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The article presents abstracts of papers to be presented at the 42nd annual meeting of the Society for Psychophysiological Research to be held in Washington, D.C. on October 2 to 6, 2002. These include "Is Well-Being Protective?: Links Between Eudaimonic and Hedonic Well-Being and Allostatic Load," "Effects of Mood Induction on Startle Modulation By Social Threat in Individuals With and Without a History of Depression" and "Neural Circuitry in Positive Emotion: Maternal Love and Well-Being."

This article presents abstracts of several research papers presented at the 26th annual meeting of the American Society of Dermatopathology, held in Washington D.C. A research paper from the department of dermatology of General Hospital in Valencia, Spain reports two new cases of generalized eruptive histiocytoma. The disease was characterized by an asymptomatic, widespread, frequently symmetrical eruption of numerous small dark red or bluish red papules. The histology showed a monomorphic histiocytic infiltrate in papillary and mid portion of the dermis with a few lymphocytes.

Conservation planners often rely on heuristic indices when challenged with prioritizing potential projects under a constrained budget. This paper presents a comparative analysis of several prioritization indices (PIs) of culvert fish passage barriers, which can contribute to declines in anadromous fish populations. A federal injunction requires Washington state to restore 90% of habitat blocked by state‐owned culverts by 2030, prompting the development of numerous PIs, by various entities (i.e., counties, cities) within the injunction area. Our comparative analysis of PIs within the injunction Case Area investigates their ability to distinguish between barriers, their transferability in terms of scoring metrics, how scoring weights differ, and the preferences implied thereby. We document the use of six distinct PI methods by 10 entities and find that some PIs used many shared metrics, whereas others used a high percentage of unique metrics that would be difficult to replicate outside the entity's jurisdiction. Although habitat potential, habitat quantity, and connectivity were considered across all PIs, we found a high level of variation in terms of the metric weights. Our methods can be employed in other geographies or for other restoration PI planning efforts, and our results may facilitate the development and refinement of future PIs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drug overdose claimed more than 100,000 lives in the United States in 2021. Drug‐induced homicide (DIH) laws create specific criminal liability for individuals who provide drugs that cause or contribute to the death of another person. DIH prosecutions in the United States have increased substantially over the past decade despite the absence of meaningful evidence of their individual‐ or community‐level impacts. Recently, Lee et al. analyzed the impact of DIH laws on county‐level opioid overdose mortality across 92 counties in 10 states and concluded that DIH laws are associated with significant reductions in rates of opioid overdose death. In this commentary, we present evidence demonstrating that the Lee et al. study is fundamentally flawed. Specifically, the legal data used by Lee et al. to define their treatment condition (the presence or absence of a state‐level DIH law) is incorrect in almost every aspect. We also describe significant methodological weaknesses, including flawed sampling strategies that resulted in a biased sample of county overdose rates as well as flawed modeling strategies that cannot effectively evaluate the hypothesis that DIH laws negatively impact opioid overdose mortality. More research on the individual‐ and community‐level impacts of DIH laws is needed. In the meantime, we advise policymakers to strengthen state 911 Good Samaritan laws, as DIH laws appear to erode the efficacy of this proven overdose‐prevention strategy. Key points: Drug‐induced homicide laws create specific criminal liability for individuals who provide drugs that cause or contribute to the death of another person and are increasingly used in the United States despite little evidence of their impact on overdose and other harms.This paper critically evaluates a recent paper that analyzed the impact of these laws on county‐level opioid overdose mortality across 92 counties in 10 US states, concluding that these laws are associated with reduced opioid overdose deaths.We present evidence demonstrating that the previous paper is fundamentally flawed, detailing serious errors in the underlying legal research as well as significant methodological weaknesses that render the results of the paper unreliable.Reliable research on the impact of these laws is urgently needed. In the meantime, policymakers are urged to implement policies with robust evidence demonstrating their overdose‐prevention impacts: medications for opioid use disorder, naloxone access, and syringe services programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Papers in the Special Section on Racial Disparities in Health Care stemmed from. the 60th Anniversary of Family Process Conference, The Heart of the Matter: Systemic Imperatives to Address Health Disparities and Racism in the Time of COVID, which took place in Washington, DC in September 2021. Of the 12 presenters at the conference, these four were asked to recreate their talks into articles. They address key issues that help to explain health disparities in people of color, particularly African Americans, in the United States, as well as suggest innovations to clinical interventions and health care delivery systems to better serve people who have suffered adversity from the racial inequities in the American system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers how and to what ends commoning practices can take shape in direct response to the spectres and/or realities of eroding resources (we focus especially on public resources) within iterations of what we term "salvage commoning". We show how, in such contexts, commoning practices may potentially alleviate but also potentially (re)produce inequities, exclusions, and resource retractions. To illustrate, we draw upon two examples: parent‐teacher organisations in Washington, DC, and block associations in New York