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In France, there is a growing enthusiasm for outdoor sports and recreation. In the meantime, the risk of both severe and frequent injury associated with active pursuits in mountain areas is acknowledged. This paper tackles accidents related to mountain sports, with a focus on three critical activities: hiking, mountaineering and ski touring. The aim consists of estimating the actual number of accidents (whether they entailed deaths or injuries) in the three above-mentioned activities. In order to align the information collected, then provide estimations based on the reasoned crossing of these secondary data, we consulted and summarised all the databases available on the French territory. Results address the trauma-related mortality in absolute values, and a comparison with the death rate of other sports. The calculation of a mortality index, including secondary mortality, is then provided. Elements of mountain sports accidentality are also presented, intending to clarify how many casualities occur each year in the French mountains. Last, a focus on the particularities of each mountain sport is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines some of the debates over maternal instinct in France under the Third Republic. It focuses on the work of three naturalists (Fabre, Perrier, and Giard) and shows how these scientists shaped, reinforced, or challenged feminine identities as well as a number of sexual social conventions making constant reference to the natural as their authority. This paper highlights these scientists' views on womanhood and maternity and their stances on contemporary feminist discourses as well as seeking to establish the extent to which these views and stances influenced their scientific discourses and practices. It also aims to demonstrate the interpenetration of science and policy, not only in terms of the transfer of political concepts into the scientific domain (and back again), but also as a joint construction process, which produced a new political and natural order in nineteenth century France. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper traces the labour processes and working conditions of wood engravers in France and England during the 19th century as the process of production of the illustrated periodicals became increasingly industrialized. It argues that the bulk of 19th century wood engravers should be considered as one of the first classes of proletarians in the mass media industry. The paper first looks at the general socio-economic conditions from which 19th century wood engravers emerged as proletarians. Second, it examines wood engraving workshops, wood engravers' working conditions, their training and type of production. Lastly, it discusses the hierarchical relations between editors-publishers and wood engravers, the wood engravers economic conditions, their socio-cultural attitudes towards their work and the control exercised on them in the labour process. With the industrialization of the production of illustrated periodicals, wood engravers formed a class of waged workers who owned no means of production, had little autonomy or creativity in their work and sold their labour power to fabricate illustrations. Workshops operated as factories, training apprentices to mechanically reproduce fragmented segments of illustrations in an assembly-line type of labour and based on a rigid hierarchy in which engraver-apprentices were at the bottom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is increasing interest in the emergence of a 'global middle class' in which high achieving young graduates increasingly look to develop careers that transcend national boundaries. This paper explores this issue through comparing and contrasting the aspirations and orientations of two 'elite' cohorts of graduates. Interviews with students at the University of Oxford, England, and Sciences- Po, France, reveal very different ambitions and allegiances. Our Oxford respondents portray their futures as projects of self-fulfilment as they build portfolio careers by moving from job to job and from country to country with limited social allegiances - epitomizing the nomadic worker of the transnational elite. Our Parisian respondents, on the other hand, display strong allegiances to the nation, state and civic duty. Their projects of the self involve reconciling their personal aspirations with strong allegiances to France. The paper concludes by discussing the significance of these differences. It argues that the enduring role of education in the formation of national identities should not be overlooked and that more detailed research is needed on the contextual specifity of transnationalism and the (re)production of elites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hermeneutics, also referred to as interpretive phenomenology, has led to important contributions to nursing research. The philosophy of Charles Taylor has been a major source in the development of contemporary hermeneutics, through his ontological and epistemological articulations of the human sciences. