres and matrix being derived from biomaterials are increasingly used in demanding applications, such as sensing, packaging, building, and transport, and require good electrical, thermal, and flame retardant properties. Herein, an investigation of the effectiveness of functionalising nonwoven cotton/poly(lactic acid) (PLA) fibre mats with graphene oxide nanosheets has been reported by using a facile dip-coating method followed by thermal reduction for enhancing the electric, thermal, and abrasion-resistance properties. The manufacturing processes for preparing biocomposites and introducing functionality are readily scalable. Experimental results reveal that with the addition of less than 0.5 wt% graphene nanoplatelets, the biocomposites showed significant improvements in abrasion resistance, electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and diffusivity. Furthermore, the composite shows excellent piezo-resistivity to act as strain sensors with a gauge factor of 2.59 at strains up to 1%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paunch is a fibrous solid residue consisting of partially digested feed from the stomachs of processed cattle. It is the largest untapped solid waste stream from animals at meat processing plants, and potentially a valuable source of fibres for the production of sustainable and potentially higher-value natural biocomposite materials. Paunch was obtained from the waste effluent of a red meat processing plant, and the fibre characteristics of the as-obtained material were studied and benchmarked against wood flour and ground buffel grass, with a view to evaluating the potential of paunch as a fibre for polymer composites. The ground paunch possessed a rough fibrous surface and fibre-like characteristics that were comparable to both wood flour and ground buffel grass, demonstrating their potential for use in composites. Without any pre-treatment or compatibilisation, composites of a representative biopolymer, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) and ground paunch were successfully produced for the first time via extrusion, with up to 50 wt% paunch content. Mechanical property analysis showed that, at 30 wt% content, PHBV/ground paunch composites yielded mechanical properties that were comparable to those of composites with ground buffel grass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing awareness of socioeconomic and environmental issues and the high percentage of petroleum resources consumed and new environmental regulations have fueled efforts to develop innovative, cutting-edge, environmentally friendly materials with a wide range of applications. Due to environmental and sustainability concerns, the advancement of biocomposites has resulted in tremendous breakthroughs in green materials in this century. Their primary goal is to replace current synthetic petroleum-based composites with natural resources. Materials derived from nonrenewable petroleum-based sources are hazardous and expensive to produce; on the other hand, biocomposites derived from natural sources are biodegradable, recyclable, non-abrasive, and compostable and have properties comparable to synthetic fiber composites. Natural fibers are low-cost, lightweight, biodegradable, renewable, and environmentally friendly alternatives to synthetic fibers like glass and carbon fiber. The long-term viability of natural fiber-based composite materials has led to increased use in various production industries. However, the manufacturing process of natural fiber-based biocomposites is still plagued by some difficulties, such as poor adhesive propensity, moisture absorption, poor fire resistance, low impact strength, and low durability. This review provides a panoramic view to provide insight into different aspects of biocomposites based on natural fibers and polymers in terms of properties and applications, which will pave the way for future biocomposites research in academic and commercial contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With growing restrictions on the exploitation and trade of current stringed musical instruments fingerboard materials such as ebony and rosewood, for economical and ethical reasons, instrument makers are looking for alternative materials. The present work describes the development of a homogeneous 60% bio-based flax fibre composite material with physical properties similar to commonly used fingerboard woods. As a proof of concept, prototype guitar neck was built using the material, demonstrating its compatibility with existing guitar manufacturing techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most important reason why natural fibers are not sufficiently involved in applications is the large scattering of their properties. In addition, it is very difficult to find one kind of natural fiber which has perfect mechanical properties like synthetic fibers. Here, we aimed to find solutions by developing a hybrid composite according to the expectations in the field of application. With this method, desired mechanical properties can be designed, and the weak properties can be improved. To be able to examine this method, we used two different fibers which have different mechanical characteristics. The mechanical properties were measured with three-point bending and impact resistance tests. According to the results, the flexural strength of the jute-reinforced composites (JC) has been improved by 44–71% using luffa fiber hybridization method. On the other