City. In both instances, people have cooperatively built new relations, coordinated voluntary labour, and stewarded resources in connection with specific commons (public schools and urban spaces) threatened by disinvestment and crisis. We show how troubling alignments and exclusions can emerge under these conditions, suggesting critical questions about the starkly mixed potential of salvage commoning—especially in the face of ongoing and emerging crises in which such orientations are likely to become increasingly prevalent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Recently, the combined macroscopic and statistical evaluation of 427 identified pre‐antibiotic era skeletons from the Terry Collection (Washington, DC, USA) revealed that there is a positive association between tuberculous meningitis (TBM) and four endocranial alteration types, namely, granular impressions (GIs), abnormal blood vessel impressions (ABVIs), periosteal appositions (PAs), and abnormally pronounced digital impressions (APDIs). Although all the four lesion types can be used as diagnostic criteria for TBM in the paleopathological practice, they do not have the same diagnostic value. The first aim of the current paper is to further highlight the diagnostic value of GIs, ABVIs, PAs, and APDIs by calculating and discussing their diagnostic sensitivity and specificity estimate values, as well as their association with each other from the 427 identified pre‐antibiotic era skeletons of the Terry Collection. The second aim is to demonstrate three example cases from the Terry Collection, who exhibit bony changes on the inner skull surface that are representative of the macromorphological appearance and co‐occurrence of GIs, ABVIs, PAs, and APDIs (in different combinations). Based on the generated sensitivity and specificity estimate values, GIs are sufficient enough on their own to make a definitive diagnosis of TBM, whereas ABVIs, PAs, and APDIs are not specific to the disease but can be of tuberculous origin. The χ2 test results regarding the association of ABVIs, PAs, and APDIs revealed that their co‐occurrence with each other (in any possible combination) is significantly more common in individuals who died of TB than in those who died of non‐TB causes—it implies that the chance of them being tuberculous in origin is higher when they simultaneously occur with each other. The three cases demonstrated in detail in the paper provide paleopathologists with a stronger basis for identifying TBM in ancient human remains that reveal endocranial alterations resembling that of the presented cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers an analysis of US strategy in the unfolding United States–China 'tech war' and its consequences. We argue that a tech war is now underway, and that Washington is the driving force behind it. Here, we focus on the most impactful policy so far: the placement of Huawei and over 150 of its affiliates on the sanctioned Entity List. As a result, a decoupling between high‐end US tech and Huawei Technologies is well underway, if not already complete. However, the consequences of the sanctions have not been what Washington intended or expected. The company appears to have maintained its position as one of the world's leading innovators in 5G technology and remains a leading supplier of 5G base stations. The United States risks undermining co‐operation with China in other critical policy areas because the tech war is viewed as aggressive in Beijing. It has also exposed the limits of US influence over allies and third countries, many of whom are opting for Huawei's cheaper 5G infrastructure. Nevertheless, the expansion of this approach by the Biden administration suggests that, in future, Washington may prioritise security interests over commercial ones as it seeks to preserve as much US primacy as possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent years have seen increased attention to and motivation for addressing sexual violence. Physician sexual misconduct (PSM) represents a significant violation and abuse of power, with consequences for both patients and public trust in medicine. In the United States, the Federation of State Medical Boards released updated policies in 2020 imploring increased transparency and stronger punishments for PSM cases. This brief report presents an assessment of how transparent medical board websites are in disclosing PSM now 2 years after this policy paper. We reviewed the websites for all 50 states and Washington, DC, to examine how easily a consumer could find a list of board orders, profiles of licensees, and PSM case summaries. In total, 24 states provided a list of orders, and 21 states provided case summaries. Many barriers to finding clearly discussed PSM‐related information remain, including many outdated licensee profiles. Ideas for continued efforts to document and discuss PSM to help foster evidence‐based policy recommendations are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Farmers in Mediterranean climate regions are increasingly growing canola (Brassica napus L.) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)‐based systems to break soil‐borne pathogen disease cycles, control weeds, and enhance crop marketing opportunities. A 6‐year rainfed cropping systems experiment was conducted near Ritzville, Washington USA from 2015 to 2021. The objective was to compare performance of winter and spring canola, winter triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack) (WT), and winter wheat (WW) and measure their effects on soil water dynamics and subsequent performance of spring wheat (SW). Overwinter soil water gain in canola stubble was significantly reduced compared to water gain in WT and WW stubble. The more winter precipitation, the greater the differences in soil water among treatments in early spring. There was a trend in all years for diminished overwinter soil water gain in canola stubble. Averaged over years, grain yield of SW was 1940, 2340, and 2210 kg/ha grown on canola, WT, and WW stubble, respectively (p = 0.045). Coefficients of determination from regression analysis conducted each year showed a high correlation between water content in the 180 cm profile in early spring and SW grain yield, except in one year of extreme drought. This paper provides a first report in a Mediterranean climate region of