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that Taylor's ideas can further enrich hermeneutic inquiry in nursing research, particularly for investigations of ethical concerns. The paper begins with an outline of Taylor's hermeneutical framework, followed by a review of his key ideas relevant for ethics research. The paper ends with a discussion of my empirical research with critically ill children in Canada and France in relation to Taylor's ideas, chiefly Social Imaginaries. I argue that Taylor's hermeneutics provides a substantive moral framework as well as a methodology for examining ethical concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flashbulb memories are vivid autobiographical memories of the circumstances where an individual first learns about emotionally significant public events. Our paper assesses whether these memories were triggered by the attacks of Friday 13 November 2015 in Paris. Two hundred and ninety-one participants answered a web-based questionnaire that assessed their memory of the circumstances in which they first learned of the attacks. The questionnaire also assessed vividness, rehearsal, emotion, surprise and novelty. The results showed substantial and vivid recall of the context in which the participants first learned of the event. This recall was associated with fair rehearsal, negative emotional valence, surprise, and novelty. Regression analysis showed that the flashbulb recall was predicted by negative emotion. Negative emotion seems to play a key role in the formation of flashbulb memories, at least those associated with the Paris attacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The rapid rise of Chinese exports over the past two decades has raised concerns about manufacturing jobs and wage inequality in high-income countries. spillovers beyond the manufacturing sector are an important issue given the large size of the nontraded sector in modern economies as well as the imperfect spatial mobility of households. In this paper, I estimate the impact of Chinese import competition onto the structure of employment and wages of local labor markets in France, with an emphasis on spillovers effects beyond manufacturing and the degree of local wage inequality. Local employment and total labor income in both manufacturing and nonmanufacturing are negatively affected by rising exposure to imports. Import competition from China polarized the local structure of employment in the manufacturing sector. The wage distribution is uniformly negatively affected in manufacturing while the nontraded sector experiences wage polarization, i.e., a rise in upper-tail inequality and a decline in bottom-tail inequality. While overall wage inequality is on average not affected, I show that it increased in response to trade shocks in areas where the minimum wage is only weakly binding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the cross-border section of the Lyon-Turin Line, i.e. the 57.5 km long Mont Cenis Base Tunnel between Saint Jean de Maurienne in France and the Susa valley in Italy. Works at Saint Martin La Porte started in 2015 including the 9 km TBM excavation along the south tube of the base tunnel between the access adits of Saint Martin La Porte and La Praz. In order to assemble the TBM, a large underground cavern has been excavated at the end of the Saint Martin La Porte access adit. The size of this cavern, with a length of approximately 45 m, a span of 23 m and a height of 22.2 m, and the geological and geomechanical conditions in the Carboniferous Formation at a depth of about 600 m made this work a challenge. The excavation and support methods adopted are described, together with the rock mass conditions and the observed ground behaviour. The monitoring data obtained during excavation are briefly presented, including the works schedule. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The governments of Britain, France, and the United States are seeking to promote renewed investment in nuclear power through metagovernance. Metagovernance describes the way governments can leverage state power and resources to shape the behavior of networked actors to advance policy goals. To metagovern, governments use a variety of policy tools but the factors shaping the design of these policy tools remains unclear. Grid-group cultural theory is used to show that the design of the policy tools used in metagovernance reflects both an underlying cultural bias within government and prevailing institutional circumstances. The paper demonstrates the utility of cultural theory in the study of metagovernance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper looks at the current challenge facing higher education by exploring the historical relationship between higher education funding and long economic cycles in the UK, USA and France. It examines the consequence of the transformation of public-private income in higher education that followed the 1970s downturn, questioning whether the rise of private resources acted as additional or substitutive resources for public spending. The paper suggests that there is a risk that the cost-sharing strategy could be turned into a policy of public-private substitution of funding and provision, leading to a transfer rather than an increase of resources with strong implications on quality and equity. However, the Kondratiev cycle suggests an alternative route by designating the impact of the 1970s economic downturn on education as unique. Previous economic crises were contemporary of accelerations of public funding towards education which in fact contributed to economic recovery. The current crisis could represent an opportunity to revive counter-cyclical policy by looking not only at efficient public spending but also at developing fairer taxation. A revival of public funding complemented by an additional rather than substitutive diversification of income would rebalance the public-private structure of funding and drive a sustainable higher education system capable of playing a key part in these counter-cyclical transformations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and Aims: Field studies have indicated a recent increase in heroin availability and use in France, and yet very little is known about the mechanisms underlying heroin retail prices. This paper offers a first attempt at identifying the determinants of heroin pricing, to measure quantity discounts and assess the influence of purity