hand, it has been observed that the impact resistance of the same specimens of JC has been improved by 51–83%. These results revealed that it is possible to improve the mechanical properties of the composites with hybridization. In conclusion, our study shows that bio-composites can be designed according to the requirement of the application. Hence, the application areas of bio-composites can be widened with increased usage rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past few decades, ecological concerns resulted in an interest in using natural fibers such as flax and hemp as a reinforcement in composite materials. However, the inherent variability of their mechanical and physical properties complicates predicting the mechanical performance of their preforms and hence composites. This research introduces a novel approach in modeling natural fiber composites. To the best of the author's knowledge, this is the first model that considers the variability of natural fibers' properties used in 3D orthogonal woven composites. Measured properties of fibers, yarns and resin in addition to geometrical parameters were used as inputs while the entire Load-Elongation curve of the composite was the output of the model. This model is generalized for any weave design and can be applied for hybrid structures. The model was verified experimentally using preforms from flax and hemp fibers. The model verification showed that there is a better agreement between the predicted and experimental results when using the properties of yarns as input rather than fibers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the study, polylactide-based (PLA) composites modified with natural particles (wood, bamboo, and cork) and with different levels of infilling (100%, 80%, and 60%) obtained by fused deposition modeling were tested. The effect of fiber type, infill level and crystallization rate on the mechanical properties were investigated by using tensile, flexural, and impact tests. The materials were subjected to mechanical tests carried out at 23 and 80 °C. Differential scanning calorimetry were employed to analyze crystallization behavior of composite. Furthermore, hydrothermal degradation was performed, and its effect on the properties was analyzed. The addition of natural fillers and different levels of infilling result in a similar level of reduction in the properties. However, the addition of natural fillers resulted in a slightly lower drop than the lowered infilling rate − 40% and 50% for tensile strength, respectively. Moreover, it was found that, composites made of PLA are more sensitive to high temperatures than to water. The decrease in Young's modulus of PLA at 80 °C was 90%, while after 28 days of hydrodegradation ~ 9%. The addition of fibers reduced this decrease at elevated temperatures. Importantly, in the case of a brittle material such as PLA, the impact strength has been improved by 50% for composites with cork particles and other lignocellulosic composites remained at the same level as for resin. Generally, the thermal treatment of composites increased the degree of crystallinity of the materials, as reflected in the higher results of mechanical tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural fibers such as jute, cotton, and bamboo composites are becoming alternative materials to synthetic fiber composites, as their use raises awareness of environmental protection. Among natural fibers, jute and cotton fibers were used in this research to fabricate six-layered composites reinforced by spent tea leaves. Varying amounts (0, 5, 10, and 15 g) of spent tea leaf powder were incorporated as reinforcement with resin to improve and observe properties and determine usability. The prepared composites were investigated comparatively in terms of mechanical, microstructural, morphological, and thermal properties. As regards mechanical characterization, tensile, compression, and bending properties were tested in this research to compare the obtained data with the data available in the literature to show its practical application. The results indicated that significant improvements in mechanical properties were obtained from the composites up to a certain proportion of reinforcement. The addition of 10 g reinforcement of spent tea leaves improved tensile strength by 33.46% and compressive strength by 38.86%. In terms of microstructural, morphological, and thermal characterization, in-depth SEM, EDS, XRD, UV, FTIR, TGA, and DSC analyses were performed. The results revealed that advanced microstructural, morphological, and thermal properties were improved with a certain proportion of spent tea leaf reinforcement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fiber-reinforced green composites made from natural plant fibers are an increasingly popular sustainable alternative to conventional high-performance composite materials. Given the variety of natural fibers themselves, and the even larger variety of possible composites with specific fiber dosage, fiber orientation distribution, fiber length distribution, and fiber–matrix bond characteristics, micromechanics-based modeling is essential for characterizing the macroscopic response of these composites. Herein, an analytical multiscale micromechanics model for elastic homogenization is developed, capable of capturing the variety. The model features (i) a nanoscopic representation of the natural fibers to predict the fiber stiffness from the universal stiffness of the fiber