decline in wheat grain yield after canola versus after a cereal crops, primarily due to reduced overwinter soil water storage. Core Ideas: Canola is an important rotation crop in rainfed wheat‐based rotations.We conducted a 6‐year study to determine performance of spring wheat grown after canola, triticale, and wheat.Overwinter soil water storage was significantly reduced in canola stubble versus the stubble of triticale and wheat.Soil water at time of planting was closely correlated with spring wheat grain yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Return to learn (RTL) after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) presents unique challenges for school professionals. A multidisciplinary team approach is necessary yet training school professionals is logistically difficult. This paper describes an innovative pilot RTL program and its evaluation. METHODS: Utilizing the telehealth/telementoring program Project ECHO® (Extension for Community Healthcare Outcomes), this study utilized a multidisciplinary team of subject matter experts to deliver five 1‐hour sessions across 5 cohorts of school‐based professionals (total of 133 participants). The evaluation used a mixed‐methods approach of post‐session and post‐program participant surveys and post‐program participant focus groups. RESULTS: Participants who completed a post‐program survey reported statistically significant improvements in essential aspects of RTL knowledge and self‐efficacy. This included improvements in how to manage a student with an mTBI (44.8% to 86.9%), benefits of early return to school for students following mTBI (31.8% to 86.9%), and the importance of written RTL policies/procedures (55.1% to 97.1%). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that RTL training via a telementoring approach may be a positive and effective way to train school‐based professionals and improve knowledge and self‐efficacy, especially when attending face‐to‐face trainings are difficult. This model has the potential to produce programmatic and systematic improvements for RTL education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attempts to legalize assisted suicide has historically presented a unique set of political and procedural challenges in state legislatures, the result of which has been the overwhelming defeat of nearly 98% such attempts in the last 25 years. Only in recent years is this trend beginning to change. Vermont was the first state to adopt legislation in 2013, followed by California, and Washington DC in 2015. In 2018, Hawaii was added to the list and most recently, New Jersey, and Maine in 2019. Other trends have become evident as well. Whereas between 1995 and 2013 there was a median of nine bills introduced by six states in a given biennium, this has increased to 31 bills in 24 states between 2015 and 2019, And while until 2013, only two or three states at most would have more than a single bill in play, the median has now doubled to five states and Washington DC since 2015. This paper examines whether or not these recent trends are in fact, political strategies that could explain and potentially predict success in future sessions. We examine the efficacy of constancy (the perseverance of introducing bills over multiple sessions) and frequency (introducing multiple bills in the same session) using both the six successful attempts as well as 264 failed attempts since 1994. Comparing the common attributes of successful legalization as well as failures, perseverance cannot be ruled out as a beneficial variable, but can only be vindicated with more data in the future. There was no evidence across all the data to suggest that multiple bills contributed to success. The data also shows that ideological liberalism is currently a necessary but not sufficient condition to pass assisted suicide bills, although it is expected to become more significant as the issue settles down party lines. Increases in the number of bills, the number states with bills, and perhaps the number of bills introduced in a given state appears more as a response to environmental stimuli that makes bills appear more viable: namely previous state victories and shifts in public opinion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses the differential timing and varying degree of recreational marijuana access across Washington counties to estimate the relationship between recreational marijuana sales and food sales. Using panel event study design methods over a period that covers the emergence of Washington's retail marijuana industry, we find a statistically significant increase in taxable food sales without evidence of an increase in or substitution away from other food categories. Specifically, the introduction of recreational marijuana sales increases per capita taxable food sales by 5% to 6% and a 1% increase in marijuana sales increases per capita taxable food sales by 0.018%. These findings imply there may be additional tax revenue and health costs that need to be included in the recreational marijuana debate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cities grow in layers over time. As population and land values increase, older, smaller buildings are replaced with higher density, higher value structures. However, direct costs of redevelopment and institutional barriers such as zoning may constrain replacement of older structures, leading to alternate forms of supply adjustment. In this paper, I use data on building permits in Washington DC to examine three different forms of residential investment: new construction, expansion of existing structures, and renovation. Results suggest that new construction accounts for a relatively small part of residential investment and is highly concentrated in a few neighborhoods. Expansions and alterations of existing structures are more frequent and more evenly dispersed across space. Recent increases in housing values are correlated with more new construction, but only among neighborhoods with relatively more permissive zoning. Additions and alterations are more prevalent in neighborhoods with high property values, older housing, and more restrictive zoning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose a novel resource allocation scheme for non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) based cooperative cellular networks where in each cell, two