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Increasing greenhouse gas emissions from the conventional fleet of diesel buses has made Canadian transit agencies explore low-emission alternative fuels. Despite electric buses showing great potential to reduce emissions during their operational phase, the transformation from diesel buses to electric buses would require in-depth analysis pertaining to their economic and social implications. Published literature highlights the importance of developing a comprehensive framework that considers multiple decision parameters over a life cycle perspective for analyzing different fuel options to replace the existing fleet of diesel buses. This paper assesses the triple-bottom-line sustainability of diesel and electric buses in different regions of Canada. Moreover, a framework is proposed to incorporate multiple decision criteria (life cycle environmental, economic, and social impacts) over different perspectives to make the best decisions for transitioning the diesel bus fleet. The results showed that the environmental performance of electric buses highly depended on the electricity grid mix. Despite diesel buses having a low cost of production compared to electric buses, most provinces showed a low life cycle operational cost for electric buses. Electric buses' life cycle social impacts are high during their production stage, whereas diesel buses have the highest social impacts during their operational phase. Overall, electric buses have a high sustainability performance in all provinces and territories in Canada except Nunavut. The proposed framework and findings can aid policymakers and planners in implementing electric buses for public transit systems in Canada and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Paleoproterozoic Belcher Group (ca. 2.0 to 1.83 Ga) occurs on the remote Belcher Islands of Hudson Bay in Nunavut, Canada. It includes nearly nine kilometres of wellpreserved siliciclastic and carbonate sedimentary rocks, deposited initially in a marginal to shallow marine setting representing one of the first true continental shelf environments on the proto-Canadian Shield. A wide variety of depositional facies exists within the Belcher Group, and it is particularly well known for its spectacular stromatolites in dolostone. In addition to these macroscopic features, two of its formations (Kasegalik and McLeary) contain intact microfossils of Eoentophysalis belcherensis, the oldest known occurrence of cyanobacteria in the geological record. The uppermost part of the Belcher Group contains sedimentary rocks of very different character that represent a younger foreland basin that developed in response to accretionary and collisional processes of the Trans-Hudson orogen. These younger formations (Omarolluk and Loaf) consist of a thick sequence of turbidites, overlain by arkose and other immature clastic sedimentary rocks. A defining characteristic of the Omarolluk Formation is the presence of calcareous concretions. The Omarolluk Formation shares attributes with "omars", which are glacially transported clasts that occur both locally and further afield throughout parts of Canada and the northern United States and have helped characterize Pleistocene ice-flow trends across the continent. The Belcher Group also includes two formations dominated by spectacular mafic volcanic rocks. The earlier episode, represented by the Eskimo Formation, reflects eruption of largely subaerial volcanic flows interpreted to represent flood basalt associated with the rifting of Archean basement during the establishment of the continental shelf. A later volcanic episode (the Flaherty Formation) is dominated by submarine pillowed basalt flows and has been assigned to varied tectonic settings, including volcanic arcs related to subduction and oceanic plateaus related to mantle plume activity and renewed rifting along the continental margin. This later volcanism marks the transition from shelf to foreland basin. Mafic sills and related intrusions (Haig intrusions) occur in the middle and lower part of the Belcher Group. Thermal and chemical interactions between mafic magma and calcareous shale generated unusual rocks that are well known in Nunavut as highquality artisanal carving stone. The Belcher Group also contains Superior-type iron formations that have attracted past exploration interest. The Belcher Group is a unique geological entity defined by its wide variety of rock types, its superb exposures, and its potential to illustrate many important geological processes in a formative time in Earth's history. It is also a unique microfossil paleontological resource, and its deposition brackets a crucial and much-debated interval of Precambrian atmospheric and oceanic evolution. It represents an important scientific resource in the context of understanding such changes. This general review paper highlights its most important features, discusses its potential for future research and contributes to wider discussions about its possible future role as a protected area within Nunavut. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper engages narratives from Tess Lea's (2020) book 'Wild Policy' for how they help consider the messy or 'wild' nature of global policy interventions on sustainability, including in its latest formation as the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). We do so alongside data from research on education in the territory of Nunavut, as well as informed by our experiences as settler and Cree university researchers concerned with place and land-informed education policy. Engaging with a methodological framing of policy ecology, the article considers both policy artifacts and 'ambiences' or materialities, and their interrelations. We examine how a Saskatchewan university's draft SDG plan manifests aspects of pre-fabricated globally mobile 'wild policy', including in its gaps in land-informed Indigenous engagement. Instead, we suggest how more systemic and decolonizing approaches to land-informed education policy, as in development in Inuit-based higher education in Nunavut, can inform both future policy decision-making and policy research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores how policies and programs can better support country food security and food sovereignty in Gjoa Haven, Nunavut. Through a series of six focus groups with a total of 74 participants, we explore the challenges that Elders, youth, hunters, food preparers, and program providers face in the access, availability, quality, and use of country food. Despite the diverse representation among focus groups, participants revealed similar challenges across demographics and highlighted how tailored policies and programs can provide complementary solutions that serve more than one purpose. We argue that policies and programs targeting financial and economic challenges; resources and infrastructure; and skills and knowledge will improve country food security and will promote food sovereignty. Ultimately, policies and programs must be community informed and tailored to their current context and community dynamics. However, the recommendations we provide could be adapted to other Arctic communities experiencing similar challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper contributes to the literature about environmental impact assessment follow-up, with case studies of stakeholder advisory groups associated with three mining projects in Nunavut, Canada. Based on an analysis of regulatory documents, we conclude that stakeholder advisory groups, as constituted and currently operating in Nunavut, are undermining aspects of the environmental assessment process. For example, potential impacts to wildlife that are invaluable to Inuit communities, as well as proposed measures to mitigate these impacts, have repeatedly been deferred to post-approval discussions in advisory groups. As a result, potential impacts and proposed mitigations are not adequately assessed during decision-making and permitting. Opportunities for public participation are curtailed, as advisory groups have no mechanism for public involvement and suffer from limited transparency. Moreover, these advisory groups have proven to be ineffective forums for guiding post-approval monitoring and addressing project effects. Other jurisdictions can learn from these experiences. A failure to implement best practice principles and stakeholder advice can lead to negative social and ecological outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The absence of sunlight during the winter in the High Arctic results in a strong surface-based atmospheric temperature inversion, especially during clear skies and light surface wind conditions. The inversion suppresses turbulent heat transfer between the ground and the boundary layer. As a result, the difference between the surface air temperature, measured at a height of 2 m , and the ground skin temperature can exceed several degrees Celsius. Such inversions occur very frequently in polar regions, are of interest to understand the mechanisms responsible for surface–atmosphere heat, mass, and momentum exchanges, and are critical for satellite validation studies. In this paper we present the results of operations of two commercial remotely piloted aircraft systems, or drones, at the Polar Environment Atmospheric Research Laboratory, Eureka, Nunavut, Canada, at 80 ∘N latitude. The drones are the Matrice 100 and Matrice 210 RTK quadcopters