constituents, mainly cellulose, (ii) a spring-interface model to quantify the compliance of the fiber–matrix bond, and (iii) the ability to model any (and any combination of) orientation distribution and aspect ratio distribution. Validation is performed by comparing the predicted stiffness to experimental results for as many as 73 composites available in the literature. Extensive sensitivity analyses quantify the composite stiffening upon increasing fiber volume fraction, fiber alignment, fiber length, and fiber–matrix interface stiffness, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This study focuses on composites, namely natural composites. • This natural composite comprises 40 to 50 wt% of rice straw fiber, neem saw dust fiber and hybrid composites. • A review of several RSNWP hybridization and chemical treatment techniques. • Morphology and mechanical properties of several materials tests were discussed. • Emerging applications of RSNWPs are also examined while keeping environmental sustainability in mind. Recent years have seen an increase in the use of natural fibers. Rice straw/natural fiber hybrid composites can recycle agricultural waste easily and eliminate fine silica ash pollution. Composite specimens are created by hand lay-up as per ASTM standards. Unsaturated polyester resins and rice straws are studied using scanning electron microscopy. Hybrid composites reinforced with rice straw and neem powder perform better. The optimal fiber content for impact and flexural strength is 50 % by volume fraction. RSNWP6 fibers with hybrid properties have more significant impact strength, hardness, and flexural strength than other fibers at 516.86 J/m, 45 BIU, and 80.03 MPa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, biologically degummed okra bast and corn husk fibers were subjected to alkalization processes. Alkalization treatments resulted in decrease of linear density of the biologically degummed fibers. Increment in alkali concentration resulted in an initial increase then a successive decrease in all tensile indicators: initial modulus, breaking tenacity and breaking elongation. 3 g/L NaOH-treated fibers showed the best tensile characteristics for both okra bast and corn husk fibers. The IR spectra analysis suggested elimination of extracellulosic materials upon alkaline treatment. The ranges for properties of the produced okra bast and corn husk fibers can be summarized in consecutive order as linear density of 9.7–12.3 and 20.0–24.3 tex; initial modulus between 1257-1897 and 156.4–354.6 cN/tex; breaking tenacity range in 28.0–46.8 and 6.37–15.2 cN/tex; and elongation in the range 2.0–2.5% and 8.7–19.9%. The properties of obtained okra bast fibers are found to be superior to corn husk fibers and comparable to that of conventional bast fibers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to evaluate in detail the usability of new cellulosic fibers extracted from the stem of the plant Strelitzia reginae, as a potential reinforcement for polymer composites. The morphological, physical, thermal, and mechanical properties of fibers were addressed for the first time in this paper. Both untreated and alkali-treated fibers were characterized, using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), optical microscope, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) and applying tensile test for determining the mechanical behavior. For both fiber treated at one hour (T1H) and at four hours (T4H), the stem anatomy and fiber SEM micrographs showed a strong presence of fiber cells. Thermogravimetry and DSC showed that the fiber was thermally stable up to 233°C for untreated fiber, 254 and 240°C, respectively, In single-fiber tensile tests, it was observed that the fibers extracted from the stem of Strelitzia reginae were strong. The mean values of Young's modulus exhibited by untreated fibers and treated (T1H) and (T4H) are, respectively, 9.89 GPa, 12.08, and 18.39 GPa. Also mean values of tensile strength are 271.79, 306.23, and 421.39 MPa. The XRD reveals the presence of cellulose with a Crystallinity Index of 70% for raw fiber and 72% for the treated one. Fourier-transform infrared analysis well demonstrated the effect of chemical treatment. It can be concluded from the results of all above experiments that the Strelitzia reginae fibers (SR) could serve as a possible reinforcement in composite materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Every year, agrifood activities generate a large amount of plant byproducts, which have a low economical value. However, the valorization of these byproducts can contribute to increasing the intake of dietary fibers and reducing the environmental pollution. This review presents an overview of a wide variety of agricultural wastes applied in the formulation of different food products and sustainable packaging. In general, the incorporation of fibers into bakery, meat, and dairy products was successful, especially at a level of 10% or less. Fibers from a variety of crops improved the consistency, texture, and stability of sauce formulations without affecting sensory quality. In addition, fiber fortification (0.01–6.4%) presented considerable advantages in terms of rheology, texture, melting behavior, and fat replacement of ice cream, but in some cases had a negative impact on color and mouthfeel. In the case of beverages, promising effects on texture, viscosity, stability, and appetite control were obtained by the addition of soluble dietary fibers