pairs of transmitter–receiver want to communicate via the base station(BS) which serves as a decode-and-forward (DF) relay. In the first hop, the transmitters simultaneously transmit their information and the BS applies joint decoding method. The BS transmits the received information towards the receivers based on NOMA technique. The receivers apply the successive interference cancellation (SIC) where the SIC ordering of receivers is determined based on the direct channel gain. We formulate the resource allocation problem as an optimization problem which is non-convex. To tackle the non-convexity, we adopt the successive convex approximation (SCA) with difference of two concave functions (D.C.) as the approximation technique. We also study the computational complexity of our proposed scheme. Finally, we study the performance of our scheme by simulations and compare it with existing transmission schemes like the orthogonal frequency multiple access (OFDMA) and the case where both of the first hop and the second hop adopt PD-NOMA as well as the case where a special sort of subcarrier pairing is performed between the first and second hops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How did the US shape the composition of the UN Security Council during the early Cold War period? By focusing on the election of non‐permanent members to Council seats, this paper investigates what role the US played in the nomination and election of candidate countries. In doing so, the study relies heavily on US diplomatic archives since those archival materials are rich in terms of voting preferences of UN members, negotiations between the US and its allies, and Washington's intensive lobbying for candidates. Investigating contested elections from 1946 to 1964, we find that although the US had an extensive influence on determining Council's non‐permanent members, its power to influence election outcomes dramatically weakened from the late 1950s onwards. This finding has important implications for the recent literature on the UN Security Council. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Anaphylaxis is a life‐threatening allergic reaction with significant risk for children with allergies. Access to potentially life‐saving medication is critical for these children. This review aims to describe state laws and policies guiding stock epinephrine in schools for allergic or anaphylactic events and detail recommendations for best practices. Methods: This paper is a comprehensive review of the 50 states and the District of Columbia's (DC) laws and policies for stock epinephrine at schools for children in pre‐kindergarten through 12th grade. Results: All 50 states and DC allow undesignated epinephrine in schools to use for allergic or anaphylactic reactions. A key difference arises in whether states allow (N = 37) or mandate (N = 14) that schools stock epinephrine. States exhibit differences in the body responsible for developing stock epinephrine policy (N = 48), along with stakeholders responsible for developing procedures (N = 30) and implementing them (N = 19). Differences also exist in state epinephrine procurement, administration, training, and liability. Conclusions: This review of stock epinephrine laws and policies highlights the significant variation in state legislation despite widespread adoption. Only one‐quarter of states mandate that schools have stock epinephrine available for emergency use, underscoring need for a more unified approach with consistent guidelines, comprehensive training, and possible funding for implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As of July 2021, 16 states and Washington DC permit pharmacist prescribing of hormonal contraceptives. The objective of this systematic review is to describe the impact of pharmacist prescribing on hormonal contraceptive access in the United States (U.S.). Using a protocol based on PRISMA guidelines, a librarian performed the literature search for articles published between January 1, 2013 and January 15, 2021. Studies were excluded if they were incomplete (ie, without results) or the full text was not available. Studies that took place outside of the U.S., within the U.S. but in a state that had not implemented pharmacist contraception prescribing at the time the research was initiated, or not written in English, as well as those that were not primary literature (ie, reviews, editorials, opinion papers, etc.) were also excluded from this review. Articles were categorized based on whether the outcomes evaluated (a) uptake of pharmacist‐prescribed hormonal contraceptive services, (b) implementation of pharmacist‐prescribed hormonal contraceptive services, or (c) impact of pharmacist‐prescribed hormonal contraceptive services on patients' access to hormonal contraception. Of 2056 identified articles, 21 articles met the inclusion criteria and were included in the analysis. The majority (n = 16) assessed uptake of the service, whereas eight examined implementation and three evaluated impact of the service on patients' access. More research is warranted on the impact of pharmacist prescribing on patients' access to hormonal contraceptives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This paper develops a method to estimate the U.S. output gap by exploiting the cross‐sectional variation of state‐level output and unemployment rate data. The model assumes that there are common output and unemployment rate trend and cycle components, and that each state's output and unemployment rate are subject to idiosyncratic trend and cycle perturbations. I estimate the model with Bayesian methods using quarterly data from 2005:Q1 to 2018:Q2 for the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Results show that the U.S. output gap reached about negative 4.6% around the years of the Great Recession and was about 0.9% in 2018:Q2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on several conferences including the 55th Meetings of the International Society for the Systems Sciences to be held at the Hull University of Business in Hull, England on July 17-22, 2011, the 15th World Multi-Conference on Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics: WMSCI 2011 to be held in Orlando, Florida on July 19-22, 2011 and the International Conference of the System Dynamics Society held in Washington, D. C. on July 24-28, 2011.