manufactured by DJI and were flown over Eureka during the February–March field campaigns in 2017 and 2020. They were equipped with a temperature measurement system built on a Raspberry Pi single-board computer, three platinum-wire temperature sensors, a Global Navigation Satellite System receiver, and a barometric altimeter. We demonstrate that the drones can be effectively used in the extremely challenging High Arctic conditions to measure vertical temperature profiles up to 75 m above the ground and sea ice surface at ambient temperatures down to - 46 ∘C. Our results indicate that the inversion lapse rates within the 0–10 m altitude range above the ground can reach values of ∼ 10–30 ∘C(100m)-1 (∼ 100–300 ∘Ckm-1). The results are in good agreement with the coincident surface air temperatures measured at 2, 6, and 10 m levels at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration flux tower at the Polar Environment Atmospheric Research Laboratory. Above 10 m more gradual inversion with order-of-magnitude smaller lapse rates is recorded by the drone. This inversion lapse rate agrees well with the results obtained from the radiosonde temperature measurements. Above the sea ice drone temperature profiles are found to have an isothermal layer above a surface-based layer of instability, which is attributed to the heat flux through the sea ice. With the drones we were able to evaluate the influence of local topography on the surface-based inversion structure above the ground and to measure extremely cold temperatures of air that can pool in topographic depressions. The unique technical challenges of conducting drone campaigns in the winter High Arctic are highlighted in the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Qanuinngitsiarutiksait study aimed to develop detailed profiles of Inuit health service utilization in Manitoba, by Inuit living in Manitoba (approximately 1,500) and by Inuit from the Kivalliq region of Nunavut who travel to Manitoba to access care not available in Nunavut (approximately 16,000 per year).Methods: We used health administrative data routinely collected in Manitoba for all services provided and developed an algorithm to identify Inuit in the dataset. This paper focused on health services used by Inuit from the Kivalliq for prenatal care and birthing.Results: Our study found that approximately 80 percent of births to women from the Kivalliq region occur in Manitoba, primarily in Winnipeg. When perinatal care and birthing are combined, they constitute one third of all consults happening by Kivalliq residents in Manitoba. For scale, hospitalizations for childbirths to Kivalliq women about to only 5 percent of all childbirth-related hospitalizations in Manitoba.Conclusions: The practice of evacuating women from the Kivalliq for perinatal care and birthing is rooted in colonialism, rationalized as ensuring that women whose pregnancy is at high risk have access to specialized care not available in Nunavut. While defendable, this practice is costly, and does not provide Inuit women a choice as to where to birth. Attempts at relocating birthing to the north have proven complex to operationalize. Given this, there is an urgent need to develop Inuit-centric and culturally appropriate perinatal and birthing care in Manitoba. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change has increasing visible effects on the environment, particularly in the Arctic, where the sea-ice melted faster in 2020 than any time before. It directly threatens the Inuit people's survival, whose livelihood is mainly based on traditional modes of subsistence (hunting, fishing and gathering). In light of the environmental crisis, this paper carries out a critical analysis of the Nunavut (Canada) legal framework, granting Inuit specific rights regarding their traditional way of life. While recognizing that this framework implements international human rights legal standards, we argue that the human right lens presents limitations in addressing climate change impacts on Inuit livelihood. By acknowledging the developments following the adoption of the United Nations Declarations on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and on the Rights of Peasants and Other Peoples Living in Rural Areas, leading to the recognition of some collective rights to communities and people living of the land, we address the gaps of human rights –which are mainly individual –to reflect the importance of recognizing collective rights in the adaptation to the global climate change challenge. Indeed, the paper argues for the necessity to recognize the community level in the climate international governance scene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The absence of sunlight during the winter in the High Arctic results in a strong surface-based atmospheric temperature inversion especially during clear skies and light surface wind conditions. The inversion suppresses turbulent heat transfer between the ground and the boundary layer. As a result the difference between the surface air temperature, measured at a height of 2 m, and the ground skin temperature can exceed several degrees Celsius. Such inversions occur very frequently in polar regions and are of interest to understand the mechanisms responsible for surface-atmosphere heat, mass and momentum exchanges and are critical for satellite validation studies. In this paper we present the results of operations of two commercial remotely piloted aircraft systems, or drones, at the Polar Environment Atmospheric Research Laboratory (PEARL), Eureka, Nunavut, Canada, at 80°N latitude. The drones are the Matrice 100 and M210-RTK quad-copters manufactured by DJI and were flown over Eureka during the February-March field campaigns in 2017 and 2020. They were equipped with a temperature measurement system built on a Raspberry Pi single-board computer, three platinum wire temperature sensors, GNSS receiver, and a pressure sensor. We demonstrate that the drones can be effectively used in the High Arctic to measure vertical temperature profiles up to 60 m of the ground and sea ice surface. Our results indicate that the inversion lapse rates within 0-10 m altitude range above the ground can reach the values of ~0.1-0.3°C/m (~100-300°C/km). The results are in a good agreement with the coincident temperatures measured at 2, 6 and 10 m levels at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration flux tower at PEARL. Above 10 m a weaker inversion with an order of magnitude smaller lapse rates is recorded by the drone. The inversion strength agrees well with one obtained from the radiosonde temperature measurements. Above the sea ice, drone temperature profiles are found to have an isothermal layer above a surface based layer of instability which is attributed to the sensible heat flux through the sea ice. With the drones we were able to evaluate the influence of local topography on the surface-based inversion structure above the ground and to measure extremely cold temperatures of air that can pool in topographic depressions. The unique technical challenges of conducting drone campaigns in the winter High Arctic are highlighted in the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social licence to operate (SLO) is a term that is finding increasing acceptance in a number of industries. Like all new terms, its precise meaning and implications are still being investigated. Using data from previous studies, this paper offers an analysis of the SLO of two case studies with each study being viewed separately through the grid of a distinct theoretical framework. Case study 1 looks at the development of differential social licence negotiated in the Hamlet of Cambridge Bay, Nunavut, as a result of an impact and benefit agreement negotiated between Tahera Diamond Corp. and the Kitikmeot Inuit Organisation in 2004. The study demonstrates that general acceptance of resource development can be uneven and reflect an unequal distribution of decision-making power. In case study 2, stakeholders of a failed mineral development project were queried across time about the specifics of the proposed mine development and were queried about resource development across different levels of consciousness. Perhaps, SLO is variable across different levels of consciousness. The paper concludes with observations about the variable nature of SLO acceptance across populations and across levels of consciousness within individuals. Perhaps, the concept of SLO is, in fact, complex, difficult to define and measure and, at this point, of limited utility as a measure of resource development acceptance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) provides a daily, spatially resolved (initially 7×7 km 2 , upgraded to 7×5.6 km 2 in August 2019) global dataset of CO columns; however, due to the relative sparseness of reliable ground-based data sources, it can be challenging to characterize the validity and accuracy of satellite data products in remote regions such as the high Arctic. In these regions, satellite intercomparisons can supplement model- and ground-based validation efforts and serve to verify previously observed differences. In this paper, we compare the CO products from TROPOMI, the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE) Fourier transform spectrometer (FTS), and a high-Arctic ground-based FTS located at the Polar Environment Atmospheric Research Laboratory (PEARL) in Eureka, Nunavut (80.05 ∘ N, 86.42 ∘ W). A global comparison of TROPOMI