from grains and fruits with small particle size. Biocomposites used in packaging benefited from reinforcing effects of various plant fiber sources, but the extent of modification depended on the matrix type, fiber pretreatment, and concentration. The information synthesized in this contribution can be used as a tool to screen and select the most promising fiber source, fiber concentration, and pretreatment for specific food applications and sustainable packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, the focus on the green composite speedily increases because they are low toxic, cheap, and available. A combination of naturally sourced polymetric polymer, suitable filler and excellent wettability and good filler/matrix interaction, synthesized with advance method and techniques appropriate to develop biocomposite with improved properties for different applications in marine, railway, construction and automobile industries. Although several naturally sourced material has been combined to achieve this aim, they're much agricultural waste that is underutilized. Nanocomposite shows acceptance for applications in different fields because the loading of small particles often of extensive surface material with captivating properties. It offers new technology and attracted opportunities for several sectors, such as MassTransit, automotive, aerospace, biotechnology, and nanotechnology industries. The combination nanofiller in natural fiber-filled composite enhances properties through the synergistic effect between the fiber and filler. This review provides information about various classes of natural fibers, nanofiller, based composite, nanocomposite, and natural fiber/nanofiller-based hybrid composite with specific concern to their applications. It also provides a summary of the emerging new aspects of milling techniques for synthesizing CaCO3 from snail shells and its application for developing hybrid composites for the sustainable and greener environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kapok fiber is a light, cottony, pale yellow to brown fiber obtained from Kapok fruit. The fiber is characterized by a large, hollow lumen and is generally hydrophobic due to its waxy surface. The fiber is difficult to spun into thread and it is commonly used as filling in mattresses, pillows, stuffed toys and upholstery. Compared to other natural fiber, kapok's use is limited in application. However, it is now gaining attention in the scientific community as an important material due to its outstanding properties. This review will provide a detailed overview on the structure, composition and morphology of kapok fiber. It will also discuss the recent researches conducted on kapok fiber including its application as adsorbent material, biocomposite, biotemplate, electrode material and others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The agricultural industry is one of the main economic contributors in developing countries, especially in tropical regions. Extensive land clearing has led to severe erosion within the watersheds, which increases the vulnerability of water catchments to natural disasters, such as floods. Cellulosic fibers, such as jute, sisal, kenaf, hemp, and coir, are gaining increasing worldwide attention for their potential application in controlling soil erosion, principally due to their remarkable biodegradable and physical properties. Nonetheless, the research on biocomposites in controlling soil erosion is limited compared to the natural fibers. This is perhaps due to poor availability and high cost of biodegradable polymers compared to natural fibers, which are abundant and inexpensive. Poor adhesive interactions between the matrix and natural fibers due to the hydrophilic characteristic of the fibers is another major drawback that limits the development of biocomposites for controlling soil erosion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mechanical properties of Roselle fiber reinforced vinyl ester biocomposite were studied based on the fiber content and length in the present communication. Usually, natural fiber reinforced polymer composites depend on some aspects such as fiber content, fiber length and orientation, the fiber-matrix adhesion. Composite plates were prepared by a simple hand lay-up technique for two different fiber lengths (3 and 13 mm) and five different fiber content (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 wt%). Composite specimens were tested according to ASTM and ISO standards and their results were recorded. Experimental results showed that mechanical properties such as tensile, flexural and impact, increases with increase of fiber content up to 40 wt% after which it is decreases at both the fiber length. However, modulus values were increased linearly with fiber content of 10 to 50 wt%. Composites with the fiber length of 13 mm show the high level of mechanical properties compared to composites with the fiber length of 3 mm at all combinations of fiber contents. It is observed that the optimal fiber content is 40 wt%, which can be used to obtain the maximum property level in the Roselle fiber reinforced vinyl ester composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this era of green and sustainable manufacturing, natural fibre-reinforced polymer composites (NFPC) have been widely accepted as the potential alternatives for polymer matrix composites (PMC) or any other non-biodegradable composites. Despite the increasing need to replace