Cover Laboratory Life (Cell), by Suzanne Anker, 2006, inkjet print on watercolor paper, 13 × 19 inches. Collection of Th e National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. Courtesy of the artist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1978 the local government in the District of Columbia approved a measure to tax up to 70% of the profits made on residential speculation. The tax was the first of its kind in the USA. But, it was quickly overturned and deemed by supporters and opponents a failure. Based on 10 months of archival research and interviews in Washington, DC, this paper examines how property rights became a narrative barrier that tax supporters could not overcome. By narrative barrier, I mean the set of rules that shaped how speculation was discussed. Tax supporters did not publicly convey a counter-hegemonic vision of how tenure security and economic wealth could be achieved for black residents through means other than private ownership and real estate investment. This paper contributes to understandings of housing markets, housing crises, and intersections between housing justice and property rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Children born to teen mothers may experience less responsive and supportive parenting and are at heightened risk for a range of social, developmental, and health issues. There is literature to support the positive impact of grandmothers on teen parents and their children. However, what if the teen's mother is also limited in her parenting capacities? How do parenting capacities across these two generations of mothers affect the developing child? In this ongoing study we are examining two important aspects of parenting capacities, attachment quality and executive functioning, in teen mothers (TM) and their biological, co- residing mothers or grandmothers (GM or GGM). Both are essential components of effective parenting, but little is known about their impact on young children's development when raised by two generations of parents. In a cross- sectional, descriptive design, a convenience sample of 50 TM/GM dyads with children 1 to 3 years old is being recruited from two urban teen-tot clinics. Participants complete a paper-and-pencil measure of attachment quality and a computerized measure of multiple aspects of executive function (working memory, inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility). A standardized maternal report measure is used to assess child developmental status. The biggest challenges of the study thus far include recruitment and transience of the study population. Progress to date and experiences from recruitment and data collection are discussed, as well as successful strategies to address challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Southern Economic Association (SEA) will be hosting its 94th Annual Meeting in Washington, DC from November 23-25, 2024. They are inviting the submission of individual papers and session proposals for consideration in the conference program. The deadline for submissions is April 1, 2024, and the SEA Program Planning Board will review all submissions and provide acceptance notices by mid-June 2024. There is a nonrefundable $35.00 submission fee for individual paper submissions, and instructions for submitting papers and making the payment can be found on the SEA website. Submission fees are waived for papers submitted as part of a complete session proposal, and the Session Submission Form can be downloaded from the SEA website. All session proposals must also be submitted by April 1, 2024. [Extracted from the article]

Highlights the forty-second annual Association of American Medical Colleges: Group on Educational Affairs Research in Medical Education Conference in Washington, D.C. Decrease in the number of researches presented during the conference; Percentage of studies on which a medical or education doctor collaborator was represented for each mode of presentation.

ABSTRACT In research conducted some 20 years ago, we elucidated the starkly lower suburbanization propensities of black households in the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area. The paper showed that simulated closure of large socio-economic gaps between blacks and whites did little to diminish prevailing high levels of residential segregation or otherwise enhance moves by black households to areas of educational, employment, and housing opportunity. Some two decades later and in the wake of significant urban evolution, this paper assesses anew racial variations in residential location choice. Results of the multinomial logit (MNL) analysis indicate large, persistent racial differentials in intrametropolitan residential location choice. While black location choice in 2000 was relatively more dispersed than in 1980, it remained remarkably concentrated in D.C. and Prince George's County. As in our prior analysis, results showed that large simulated gains in black economic and educational status had little effect on prevailing racial segregation. These findings underscore the ongoing, limited access of black households to schooling, employment, and homeownership opportunities available outside traditional areas of settlement. In marked contrast, the locational choices of Latino and immigrant households bore greater similarity to those of whites and were more sensitive to improvements in socio-economic status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Asthma has no known cure, and though manageable, it disrupts the everyday lives of over 6 million US children. Because children spend more than half of their waking hours in school, students must be able to carry and administer their inhaler at school to manage their asthma. METHODS: This policy paper is a comprehensive review of all 50 states and the District of Columbia's laws and policies for the self‐carry and administration of quick‐relief asthma inhalers among children in prekindergarten through 12th grade. RESULTS: All states permit students to carry and administer their inhalers at school, although each state differs in their development and implementation of policies for asthma self‐management at school. This review examines how states regulate self‐carry policies by looking at policy development, regulated school systems, relevant stakeholders, required medical records, and school liability. CONCLUSIONS: Each state's laws have nuances that create gray areas, increasing the potential of misinterpreted or incorrectly implemented policies for asthma self‐management at school. As a result, children may not have immediate access to their inhaler for symptom management or in an emergency. State policymakers should reform current laws to remove barriers for students to carry and use inhalers at school. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the American Finance Association's executive secretary and treasurer's annual report. The 1990 Annual Meeting is announced, and will be held on December 27-30 in Washington, D.C. The "Journal of Finance" costs will be higher in 1991 due to the addition of their "Shorter Papers" section. The article discusses the use of credit cards in the payment of membership dues. The number of members for 1987, 1988, and 1989 are compared. The financial position of the American Finance Association is noted as having sufficient cash flow.