on street prices, while controlling for a geographical effect.Design and Methods: Data on heroin samples were collected during 2011 in seven urban areas of metropolitan France. Ordinary least squares regression was used to model the associations between price, quantity, purity and other independent variables.Results: Quantity remains the most influential variable on heroin pricing. We estimate that a 10% increase in the size of a transaction leads to a 2.3% decrease in the unit price. Assessed purity proved to be significant, although in modest proportion. Sociodemographic characteristics, such as gender, users' experience and relationships with dealers, proved to be insignificant. Heroin retail prices vary according to a geographical gradient related to the routes of entry and distribution.Discussion and Conclusions: As a credence good, heroin retail prices in France are affected by more than simply the traditional supply and demand relationship. The results of this study also underline the limitations of a quantitative framework and should be complemented by further ethnographic research to obtain an in-depth understanding of local markets. Policies should be designed to better take local disparities into account.[Lahaie E, Janssen E, Cadet-Taïrou A. Determinants of heroin retail prices in metropolitan France:Discounts, purity and local markets. Drug Alcohol Rev 2016;35:597-604]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to provide explanatory elements of the geography of collaboration by testing various potential factors related to the partners' features (sector of activity, location, affiliation to a parent firm, etc.) and to the pair of regions involved in the partnership (economic and scientific endowment of regions and proximities that separate them). Based on a database collecting around 15,000 Science-Industry agreements signed in France between 1981 and 2006, we first realized a probit model that focus on the local dimension of science-industry collaborations on an inter-individual level. We then test a gravity model (sample selection model) in order to explain the probability and the intensity of interregional collaborations. El propósito de este artículo es aportar elementos que expliquen la geografía de la colaboración mediante el ensayo de varios factores potenciales relacionados con las características de los socios (sector de la actividad, localización, afiliación a una empresa matriz, etc.) y con el par de regiones involucradas en la sociedad (dotación económica y científica de las regiones y las proximidades que las separan). Mediante la utilización de una base de datos que incluye alrededor de 15.000 acuerdos de colaboración entre ciencia e industria firmados en Francia entre 1981 y 2006, establecemos en primer lugar un modelo probit que se centra en la dimensión local de las colaboraciones entre ciencia e industria a nivel inter-individual. A continuación, hacemos ensayos con un modelo de gravedad (modelo de selección muestral) para explicar la probabilidad y la intensidad de las colaboraciones interregionales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following an outline of the Large Hadron Collider, this paper will analyze CERNs scientific plans for highenergy colliders for the years to come. The immediate plans include the upgrades to the Large Hadron Collider and its injectors. This may be followed by a linear electronpositron collider, the Compact Linear Collider. This paper describes the design of these future colliders at CERN, all of which have a unique value to add to experimental particle physics [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Materials defined as pornographic have always been subject to regulation because of the potential of such items to ‘corrupt and deprave’. Yet the state and law has rarely sought to ban such materials, attempting instead to restrict their accessibility. The outcomes of such interventions have, however, rarely been predictable, an issue we explore with reference to the changing regulation of sex shops in Britain and France since the 1970s. Noting ambiguities in the legal definitions of spaces of sex retailing, this paper traces how diverse forms of control have combined to restrict the location of sex shops, simultaneously shaping their design, management, and marketing. Describing the emergence of gentrified and ‘designer’ stores, this paper demonstrates that regulation has been complicit in a process of neo-liberalization that has favoured more corporate sex shops – without this having ever been an explicit aim of those who have argued for the regulation of sex retailing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The estimation of Acridid (Orthoptera: Acrididae) density is the goal of a wide variety of conservation studies to monitor the impacts of grassland management or habitat change. The first aim of this paper was to study the influence of surveyors, time of the day and size/form of the box quadrat method on density values of Acridids in grassland habitats in Western France. The main taxa were Calliptamus italicus (L.) and Gomphocerinae sub-family. Surveyor and day-time (early morning vs. mid-day) were not significantly influencing the density values of Acridids produced using a 1 m2 box quadrat. A smaller box quadrat of 0.5 m2, square or rectangular, produced underestimates of Acridid density, such as square 1 m2 box quadrat should be preferred. Population densities change through time. Thus, data-based inferences about density are tied to the time periods during which data are collected. This was the main focus of this paper to provide a description of Acridid density fluctuations from egg hatching to adult’s death in grasslands with differing vegetation structures and grasshopper densities. Acridid densities