reference profiles scaled by the retrieved total column with ACE-FTS CO partial columns for the period from 28 November 2017 to 31 May 2020 displays excellent agreement between the two datasets (R=0.93) and a small relative bias of -0.83±0.26% (bias ± standard error of the mean). Additional comparisons were performed within five latitude bands: the north polar region (60 to 90 ∘ N), northern mid-latitudes (20 to 60 ∘ N), the equatorial region (20 ∘ S to 20 ∘ N), southern mid-latitudes (60 to 20 ∘ S), and the south polar region (90 to 60 ∘ S). Latitudinal comparisons of the TROPOMI and ACE-FTS CO datasets show strong correlations ranging from R=0.93 (southern mid-latitudes) to R=0.86 (equatorial region) between the CO products but display a dependence of the mean differences on latitude. Positive mean biases of 7.93±0.61% and 7.21±0.52% were found in the northern and southern polar regions, respectively, while a negative bias of -9.41±0.55% was observed in the equatorial region. To investigate whether these differences are introduced by cloud contamination, which is reflected in the TROPOMI averaging kernel shape, the latitudinal comparisons were repeated for cloud-covered pixels and clear-sky pixels only, as well as for the unsmoothed and smoothed cases. Clear-sky pixels were found to be biased higher with poorer correlations on average than clear + cloudy scenes and cloud-covered scenes only. Furthermore, the latitudinal dependence on the biases was observed in both the smoothed and unsmoothed cases. To provide additional context to the global comparisons of TROPOMI with ACE-FTS in the Arctic, both satellite datasets were compared against measurements from the ground-based PEARL-FTS. Comparisons of TROPOMI with smoothed PEARL-FTS total columns in the period of 3 March 2018 to 27 March 2020 display a strong correlation (R=0.88); however, a positive mean bias of 14.7±0.16% was also found. A partial column comparison of ACE-FTS with the PEARL-FTS in the period from 25 February 2007 to 18 March 2020 shows good agreement (R=0.79) and a mean positive bias of 7.89±0.21% in the ACE-FTS product relative to the ground-based FTS. The magnitude and sign of the mean relative differences are consistent across all intercomparisons in this work, as well as with recent ground-based validation efforts, suggesting that the current TROPOMI CO product exhibits a positive bias in the high-Arctic region. However, the observed bias is within the TROPOMI mission accuracy requirement of ±15% , providing further confirmation that the data quality in these remote high-latitude regions meets this specification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The active layer thickness (ALT) is a key parameter for permafrost studies. Changes in the ALT are affected mainly by air and ground temperatures, physical and thermal properties of the surface and subsurface materials, soil moisture, vegetation, and the duration and thickness of snow cover. Ground penetrating radar (GPR) and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) were employed across a snow fence during the thawing season to delineate and monitor the active layer of permafrost in Cambridge Bay, Nunavut, Canada. The variation of the ALT is well captured by the high-resolution time-lapse radargram. At the position of the fence, the active layer thickens over the thawing period from 0.5 m depth at the beginning to 1.0 m depth at the end. The active layer is thicker in the pre-fence area (C zone) than in the post-fence area (H zone). As the air temperature increases with time, the difference in thickness between the two zones decreases, eventually becoming almost equal. Changes in the ALT are represented in the ERT by low resistivities (< 200 Ωm), which decrease gradually with time. This occurs most significantly in the H zone due to the rapidly increasing temperature in the absence of snow cover. The electrical resistivity structure of the active layer is well correlated with the vegetation activity, as measured by the normalized difference vegetation index, air/ground temperatures, soil moisture, snow cover, and snow accumulation controlled by the fence. Geophysical data interpretation and correlation schemes with vegetation and meteorological data explored in this paper can be applied to monitor the active layer, which is expected to thin during the freezing season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increased variability in weather and sea ice conditions due to climate change has led to high rates of injury, trauma, and death for Inuit travelling on the sea ice. Contributing to these high rates are the ongoing effects of colonial policies that diminish and disrupt the intergenerational transfer of sea ice Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit (IQ). Despite these challenges, place-based experiential IQ continues to be the most important information source for safe travel on the sea ice. This paper presents an Inuit-led, coproduced, cross-cultural research project in which Inuit youth documented and mobilized sea ice IQ in Mittimatalik (Pond Inlet), Nunavut for safe community sea ice travel. We outline the Inuit youth training to facilitate the terminology and participatory mapping workshops and to document this IQ. We also discuss the IQ that was most important to share, and the mapping and artistic methods used to mobilize this IQ into a booklet, maps, and posters. Inuktitut sea ice terms are the foundation to enable youth with the skills to learn about sea ice IQ with experienced hunters. IQ enables Inuit to interpret and synthesize information from weather forecasts, earth observations, and community-based monitoring to apply to local conditions. Seasonal IQ maps of safe and hazardous sea ice conditions provide travel planning information at spatial and temporal scales that supplemental information sources cannot address. The IQ products mobilize preparedness, situational awareness, navigation, and interpretation skills so Inuit youth can become more self-reliant, as access to technology is not always possible once out on the sea ice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the discovery of a fossil within Canada's Devon Island that provides a link in the evolution of pinniped ancestry. It was discovered by undergraduate researcher Elizabeth Ross while traveling with a palaeontology filed crew. The crew was headed by Canadian Museum of Nature palaeobiologist Natalia Rybczynski, who provides quotes.

On 1 April 1999, Akimiski Island of the western James Bay region of northern Ontario, Canada, was included in the newly formed territory of Nunavut, Canada--an Inuit-dominated territory--even though the Inuit had never asserted Aboriginal title to the island. By contrast, the Omushkegowuk Cree of the western James Bay region have asserted Aboriginal title to Akimiski Island. The Government of Canada by their action (or inaction) has reversed the onus of responsibility for proof of Aboriginal title from the Inuit to the Cree. In other words, the Government of Canada did not follow their own guidelines and the common-law test for proof of Aboriginal title. In this paper, we documented and employed Cree oral history as well as a sea-level retrodiction (based on state-of-the-art numerical modeling of past sea-level changes in James Bay), which incorporated a modified ICE-6G ice history and a 3-D model of Earth structure, to establish that criterion 2 of the test for Aboriginal title has now been fully met. In other words, Cree traditional use and occupancy of Akimiski Island was considered sufficiently factual at the time of assertion of sovereignty by European nations. As all the criteria of the common-law test for proof of Aboriginal title in Canada, with respect to Akimiski Island, have now been addressed, the Cree have sufficient basis to initiate the process of a formal land claim. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research failures are not readily disclosed in research representations. This exclusion is a missed opportunity to practice reflexivity, a practice otherwise crucially important to social science inquiry, and share the learning that was inspired by the failure. In this paper I present and reflect on a research failure that occurred during my doctoral research into alternative, Inuit-centered models of fisheries governance in Nunavut. While working on defining the research, I experienced a far-reaching impasse due to the lack of community response and academic guidance. Eventually, despite the best intentions to engage in decolonizing research, I chose to forgo meaningful community consultation before embarking on my fieldwork. Decolonizing research centers collaboration and local research needs from the outset. At the same time, what it means to negotiate a research relationship is in itself negotiable. Further, the negotiating is often challenged by time constraints, institutional restrictions, and limited financial resources. Lessons learned from my case study include a) that a nonideal start does not mean that the entire research project will fail and b) that participating Indigenous communities have the sovereignty, irrespective of existing protocols, to set the terms under which research can take place. Above all, negotiating a research relationship is about relational work which requires commitment and continuous engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In impact assessment (IA) the value of different forms of knowledge is increasingly acknowledged, but