The article presents information about various papers that were presented in a symposium at the annual meeting of the American Society of Dermatopathology in Washington D.C. on December 2, 1993. They have been updated and are presented here as a continuing tribute to Dr. Walter F. Lever who was a founding member of the Society. The first paper in the Symposium was given by researcher Gundula Schaurnburg-Lever, his wife and collaborator in his famous textbook and an atlas of dermatopathology. Her paper is entitled New Applications of Electron Microscopy Techniques in Dermatopathology. The second paper was given by researcher Ken Hashimoto, entitled Desmosomal Dissolution in Grover's Disease.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND With the rise in childhood obesity, school policies related to nutrition and physical activity have been written and implemented. In this paper, we present a model to evaluate the degree to which state legislation for school health policies are implemented at the school level. METHODS Using Washington, DC's Healthy Schools Act (HSA) and a self-report measure of the implementation of the HSA, we illustrate the process of developing a composite score that can be used to measure compliance with the provisions of the law. RESULTS We calculated elementary and middle school composite scores based on the provisions within the HSA. Schools have been successful in implementing nutrition provisions; however, more resources are needed for schools to achieve the minutes of health and physical education. We found statistically significant differences between public charter and traditional public schools on the implementation of the provisions of the HSA. CONCLUSIONS Understanding how schools are complying with school wellness policies is a next step to determining where additional resources or support are needed in order to support school-wide adoption of healthy policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reports on the 110th Annual Meeting of the Association of American Medical Colleges held in Washington D.C. from October 22 to 28, 1999. Topics discussed; Guest speakers; Research paper presentations; Abstract sessions.

An essay is presented on a paper by Richard Longstreth regarding war memorials in Washington, D.C. It highlights the use of monuments and memorials as sites of ceremony and personal remembrance in the U.S. The author also focuses on the intrusive and unruly emotions of anxiety and fear that Longstreth plotted in relation to the new security measures following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks.

In 1988 a local homeowner in Washington, DC, commissioned a 30‐foot mural of an artwork by modernist painter Piet Mondrian on the side of a public housing building, along with several other similar murals across the street. Three months later all the residents of the public housing development were moved out. Later, the buildings were destroyed. Here I explore how these murals enabled the residents' permanent displacement. Explaining this displacement and destruction by pointing to the federal Housing Opportunities for People Everywhere (HOPE) VI policy is completely insufficient. I argue for looking beyond the conventional actors in policy history to other actors, such as, but not limited to, aesthetics, art, artists and art purveyors. I examine Mondrian's years in Paris, during which he developed his abstract art and philosophy of spiritual evolution, white supremacy and total urban renewal. The homeowner brought Mondrian's art and philosophy to Washington, DC, at a time of an ideological shift towards global revanchism and gentrification. These specific murals reveal the settler colonial nature of gentrification in confrontation with anti‐colonial art and geographies. This study provides new insight into gentrification by illuminating the battles of multiple globalizations in cities and even on individual blocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much has been written about George Washington as a presidential leader, but little attention has been given to one important aspect of the first president's administration: his role in funding and constructing the nation's new capital city in the District of Columbia. This article highlights Washington's involvement in the creation of the Federal City by focusing on the choices he faced and decisions he made regarding Washington, DC during the last six months he was in office and showing that in terms of this facet of his presidency, he was truly a hands-on leader. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information about the meeting of Japanese and Unites States science educators under the auspices of the National Science Teachers Association in Washington, D. C. The main purpose of the meeting was to establish more effective information exchange between U. S. and Japanese science educators regarding research, development and practice in school science. Another purpose was to nurture the development of a small cadre of U. S. science educators who would become serious scholars regarding Japanese science education. There were seven Japanese and sixteen Americans who participated in the seminar. The leader of the Japanese team was Kunio Umeno of the National Institute for Educational Research in Tokyo. And the co-leaders of the U. S. team were James J. Gallagher and Floyd Mattheis.