were monitored weekly in 23 grassland plots over three seasons from 2004 to 2006. Weibull formulation was used to model density fluctuations for the two main taxa in each field with the Julian date as time. Phenological parameters of density were quite similar for the two taxa in the three years. This could be explained by similar meteorological conditions in the three years. However, these parameters exhibited a great variability between fields in the same year. Divergences between the fields could be attributable to different field ecological characters and to different grasshopper associations in the case of Gomphocerinae sub-family. This study provided data which may be useful in determining the optimum survey dates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper described a global methodology studying typicality, in several steps (the first step conditioning the following ones), (1) to ensure the existence of an agreement in typicality judgments between the local wine experts; (2) to link typicality with the appellation membership; (3) to determine the relation between typicality and the global image of the product space; and finally, (4) to characterize the specificity of the wines judged as the most representative. This methodology was applied to two different sets of appellations (white wines and red wines sets) from the Central Loire Valley region in France. The results obtained differed according to the product space studied: an agreement between the typicality judgments was only observed for the red wines product space. The appellation and typicality constituted strong elements in the red wine space structure and it was possible to translate typicality of the red wines product space in terms of sensory characteristics. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Evaluating the sensory specificities of wines from a given category, such as an appellation, is of strategic interest for the wine industry. The production factors induce a great sensory diversity within the appellations, which leads to a problem of representativeness: the appellation membership is thus not sufficient to determine the sensory specificities of a given appellation and has to be distinguished from typicality. For a full vision, typicality needs to be studied through typicality judgments, global image of the product space and characterization. This paper proposes a global methodology for both the data collection and data treatment, including analysis of variance models, linking and synthesis methods. The example suggests that the existence of sensory typicality needs to be checked in all wine appellations where typicality is considered as a quality criterion. It would be thereafter possible to study sensory typicality and to translate it in terms of sensory characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relevance of models explaining local public expenditure behaviour may depend upon the size of the population of municipalities. To refine this intuition, the paper puts two alternative specifications in competition, one from the demand side and the other from the supply side. The data set includes 14,900 French municipalities for 1998. The econometric methodology uses a data-sorting method developed to test whether the responsiveness of local governments to voters is stable across small-size and large-size municipalities. It appears that the median-voter model is rejected for the 1,579 municipalities with more than 5,000 inhabitants, for which a supply-driven model fits better. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problems of spatial segregation have often stressed on the social status and social capital of a neighbourhood as main driving forces behind housing price formation. In this paper, it is assumed that spatial effects are additional variables worth considering since the impact of urban policies such as social housing policies and urban regeneration policies may permeate outside the areas where they are implemented. Our case study is of the urban area of Dijon (France), where these two types of urban policies have been implemented in the last three decades. Spatial effects are introduced in the hedonic model and a spatial error model is estimated, revealing a positive and significant global spatial effect combined with the usual influence of accessibility to the CBD. We also show the negative influence of location in social housing districts and the spatial diffusion effect they exert on neighbouring districts. Resumen Los problemas de segregación espacial han resaltado a menudo el estatus social y el capital social de un vecindario como la fuerza motriz principal del establecimiento de precios de la vivienda. En este artículo se asume que los efectos espaciales son variables adicionales que merece la pena considerar ya que el impacto de políticas urbanas, tales como políticas de la vivienda y de regeneración urbana, podrían extenderse fuera de las áreas en que son implementadas. Nuestro estudio de caso es el área urbana de Dijon (Francia), donde estos dos tipos de políticas urbanas se han venido implementando en las últimas tres décadas. Se introducen efectos espaciales en el modelo hedónico y se estima un modelo de error espacial, que muestra un efecto espacial global positivo significativo junto con la influencia habitual de accesibilidad al distrito central de negocios (CBD, por sus siglas en inglés). Mostramos también la influencia negativa de la ubicación de distritos de viviendas sociales y del efecto de difusión espacial que ejercen sobre los distritos vecinos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale and aims Hospital pharmacy aims at optimizing pharmaceutical care practice. Classically, assessing patient's satisfaction is required. Same manner, for a service provider