implementation and practice challenges continue. In Nunavut, a territory in the Canadian Arctic, Indigenous knowledge plays a key role in understanding and defining environmental baselines and guiding the assessment process; however, even here there are needs and opportunities for improved treatment and use of Indigenous knowledge in assessment and decision-making. This paper outlines the central role of Inuit Qaujimaningit/Qaujimajatuqangit (IQ) (Inuit knowledge) in shaping and defining Nunavut's impact assessment process. The work highlights the potential of the Nunavut process to provide a model for the use of Indigenous knowledge in IA, and of co-management or Indigenous-led impact assessment. Focus groups were held with board members and staff of the Nunavut Impact Review Board – the co-management board responsible for impact assessment in the territory. The results highlight the unique qualities of the impact assessment process in Nunavut and demonstrate how IQ is a crucial component of project review, notably its role in decision-making and for ensuring that the process is meaningful to communities. The results and recommendations have value to a range of other jurisdictions that are also working towards using Indigenous knowledge in environmental decision-making or even seeking to advance Indigenous-led impact assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores how Canadian federal policy and frameworks can better support community-based initiatives to reduce food insecurity and build sustainable food systems in the North. Through an examination of the current state of food systems infrastructure, transportation, harvest, and production in the Yukon, Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Nunavik, and Nunatsiavut, we argue in favour of a multi-sector approach that supports diversified food systems, including traditional/country food production and distribution, in a way that values and prioritizes community-led initiatives and Indigenous peoples' self-determination and self-governance. The challenge of developing sustainable, northern food systems requires made-in-the-North solutions that are attuned to cultural, geographic, environmental, and political contexts. Recent policy developments suggest some progress in this direction, however much more work is needed. Ultimately, sustainable northern food systems must be defined by and for Northerners at community, local, and regional levels, with particular attention paid to treaty rights and the right to self-determination of First Nations and other Indigenous communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is now an extensive body of academic literature examining how the environmental movement contributed to the colonization of Indigenous peoples and development of capitalism in northern Canada. This paper contributes to these discussions by considering how environmental assessment (EA) helped enable hydrocarbon extraction in the Qikiqtani (Baffin Island) region of Nunavut in the 1970s and 1980s. When exploration activities began to threaten the Inuit harvesting economy, communities protested with letters and petitions. The federal government responded to Inuit resistance by referring proposed exploratory drilling and extraction to its new EA process. While Inuit won significant victories during some assessments of proposed exploratory drilling and extraction, federal EA ultimately helped create the conditions for Inuit to consent to oil extraction. EA helped impose material compromises between Inuit and hydrocarbon industries, including preferential hiring of Inuit, a reduction in the scope of proposed extraction, and the rejection of especially controversial proposals for offshore drilling. These concessions, combined with a collapse in the market for sealskins due to international boycotts, persuaded several Qikiqtani communities to support oil extraction in the 1980s. The ensuing extraction and export of oil from the High Arctic accelerated processes of colonial dispossession and reinforced colonial political dynamics. Key Messages: Environmental assessment played an important role in creating the conditions for Inuit to consent to hydrocarbon extraction in the 1980s.Environmental assessment helped persuade Inuit to consent to extraction by imposing compromises between Inuit and extractive industries.The extraction of oil before a land claim was settled undermined the ability of Inuit to capture economic benefits from extraction and negotiate ownership over offshore resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores perspectives of Inuit elders on the relationships between aging, health and place. Their views are important to consider in the context of a growing proportion and number of older people in Arctic communities, a new sociological condition. Developing policies and programs to promote healthy aging in Inuit communities is challenging as there is little known about the social and living conditions that promote healthy aging in the Arctic. In this study twenty Inuit aged between 50 to 86, from one community in Nunavut, participated to in-depth qualitative interviews. Themes discussed included aging and health, housing conditions, community conditions, land-based activities, medical and leisure travel outside of the community, and mobility and accessibility. Preliminary analyses of the qualitative data were validated in the community through a focus group with four participants and an interpreter. Interviews and the focus group transcripts were analysed using thematic content analyses and NVivo 12 qualitative data analysis program (QSR International Pty Ltd. 2017). Participants reported that spending time with children, having social support, living in houses adapted to aging health conditions, having access to community activities and services, and time spent on the land were the main resources supporting their health. Several factors limited the availability of these resources. These include: lack of accessibility to resources; structural factors impacting their availability; and natural and social changes in interpersonal relationships. Participants also stressed the importance of being able to grow old in their own community. Knowledge generated in this project contributes to policies and programs targeting housing and community conditions to support healthy aging, and aging in place, in Inuit Nunangat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines Neo-Inuit (ca. AD 1250 to present) responses to the decreased temperatures of the Little Ice Age (LIA) climate change episode (ca. AD 1300–1900) in the Foxe Basin region of central Nunavut, Arctic Canada. Cooler temperatures (and increased sea ice) would be expected to have reduced both bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus) and Atlantic walrus (Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus) habitats, forcing Neo-Inuit to refocus their hunting activities on landfast-ice-dwelling small seals (e.g., Pusa hispida) during winter months. However, an analysis of faunal remains from Foxe Basin's largest-known Neo-Inuit (Thule, historic and modern Inuit) archaeological site, Pingiqqalik (NgHd-1), reveals a long-term subsistence economy based largely on multi-seasonal walrus hunting. Two interrelated factors may explain these results: (1) a system of recurring polynyas provided a degree of ecological stability for local walrus populations, and (2) the development of a distinctive walrus caching regime—a form of which continues among the region's contemporary Inuit—allowed residents to adeptly exploit an ecological niche, thereby ensuring food security. Together, these factors likely insulated northern Foxe Basin Neo-Inuit from the worst effects of the LIA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with numerical computations of hydraulic variations and groundwater flow changes in continuous permafrost due to climate change and open-pit mining in the cold regions of Northern Canada. The work is a case study in connection with the proposed Kiggavik project in Nunavut, Canada. A major challenge in simulating fluid flow through partially frozen porous media is how to define the transient hydraulic conductivity as a function of temperature. An indirect approach based on the similarity between soil freezing and soil–water characteristic curves for unsaturated soils is implemented to define the relation between unfrozen water content and cryogenic suction which is linked to temperature by the Clausius–Clapeyron equation. Richard's equation is then used to model fluid flow in partially frozen ground conditions. Finite element numerical modelling results of a worst-case climate change scenario indicate that although the permafrost could disappear completely in about 750 years with an increase in 7 ∘ C in the mean annual ground surface temperature during the next 100 years, the groundwater level around tailings facility would be approximately 35 m below ground surface. Hence, tailings pore water would not likely to migrate upwards to reach the ground surface even after the permafrost is completely disappeared. These conclusions are certainly within uncertainties and limitations of the analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Few detailed analyses exist for the majority of the sites that comprise the archaeological record of the 1845 Franklin Northwest Passage expedition. This paper presents the results of new investigations of an Inuit site (NgLj-9) at Erebus Bay on King