This paper evaluates voting behavior on the Seahawk Stadium referendum in the State of Washington. For our empirical strategy, we implement both the linear probability model and a group logit model, which gives greater weight to voting areas with greater number of votes cast. We find that voting support was lowest among those living closest to the proposed stadium site, while voting support was highest among those within 'easy access' of the stadium. This nonlinear distance effect differs from the typical 'proximity' effect found in most professional sporting stadiums in the United States; however, it is consistent with a referendum-voting outcome for a professional soccer stadium in Germany and public projects such as national forests. ( JEL R53, H71, L83) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a time series cross‐state panel data of 50 U.S. states and the District of Columbia (DC) over the period of 1959 through 2015, this article intends to assess the direct and indirect effects of contractionary monetary policy shocks on income inequality through interest rate and consumer price index (CPI) inflation channels. To address this, the authors examine two possible linear and non‐linear relationships between inflation and income inequality and between gross domestic product (GDP) and income inequality. Using various measures of income inequality, the results of the pooled model and the individual fixed effect model show that CPI inflation positively and interest rate negatively affect all measures of income inequality in linear regression. The results confirm the existence of the non‐linearity relationship between inflation and income inequality as well as the Kuznets inverted "U‐shaped" hypothesis between GDP and income inequality. The results of linear and non‐linear regressions show that the DC and the state of Ohio are better off and worse off than the state of Alabama as baseline of models, respectively. The impulse response functions (IRFs) for the individual panel vector autoregressive (PVAR) models show that income inequality could be reduced by implementing contractionary monetary policy through interest rate channel in the short run and increased persistently pursuing contractionary monetary policies via inflation channel in the long run. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bright yellow sticky rectangles made of paper boards were previously identified as the most effective traps for capturing western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens Curran ( Dipt., Tephritidae). However, no data on the effectiveness of commercial sticky yellow plastic traps against R. indifferens have been reported. In tests conducted in sweet cherry trees [ Prunus avium ( L.) L.] in Washington state ( USA) using ammonium carbonate as the chemical lure, commercial plastic ' Yellow Sticky Strips' made of translucent high-impact polystyrene captured ~two or three times more flies than commercial sticky yellow-folded Pherocon® AM and Alpha Scents boards. Yellow Sticky Strips also minimized captures of non-target flies and bees per surface area compared with Pherocon® AM and/or Alpha Scents boards. Trap size and adhesive type were not factors for greater catches of R. indifferens. However, more flies were caught on the shade-facing side of Yellow Sticky Strips, which was brightly illuminated, than on the shade-facing side of boards, which was darker, suggesting differential light passage was a factor. The Yellow Sticky Strips could be very useful for monitoring R. indifferens in detection programmes and based on the results of this study can replace yellow boards. They are also useful because they are relatively unattractive to non-target insects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Eight states and Washington, DC have implemented regulations mandating a minimum ratio between treatment staff and patients receiving hemodialysis in a facility in an effort to improve the quality of hemodialysis treatment. Our investigation examines the association between minimum staffing regulations and patient mortality for four states and hospitalizations for two states that implemented these rules during our sample period. Design, Setting, Participants, and Measurements: We utilized a synthetic difference in differences estimation to analyze the effect of minimum staffing ratios on hemodialysis treatment quality, measured by deaths and hospitalizations for end‐stage renal disease patients. We used data gathered by the US Renal Data System and aggregated at the state level. Results: We are unable to find evidence that mandated dialysis staffing ratios area associated with a reduction in mortality or hospitalizations. We estimate a slight reduction in deaths per 1000 patient hours and a slight increase in hospitalizations, but neither are statistically significant. Conclusions: We were unable to find evidence that minimum staffing ratios for hemodialysis facilities are associated with improved patient outcomes. Our findings highlight the need for future work, studying the impact of these regulations at the facility level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to explain the nonuniform earthquake pattern along the Cascadia Subduction Zone. In particular, we investigate the relationship between the tectonic features of the subducting oceanic Juan de Fuca slab and the onshore seismicity pattern. We have integrated multiple geophysical data sets toward three general objectives. The first study intends to study variations in physical properties along three 2‐dimensional models through regions of different seismicities that combine public gravity, magnetic, and seismic data sets. These models reveal multiple zones of decreased crustal density that we interpret as regions of weaker oceanic crust. The second objective is to delineate major tectonic features by performing spatial analysis of potential fields. The overall methodology comprises gravity and magnetic data filtering, followed by lineaments mapping and cross‐referencing interpretation with available seismic reflection data. This process allows delineating zones of crustal weakness by extrapolating outside our three 2‐D models. We also map multiple seamounts that appear to cluster along identified zones of weaker crust. Third, we investigate the relationship between the mapped tectonic elements, namely the