plastic bottles, bags, disposable plastic plates and trays, seedling pots used in our day to day life, not many studies have been made in this direction. The current work aims at developing a hundred percent biodegradable composite by reinforcing waste Kibisu silk fibre into wheat gluten as a possible replacement of plastic disposables. The developed composites are made up of different mass fractions of Kibisu silk fibre reinforced into plasticised wheat gluten. The prepared composites have been characterised to obtain the best combination. The developed composites were found to have adequate tensile property, mass degradation at a considerably high temperature and most importantly, the outstanding rate of biodegradation under normal atmospheric conditions. The soil quality test before and after degradation also showed no significant changes in the quality of the soil. FTIR studies revealed improved interaction between wheat gluten, glycerol and Kibisu fibres upon addition of natural lemon extract as crosslinker. Overall results indicate that the developed biocomposites have the potential to substitute harmful plastic disposables like plastic seedling pots and plates, disposable hospital tray, dustbin, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we have investigated and studied the effect of thermal stress on the fiber–matrix interface damage of three new hybrid biocomposite and biocomposite materials. Our genetic simulation based on Weibull probabilistic models showed that the jute–Alfa/PEEK (PEEK: thermoplastic matrix—polyetheretherketone) hybrid biocomposite material is more resistant to the mechanical and thermal stress applied comparing with the other biocomposites such as jute/PEEK and Alfa/PEEK with the same volume fraction used in our genetic model. Our results also show that natural fibers improve the physical properties of biocomposite materials, especially hybrid biocomposite materials. This finding is similar to that found by Antoine Le Duigou et al. where they have shown experimentally that the natural reinforcements greatly improve the properties of composite materials and also they have a very low environmental impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High water absorption capacity and low biodegradation of fiber reinforced composites are the major drawbacks, which limit their applications in different sectors. Development of composites with complete biodegradability is challenging as biodegradability may be incomplete by lowering of its water adsorption capacity. In this work, a series of thermoplastic starch (TPS) reinforced jute (10–40 wt%) composites were developed by compression molding and measured by their mechanical properties. The composite with 30% jute showed the maximum tensile strength (27.3 MPa). Contact angle, and water absorption measurements exposed that composites are moderately hydrophobic in nature. Both soil burial and fungal degradation testing showed biodegradability of composites. Characterizations of optimized composite before and after biodegradation test, were carried out by FTIR, SEM and optical microscope. The present study showed promise on feasible applications of jute-starch composites in packaging, automobile sector, cutlery, indoor furnishing, etc. as a substitute of plastic-based composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims at investigating the potential of vine shoots (ViSh) upcycling as fillers in novel poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) based biocomposites. ViSh particles of around 50 µm (apparent median diameter) were obtained combining dry grinding processes, and mixed with PHBV using melt extrusion. Thermal stability and elongation at break of biocomposites were reduced with increasing contents of ViSh particles (10, 20 and 30 wt%), while Young's modulus and water vapor permeability were increased. It was shown that a surface gas-phase esterification allowed to significantly increase the hydrophobicity of ViSh particles (increase of water contact angles from 59° to 114°), leading to a reduction of 27% in the water vapor permeability of the biocomposite filled with 30 wt% of ViSh. The overall mechanical performance was not impacted by gas-phase esterification, demonstrating that the interfacial adhesion between the virgin ViSh particles and the PHBV matrix was already good and that such filler surface treatment was not required in that case. It was concluded that ViSh particles can be interestingly used as low cost fillers in PHBV-based biocomposites to decrease the overall cost of materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental friendly nature of natural fiber has magnetized many as the prospective reinforcement in biocomposite. Furthermore, the natural fibers excel in the application of light weight engineering structures. The main aim of this study is to extract and characterize Moringa oleifera fruit fibers as green fiber for natural fiber based polymer composite. The fiber bundle samples were prepared as per the standard ASTM techniques and tests were performed. After the extraction of fibers through manual retting, the anatomy, density and tensile tests along with XRD, TGA, DSC and SEM analysis were studied for fiber bundles. The results acquired from the experimentation authenticate that M. oleifera fruit fibers can be deemed as a prospective green fiber for the reinforcement of biocomposite for several engineering commercial products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]