William Island, Nunavut, containing materials derived from the 1845 Franklin expedition. The complex history of the origin and use of artifacts found at the site and its relationship to other Franklin sites and events associated with the expedition are revealed through the analysis and integration of archaeological, historical, and oral historical data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is concerned with thermal disturbances in continuous permafrost due to open pit mining and tailings impoundment in the cold regions of Northern Canada. Numerical simulations were conducted to investigate issues of thermal regime changes and permafrost degradation in both the short term and the long term in connection with the proposed Kiggavik project in Nunavut, Canada. The results of numerical simulations indicate that no open talik would form below the East Zone and Center Zone pits during the estimated mining and milling operation period of 14 years, although a thin thawed zone would develop surrounding the open pits. For the Main Zone pit where the excavation would break through permafrost, the open talik remains following an extended operation period of 25 years with a 5 to 30 m thawed zone along the pit side walls. In the long term, with a plausible climate change scenario of 5 °C increase in the mean annual ground surface temperature during the next 100 years, the permafrost surrounding the in-pit tailings management facilities (TMFs) would reduce greatly in about 500 years. However, an approximately 40 m thick permafrost layer would remain on the top of the TMFs, which is impervious and would prevent any tailings pore water from migrating upward to reach the ground surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Facilitating research and enhancing community research capacity through a partnered approach in Inuit Nunangat (the Inuit homeland of Canada, located in Arctic Canada) presents learning opportunities and challenges for southern-based, non-Inuit researchers and community members alike. This article outlines lessons learned through the Arctic Corridors and Northern Voices (AC-NV) project, which involved 14 communities across Inuit Nunangat. The AC-NV focused on understanding community-identified impacts and potential management options of increased shipping in Inuit Nunangat due to sea ice reductions and a changing climate. The approach used to conduct the research involved visiting researchers and community partners working together with local organizations, and training and hiring northern youth as cultural liaisons and workshop co-facilitators. We strove to develop a model of collaborative partnership and strong north-south research relationships. In this paper, we draw on our broad learning experiences from four community case studies conducted as part of the AC-NV project: Arviat, Cambridge Bay, Gjoa Haven, and Pond Inlet, Nunavut. Close partnerships were formed in each of these communities, and 32 youth were trained in participatory mapping and workshop facilitation. For our diverse team of Inuit, northern- (i.e., non-Inuit, living in Inuit Nunangat), and southern-based non-Inuit researchers, our efforts to engage in partnered research were a critical component of the research and learning experience. In this article we share methodological reflections and lessons learned from what collaborative-partnered research means in practice. In so doing, we aim to contribute to the increasing dialogue and efforts around knowledge co-production and Inuit self-determination in research. Key conclusions of this reflective exercise include the importance of 1) conducting research that is relevant to local needs and interests, 2) visiting researchers and local organizations partnering together, 3) co-creating and refining knowledge documentation tools, 4) including youth cultural liaisons as co-facilitators, 5) conducting results validation and sharing exercises, and 6) being open to forming personal friendships. For the AC-NV, this community-based partnership approach resulted in more robust research results, strengthened north-south relations, and enhanced local capacity for community-led projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and Aims: Liquor permits were once used throughout Scandinavia and North America for managing alcohol, but largely disappeared in the late 20th century. Today, they are used in some Indigenous communities in Nunavut, Canada and the Northern Territory, Australia. This paper examines the extent to which liquor permits: (i) contribute to reducing alcohol-related harms in Indigenous communities; and (ii) offer a viable mechanism for managing alcohol in Indigenous communities.Design and Methods: The study draws on published and unpublished international literature on liquor permit systems in Indigenous communities, and on field visits to northern territory (NT) communities.Results: Apart from one anecdotal report, the study found no evidence that liquor permit systems in Nunavut communities have reduced alcohol-related problems. In the NT, they have reduced alcohol-related harms in some communities. However, management of liquor permit systems generates significant administrative demands in communities.Discussion and Conclusions: Effectiveness of liquor permit systems is a product of five factors: permits themselves; agencies and procedures for issuing and managing permits; agencies and procedures for supplying liquor; enforcement of permit conditions, and the presence of other agencies-legal and illegal-affecting supply and consumption of liquor. Liquor permits continue to be valued by some Indigenous communities for managing alcohol. This study suggests that they can do so provided: (i) agencies administering permits have adequate support; (ii) controls over non-legal purchasing and consumption of liquor are effective, and (iii) the permit system is viewed in the community as legitimate, equitable and transparent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Death by suicide and attempted suicide among Inuit youth is now considered a public health emergency of epidemic proportion, with rates among the highest worldwide. A strong sense of cultural identity and pride, as well as social capital, has been identified as being protective against suicide. The Canadian Institute for Health Research (CIHR) Guidelines for Health Research Involving Aboriginal People call for communities to be included in the conception, planning and implementation of research. The authors took first steps towards sharing the responsibility of designing a community initiative with the youth of Naujaat, Nunavut, a community located directly on the Arctic Circle. With the objectives of promoting open listening and exploration of community needs and enhancing self-determination and sustainability, we postulated a youth resiliency project that will be co-authored by the community. This paper describes the joint work process. We recount how Inuit youth take ownership of the project with the guidance of Ms. Elizabeth Haqpi, a Naujaat Elder. The article will particularly reflect on the process of balancing the different perspectives and expectations while enjoying the richness of mutual learning through keeping each other accountable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Enhancement techniques are frequently applied on magnetic field maps to facilitate the interpretation of geological units and structures. Among them, the normalized derivative (ND) approach represents a class of techniques specifically designed to balance weak and strong anomalies (Fairhead and Williams, 2006). In this paper, we present an approach for the enhancement, detection and mapping of curvilinear structures in ND magnetic maps. The proposed approach locates ridges and valleys in ND maps using multiscale Hessian analysis and filtering, non-maxima suppression and morphological thinning with anchor points. The efficiency of the method is demonstrated on four different magnetic map subsets with differing geological settings. A practical application of the method is demonstrated using the magnetic maps from the Tehery Lake – Wager Bay region of Nunavut, Canada. Geological features are effectively defined, highlighting near surface structures and key units that are important for understanding the mineral potential of the region. Highlights • We proposed a method to locate ridges and valleys in normalized derivative maps. • Method uses Hessian-based filtering, non-maxima suppression and thinning with anchors. • Method efficiency demonstrated on five different magnetic map subsets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we explain how principals across Saskatchewan, Prince Edward Island, and Nunavut (Canada) promoted educational success for Indigenous students. Herein, success incorporates academic, physical, emotional and spiritual wellness. For this qualitative, multi-case study, the data were 29 individual interviews conducted with 17 principals. This study showed that building and nurturing relationships with Indigenous students, parents1 and the community supported Indigenous student success. Building principal-student relationships included principals informally talking with students and leading extracurricular activities for students. Building principal-parent relationships meant spending face-to-face time with parents, viewing parents as the experts of their child and not judging parents. Principal-community relationships formed when principals educated