zones of weak crust with accompanying seamounts, and the observed seismicity trends within the subducted slab. The alignment between those suggests that mapped weak crust zones and associated seamounts may have an influence on the overall subduction process. As more of these structures are heading toward the Washington portion of the margin than to the Oregon portion, more earthquakes are observed in the north than in the south. Plain Language Summary: This study examines why earthquakes in the Cascadia Subduction Zone are not the same everywhere. We focused on the area where the Juan de Fuca plate, a piece of oceanic lithosphere, is being pushed underneath the North American continent. We used information from various geophysical data sets to create 2‐D models that show the different physical properties of crustal rocks in regions with different densities of earthquakes. We found that there are areas with weaker crust, and that seamounts clustered there. We also found that there are weaker crust zones and seamounts heading toward Washington than Oregon, which may explain why there are more earthquakes in the north than in the south along this margin. Key Points: Multiple geophysical data sets were used to create three 2‐D models revealing weaker oceanic crust zonesMapped new linear features from disturbances in sea‐floor magnetic stripes and seamounts from gravity dataTectonic features on the Juan de Fuca plate spatially correlate with earthquakes within the subducting slab [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information about several papers discussed at Capitol Hill conferences held at the Rayburn House Office Building in Washington, D.C. on January 28, 2011 is presented. Topics include the nuclear weapons facilities in Iran, issues related to the manufacturing of nuclear weapons, and the Iran-Syria connection. The conference featured several speakers including David Albright, Frederic Hof, and Richard Lebaron.

Information about the sixth annual interlocutor session held at the annual meeting of the American Anthropological Association in Washington, D.C. organized by the Society for the Anthropology of North America (SANA) and the Society for Urban, National and Transnational/Global Anthropology (SUNTA). Topics include issues on gender, history, and class. The meeting featured historian Dolores Hayden of Yale University and author Frances Fox Piven of the City University of New York.

The article focuses on the role of think tanks in the foreign and security policy-making at Japan. It mentions that the foreign policy think tanks in Japan includes the Japan Institute for International Affairs (JIIA) and the Institute for International Policy Studies (IIPS). It mentions that the U.S. think tanks including the Brookings Institute or the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR) plays a vital role in the foreign policy-making of Washington and hosting members of outgoing administrations. It mentions that during the Cold War, the JIIA developed a domestic and international reputation for determing the politics in the Communist party.

Please cite this paper as: Zhang X, Kramer M. The rise in singleton preterm births in the USA: the impact of labour induction. BJOG 2012;119:1309-1315. Objective To assess the extent to which increased rates of labour induction and caesarean section have contributed to the recent rise in preterm birth. Design National birth cohort study. Setting USA. Population and sample Singleton live births, with primary analysis based on non-Hispanic white women. Methods Ecological study based on the 50 states and the District of Columbia during two time periods 10 years apart: 1992-94 and 2002-04. Main outcome measure Preterm birth (live birth <37 completed weeks of gestation), based on an algorithm combining menstrual and clinical estimates of gestational age. Results The state-level ecological analysis among non-Hispanic white women showed that the change in preterm birth rate from 1992-94 to 2002-04 was significantly associated with the change in rate of labour induction ( r = 0.50, 95% CI 0.26-0.68), but not with the change in rate of caesarean delivery ( r = −0.06, 95% CI −0.33 to 0.22). Weaker but otherwise similar associations with labour induction were observed in Hispanic women and in non-Hispanic black women. Conclusions Increasing use of labour induction is probably an important cause of the observed increased rate in preterm birth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Juveniles' competency to participate in delinquency proceedings has received increased attention in recent years. Developmental incompetence, whereby juveniles' incompetency is based upon their immaturity, as opposed to a mental disorder or developmental disability, is an evolving and important aspect of this area of law. The following paper reviews theories used to support the notion of developmental incompetence, as well as the extant empirical research on juveniles' competency-related abilities. Using a LexisNexis search, statutory and case laws pertaining to juvenile competency were identified across the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Only six states clearly allow developmental incompetence, whereas 17 have laws that do not include developmental immaturity as an acceptable basis of incompetence in juvenile courts. Developmental incompetence is likely to affect a relatively small proportion of juvenile cases, but has important implications for juvenile forensic practice. Recommendations are offered for forensic practitioners conducting this type of evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we explore the Non-Medical Attendant program at Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Washington, DC, which subsidizes the presence of war-injured soldiers' family members as they live for months or even years at Walter Reed during treatment and rehabilitation. We elaborate the ambiguities of the program and draw on ethnographic research to demonstrate how the program's vagaries combine with the context of an overburdened military medical system and the more familiar strains of family caregiving to place family members in a gray zone of care where the line between labors of love and institutionally compensated work is blurred. [caregiving, military, family, love] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]