themselves about the culture of Indigenous communities, were present within the school community and were friends with Indigenous peoples. An implication of the study is that thick forms of social capital between principals and the members of Indigenous school communities are integral aspects of decolonizing education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is limited knowledge on institutional factors constraining and enabling climate change adaptation in Arctic regions, or the overall readiness of governing bodies and communities to develop, implement, and promote adaptation. This paper examines the preparedness of different levels of government to adapt in the Canadian Arctic territory of Nunavut, drawing upon semi-structured interviews with government personnel and organizations involved in adaptation. In the Government of Nunavut, there have been notable developments around adaptation planning and examples of adaptation champions, but readiness for adaptation is challenged by a number of factors including the existence of pressing socio-economic problems, and institutional and governmental barriers. Federally, there is evidence of high-level leadership on adaptation, the creation of adaptation programs, and allocation of funds for adaptation, although the focus has been mostly on researching adaptation options as opposed to supporting actual actions or policy change. The 2016 Pan-Canadian Framework on Clean Growth and Climate Change, and increasing emphasis on climate change federally and in the Government of Nunavut, offer opportunities for advancing adaptation, but concrete steps are needed to ensure readiness is enhanced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many of the world's native people have struggled over the years with issues on land rights and ownership with Europeans who settled on their ancestral lands. There are similarities and differences in the history and approaches to achieving land claim agreements in the developed nations of Australia, Canada, and the United States. While there are fundamental similarities and differences in the way Native Land Claim Agreements were achieved in these countries, the notion of land right in these countries is based on the British concept of property rights and ownership. This paper explores the similarities and differences in Native Land Claim Agreements in Australia, Canada and the United States. As the largest agreement, achieved in Canada in the 20th century, Nunavut Land Claim Agreement (NLCA) is examined within the context of Modern Land Claim Agreements (MLCA). This agreement restored land rights to, provided monetary compensation, and established development corporations and self-government to the people in Nunavut. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a glacial geomorphological map of glacial lineations, ribbed terrain, moraines, meltwater channels (subglacial and ice-marginal/proglacial), eskers, glaciofluvial deposits, ice-contact outwash fans and deltas and abandoned shorelines on the bed of the former Laurentide Ice Sheet in northern Canada. Mapping was compiled from satellite imagery and digital elevation data and landforms were digitised directly into a Geographical Information System. The map reveals a complex glacial history characterised by multiple ice-flow events, including fast-flowing ice streams. Moraines record a series of pauses or re-advances during overall SE retreat towards the Keewatin Ice Divide. The distribution of subglacial meltwater landforms indicates that several distinctive scales and modes of drainage system operated beneath the retreating ice sheet. This includes a large (>100 km) integrated network of meltwater channels, eskers, ice-contact outwash fans and deltas and glaciofluvial deposits that originates at the northern edge of Aberdeen Lake. The map comprises zone 66 of the Canadian National Topographic System, which encompasses an area of 160,000 km2. It is presented at a scale of 1:500,000 and is designed to be printed at A0 size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Canadian Arctic is uniquely sensitive to climate change impacts, including rapidly warming temperatures, sea ice change, and permafrost degradation. Adaptation-including efforts to manage climate change risks, reduce damages, and take advantage of new opportunities-has been identified as a priority for policy action across government levels. However, our understanding of adaptation in the Canadian North is limited: Is adaptation taking place, to what stresses, and what does it look like? In this paper we answer these questions for the Inuit territory of Nunavut, systematically cataloguing and reviewing government-led adaptation programs and policies at community, territorial, and federal levels, drawing on publically available information. We documented a total of 700 discrete adaptation initiatives. The focus on adaptation to-date has primarily been at the groundwork level, aimed at informing and preparing for adaptation through impact assessments, adaptation planning exercises, and stakeholder engagement. Adaptation in Nunavut has been driven by cross-scale coordination and leadership from the territorial and federal government. Our study finds few examples of concrete actions for planned adaptation, such as changes to or creation of policies that enable adaptation, alterations to building codes and infrastructure design with changing geo-hazards, or enhanced disaster planning and emergency preparedness in light of projected impacts. This study indicates a need for formal adaptation plans for the Governments of Canada and Nunavut, emphasis on adaptation monitoring and evaluation, and a greater role of Inuit traditional knowledge and cultural values in adaptation policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Injury is the leading cause of death for Canadians aged 1 to 44, occurring disproportionately across regions and communities. In the Inuit territory of Nunavut, for instance, unintentional injury rates are over three times the Canadian average. In this paper, we develop a framework for assessing vulnerability to injury and use it to identify and characterize the determinants of injuries on the land in Nunavut. We specifically examine unintentional injuries on the land (outside of hamlets) because of the importance of land-based activities to Inuit culture, health, and well-being. Semi-structured interviews (n = 45) were conducted in three communities that have varying rates of search and rescue (SAR), complemented by an analysis of SAR case data for the territory. We found that risk of land-based injuries is affected by socioeconomic status, Inuit traditional knowledge, community organizations, and territorial and national policies. Notably, by moving beyond common conceptualizations of unintentional injury, we are able to better assess root causes of unintentional injury and outline paths for prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In recent papers, Coltrain et al. (Sealing, whaling and caribou: the skeletal isotope chemistry of eastern Arctic foragers, Journal of Archaeological Science 31, 39–57) and Coltrain (Sealing, whaling and caribou revisited: additional insights from the skeletal isotope chemistry of eastern Arctic foragers, Journal of Archaeological Science 36, 764–775) propose that four previously excavated human skeletons from Native Point, Southampton Island, Nunavut, Canada, are Dorset Paleoeskimo and European. The suggested reclassification of one burial as Dorset is based upon a single radiocarbon assay and interpretation of isotopic values. The authors’ conclusion that three other individuals, found together inside an aboriginal dwelling, were European rests on an isotopic signature indicative of a terrestrial diet, as well as radiocarbon date ranges. This paper assesses the information used by and to reach these conclusions and, in contrast to those authors, determines that the data is equivocal at best and does not support revision of the individuals’ biocultural affinity. The paper stresses the necessarily critical role that must be given to archaeological context in any interpretation, or reinterpretation, of human remains. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The Canadian Arctic has been undergoing profound and damaging environmental changes in recent decades at an ever-accelerating rate. In addition to climate change, a wide variety of other factors are dramatically affecting water quality, biodiversity, land stability and ice reliability. These changes have a particularly negatively impact upon population health, local transportation, traditional knowledge, cultural identity, food supply and lifestyle of the Inuit. This paper examines the threats being imposed upon the Inuit in the Canadian Arctic and their capacity to respond directly through exercising opportunities available through recent land claim settlements and northern governments in which they play a dominant role. The paper then considers the limited capacity of the federal government to deal with northern environmental issues and the potential available through enforcing international environmental agreements and human rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Polygonal terrain, a landform commonly associated with the presence of ground ice, is widespread throughout the high latitudes on Mars. In this paper, we present the results of field testing a potential mission concept for the robotic prospecting of ground ice in polygonal terrain. The focus of the paper is on the key robotic technologies that could be used to implement the concept and the engineering lessons we learned (as opposed to the specific scientific findings of our field tests). In particular, we have found that a lander- or rover-mounted lidar and a rover-borne stereo camera/ground-penetrating radar suite are two important scientific tools that may be used to help pin-point ground ice prior to subsurface sampling. We field tested some aspects of this mission concept on a previously - unstudied polygonal terrain site on Devon Island in the Canadian High Arctic (a common Mars/Moon analogue site) during the summer of 2008. This unique collaboration between technological and scientific communities has led to a deeper understanding of how such a science-driven mission could actually be implemented robotically. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper uses Nunavut's compulsory schooling policy as a case study to discuss the role that cultural difference plays in policy development and implementation. The central argument of the paper is that the implementation and sustainability of the compulsory schooling policy would be fraught with enormous problems, given its colonialist, rationalist orientation and marginalization of Inuit cultural values. The paper draws from the author's journal entries recorded during the six years of his teaching and administrative career in Nunavut territory, along with relevant literature in the field to guide the discussion. It concludes that four key anchors are needed for effective implementation and sustainability of the policy: flexibility to implement the policy at the community school level, support of critical stakeholders, made in Nunavut curriculum, and compulsory teacher certification courses in Inuit philosophy and pedagogy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a geographical and historical overview of the Territory Nunavut (Canada) established in 1999 and inhabited by a majority of Inuit People. The author outlines the process that led to the conclusion of the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement and the current structure of the government of Nunavut, which can best be described as a form of Inuit self-government. Th e main objective of the paper consists in an overview and analysis of current socio-economic challenges faced by the government of Nunavut. Based on the visions of the Bathurst Mandate, the author attempts to assess the success of the ‘Nunavut Project’. The author concludes that because of Nunavut's weak economy and fi scal dependency on the central federal government of Canada, the numerous socio-economic challenges have not been resolved. The Nunavut experiment has not yet been proven a success. The prosperous vision, expressed through the Bathurst Mandate, of a viable Nunavut seems for now just an illusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports on the first phase of a multiphase science education development project being conducted in three Inuit communities in the northern Qikiqtani region of Nunavut. The development project, in its entirety, employs an action research methodology, and by so doing endeavours to support the improvement of science education delivery in accordance with school community aspirations. The project focuses on (a) establishing the current situation in Kindergarten to Grade 6 science education in the communities; (b) identifying developmental aspirations for stakeholders within the communities and potential contributors and constraints to these aspirations; (c) implementing mechanisms for achieving identified aspirations; and, finally, (d) evaluating the effectiveness of such mechanisms. This paper focuses on the initial phase of the development project: evaluating the current situation in Kindergarten to Grade 6 science education, and identifying the developmental aspirations and perceived constraints and contributors for achieving these science education aspirations within these communities. Finally, the paper outlines sonic priorities to consider for further education development based on the outcomes of the preliminary discussions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, there has been a movement towards more grassroots-modelled collaborative planning approaches in Northern Canada. These approaches have frequently been directed at heightening the relevance of social policy, particularly within the context of Northern and Aboriginal self-determination. This paper acknowledges the potential of fledgling governance directives aimed at Northern empowerment. However, it argues that these directives require a more precise focus on place conceptualisation to ensure context sensitivities are appropriately addressed. Informed by the experiences of Northern practitioners, the paper suggests that Nunavut is well-situated to embrace a democratic planning mandate centred on place conceptualisation. This is to the extent that the decision-making cultures of remote Northern communities meet the conditions required for processes of interpretive place construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Satellite remote sensing is a promising technology for monitoring natural and anthropogenic changes occurring in remote, northern environments. It offers the potential to scale-up ground-based, local environmental monitoring efforts to document disturbance types, and characterize their extents and frequencies at regional scales. Here we present a simple, but effective means of visually assessing landscape disturbances in northern environments using trend analysis of Landsat satellite image stacks. Linear trends of the Tasseled Cap brightness, greenness, and wetness indices, when composited into an RGB image, effectively distinguish diverse landscape changes based on additive color logic. Using a variety of reference datasets within Northwest Territories, Canada, we show that the trend composites are effective for identifying wildfire regeneration, tundra greening, fluvial dynamics, thermokarst processes including lake surface area changes and retrogressive thaw slumps, and the footprint of resource development operations and municipal development. Interpretation of the trend composites is aided by a color wheel legend and contextual information related to the size, shape, and location of change features. A companion paper in this issue (Olthof and Fraser) focuses on quantitative methods for classifying these changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Sivulirijat aksururnaqtukkuurnikugijangat aktuiniqaqsimaninga kinguvaanginnut" translates as "the trauma experienced by generations past having an effect in their descendants." The legacy of the history of colonialism is starting to take narrative shape as Inuit give voice to the past and its manifestations in the present through public commissions such as the federal Truth and Reconciliation Commission and the Inuit-led Qikiqtani Truth Commission. However, an examination of other discursive contexts reveals a collective narrative of the colonial past that is at times silent, incomplete or seemingly inconsistent. Reading the political narrative through the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement, and the proceedings of the Legislative Assembly of Nunavut since its formation on April I, 1999, exposes an almost complete silence about this history. Oral histories, an important form for the preservation and transmission of traditional cultural knowledge, do narrate aspects of this experience of contact, but in accounts that can appear highly individual, fragmented, even contradictory. In contrast, one domain that does seem to register and engage with the impacts of this history of colonialism is Inuit art, specifically visual art and film. In some cases these artistic narratives pre-date the historical trauma narratives of the commissions, which began with the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples (RCAP) in the mid-1990s. This paper examines these narrative alternatives for recounting historic trauma in Nunavut, while also considering the implications of understanding historical trauma as narrative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objectives: To test a service-based health human resources (HHR) planning approach for older adults in the context of home and long term care (LTC); to create a practical template/tools for use in various jurisdictions and/or health care settings. Design: The most serious health needs of seniors in 2 Canadian jurisdictions were identified and linked to the specific services and associated competencies required of health care providers (HCPs) to address those needs. The amounts of each service required were quantified and compared against the capacity of HCPs to perform the services, measured using a self-assessment survey, by using a previously developed analytical framework. Setting: Home and LTC sectors in Nova Scotia and Nunavut, Canada. Participants: Regulated and nonregulated HCPs were invited to complete either an online or paper-based competency self-assessment survey. Results: Survey response rates in Nova Scotia and Nunavut were 11% (160 responses) and 20% (22 responses), respectively. Comparisons of the estimated number of seniors likely to need each service with the number who can be served by the workforces in each jurisdiction indicated that the workforces in both jurisdictions are sufficiently numerous, active, productive, and competent to provide most of the services likely to be required. However, significant gaps were identified in pharmacy services, ongoing client assessment, client/family education and involvement, and client/family functional and social supports. Conclusion: Service-based HHR planning is feasible for identifying gaps in services required by older adults, and can guide policy makers in planning hiring/recruitment, professional development, and provider education curricula. Implementation will require commitment of policy makers and other stakeholders, as well as ongoing evaluation of its effectiveness. More broadly, the ongoing effectiveness of the approach will depend on workforce planning being conducted in an iterative way, driven by regular reevaluation of population health needs and HHR effectiveness. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Remotely-piloted aircraft (RPA) thermography is one of the least utilized remote-sensing methods in archaeology, yet it has great potential for visualizing subsurface archaeological features. Given the logistic constraints of remote fieldwork, arctic archaeologists have much to gain from this portable and effective remote-sensing application. This paper presents a novel methodological approach for the collection, processing, and analysis of RPA thermal imagery in the Canadian High Arctic that accounts for the unique environmental and logistic challenges of RPA applications in polar regions. The development of this approach is based on a case study of two Pre-Inuit (4500–1000 B.P.) archaeological sites from the Foxe Basin region, Nunavut. The presented workflow demonstrates the effectiveness of RPA thermography in archaeological feature detection in an Arctic-tundra setting. Thermal detection of several previously unidentified subsurface features in Foxe Basin suggest that surface feature visibility is lower than previously anticipated, calling attention to potential judgemental biases in pedestrian archaeological surveys in Arctic contexts. Based on the utility of low-altitude thermography for visualizing the internal structures of Tuniit dwellings, this paper proposes that thermography facilitates archaeological spatial analysis beyond feature prospection. RPA thermography is a non-destructive and economic remote-sensing solution to some of the persistent logistic challenges to fieldwork in remote locations that often inhibit large-scale archaeological analyses not only in the Canadian Arctic, but remote Arctic-Alpine regions worldwide. • A method is presented for archaeological thermography in Arctic regions using a remotely-piloted aircraft (RPA). • Survey successfully identifies a range of buried architectural feature types. • Thermal imagery effectively visualizes internal architectural structures of buried dwellings. • Limitations and other potential applications are outlined. • Further thermography investigations inland of coastal sites are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arctic amplification is accelerating changes in sea ice regimes in the Canadian Arctic with later freeze-up and earlier melt events, adversely affecting Arctic wildlife and communities that depend on the stability of sea ice conditions. To monitor both the rate and impact of such change, there is a need to accurately measure sea ice deformation, an important component for understanding ice motion and polar climate. The objective of this study is to determine the spatial-temporal pattern of deformation over landfast ice in the Arctic using time series SAR imagery. We present Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) monitoring of Arctic landfast sea ice deformation using C-band Radarsat-2, Sentinel-1 and L-band ALOS-2 in this paper. The small baseline subset (SBAS) approach was explored to process time series observations for retrieval of temporal deformation changes along a line-of-sight direction (LOS) over the winter. It was found that temporal and spatial patterns of deformation observed from different sensors were generally consistent. Horizontal and vertical deformations were also retrieved by a multi-dimensional SBAS technique using both ascending and descending Sentinel-1 observations. Results showed a horizontal deformation in the range of −95–85 cm, and vertical deformation in the range of −41–63 cm in Cambridge Bay, Nunavut, Canada during February-April 2019. High coherence over ice from C-band was maintained over a shorter time interval of acquisitions than L-band due to temporal decorrelation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary information for model terms is also included for each model, separated into fixed and random effects. Interpretation of the omitted model was very similar to the model presented in the paper, but differed in that it contained an interaction term for freshwater and year which indicated associations between geese and freshwater weakened in 2016 and 2017. Correction to: Polar Biology (2021) 44:1-15 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-020-02766-4 A coding error resulted in omission of a candidate density surface model for goose abundance from AICc model comparisons. [Extracted from the article]

Background. The health and educational systems in Greenland and Nunavut are reflections of those in Denmark and Southern Canada, with the language of instruction and practise being Danish and English. This places specific demands on Inuit studying nursing. Objective. This paper discusses the experiences of Inuit who are educated in nursing programmes and practise in healthcare systems located in the Arctic but dominated by EuroCanadian and Danish culture and language. Design. Research was qualitative and ethnographic. It was conducted through 12 months of fieldwork in 5 Greenlandic and 2 Nunavut communities. Methods. Observation, participant observation, interviews, questionnaires and document review were used. The analytical framework involved Bourdieu's concepts of capital and habitus. Results. Participants experienced degrees of success and well-being in the educational systems that are afforded to few other Canadian and Greenlandic Inuit. This success appeared to be based on nurses and students possessing, or having acquired, what I call "double culturedness"; this makes them able to communicate in at least 2 languages and cultures, including the ability to understand, negotiate and interact, using at least 2 ways of being in the world and 2 ways of learning and teaching. Conclusion. There continues to be a critical need for Inuit nurses with their special knowledge and abilities in the healthcare systems of the Arctic. Inuit nurses' experiences will help inform the education and healthcare systems and point to areas in need of support and change in order to increase recruitment and retention of nursing students and practitioners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Community members, Aboriginal organizations, public servants and academics have long been describing a desperate situation of food insecurity in the Eastern Canadian Arctic. Objective. The Nunavut Food Security Coalition, a partnership of Inuit Organizations and the Government of Nunavut, is collaborating to develop a territorial food security strategy to address pervasive food insecurity in the context of poverty reduction. Design. The Nunavut Food Security Coalition has carried out this work using a community consultation model. The research was collected through community visits, stakeholder consultation and member checking at the Nunavut Food Security Symposium. Results. In this paper, we describe a continuous course of action, based on community engagement and collective action, that has led to sustained political interest in and public mobilization around the issue of food insecurity in Nunavut. Conclusions. The process described in this article is a unique collaboration between multiple organizations that has led to the development of a sustainable partnership that will inform policy development while representing the voice of Nunavummiut. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The story of oil and gas exploration in the Arctic Islands of Canada and in the Sverdrup Basin of that region is largely the story of Panarctic Oils Limited. Panarctic was incorporated May 27, 1966 by Federal Letters Patent and operations started in 1968 with the first seismic work. J.C. Sproule of Calgary was a major force behind its formation. Panarctic was an industry/government consortium established to explore for oil and gas in the Canadian Arctic Islands, with up to 37 participating companies. Panarctic drilled 150 wells over an area measuring some 850 by 1200km. The most northerly well was located approximately 80°45′ N on Ellesmere Island and the most southerly well was at 72°40′ N on Prince of Wales Island. 38 of these wells were drilled offshore from floating ice platforms in water depths of up to 550m. 500km3 (17.5trillionft3) of natural gas reserves was discovered over this period and small oil reserves were discovered at Bent Horn. All of the offshore wells attempted were drilled, logged and tested as planned, a proof of the viability of using ice as a support for drilling. In spite of large distances, extreme weather and permafrost, the operations were successful and had no lasting effect on the environment. This paper summarizes the significant achievements over Panarctic''s history from inception to 1986 when operations ceased. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]