such as a hospital pharmacy, it is necessary to evaluate the satisfaction of its customers: physicians, nurses and pharmacy staff. The aim of this paper was to assess user satisfaction with an individualized dispensing system. Method A survey including 14 close-ended and 1 open-ended questions was repeated at several years' distance in a French military teaching hospital. Questionnaires were administered anonymously to the different actors involved: physicians, nurses, pharmacy staff. Results Fifty-seven users of an individualized dispensing system (29 nurses, 18 physicians and 10 pharmacy staff) were included in the survey. At the level of the establishment, users' opinion about the system was positive. None of the dimensions studied concerning the pharmaceutical service was rated negatively. Overall user opinion about the computer system was the only parameter rated negatively. In total, most dimensions were judged satisfactory: confidence in the individualized dispensing system, time of delivery at the care unit, impact on cost control, quality of the presentation of unit doses and performance of respondents. The benefit for the patients was judged very satisfactory. The workload involved, the frequency and severity of errors, the serviceability of the information processing system and its impact on patient safety were judged fairly satisfactory. Finally, the quality of pharmaceutical information was rated average. Conclusions An evaluation of a service or a practice should include an assessment of how well the service meets the needs of the user and how well the service is provided. A comprehensive, reliable and valid instrument for assessing user's satisfaction with individualized dispensing system is then available in our hospital. This paper demonstrated the interest of using simple and robust tools in professional practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adoption of English as a corporate language in an increasingly large number of French companies has provoked various reactions ranging from enthusiastic embrace to strong rejection based on anxiety and cultural protectionism. This paper is an attempt to understand these reactions based on a stratified study of the extent to which English has taken root in the French workplace. Results point to a real “English divide” between educated and less educated groups, and between upper management and shop floor workers. While most employees are willing to adopt English to facilitate international trade, they reject the top-down imposition of English that often leads to exclusion and various forms of de-skilling. The paper proposes a model that allows different levels of proficiency to coexist in such a way as to attenuate the perverse effects on power relationships that the adoption of English sometimes results in. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to show that Old French makes great use of quirky subjects. Dubbed "impersonal constructions" in the traditional literature, such structures typically involve an empty subject position that a dative or accusative comes to fill. This, I show, very much resembles the operation called Stylistic Fronting which is clearly available in Old French. The hypothesis put forward is that Stylistically Fronted elements and oblique subjects target TopP+, a special Topic position above TP. Many examples are introduced showing that oblique preverbal elements are true subjects and that pro is thus not the subject of impersonal constructions in Old French. The paper also argues that in Old French, tense rather than agreement is responsible for the licensing of nominative case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to chart a concept of historical experience that French Romantic writers first developed to describe their own relationship to historical time: the notion of the "transitional period." At first, the term related strictly to the evolving periodic conception of history, one that required breaks, spaces, or zones of indeterminacy to bracket off periods imagined as organic wholes. These transitions, necessary devices in the new grammar of history, also began to attract interest on their own, conceived either as chaotic but creative times of transformation, or, more often, as slack periods of decadence that possessed no proper style but exhibited hybrid traits. Their real interest, however, lies in their reflexive application to the nineteenth century itself, by writers and historians such as Alfred de Musset, Chateaubriand, Michelet, and Renan, who in their effort to define their own period envisioned the "transitional period" as a passage between more coherent and stable historical formations. This prospective self-definition of the "age of history" from a future standpoint is very revealing; it shows not just the tension between its organic way of apprehending the past and its own self-perception, but it also opens a window on a new and paradoxical experience of time, one in which change is ceaseless and an end in itself. The paper also presents a critique of the way the term "modernity" has functioned, from Baudelaire's initial use to the present, to occlude the experience of transition that the Romantics highlighted. By imposing on the nineteenth-century sense of the transitory a heroic period designation, the term "modernity" denies precisely the reality it describes, and sublimates a widespread temporal malaise into its contrary. The paper concludes that the peculiarly "modern" mania for naming one's period is a function of transitional time, and that the concept coined by the Romantics still governs our contemporary experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides an overview of French national urban policy for the period 1981–2002, organized around three themes: spatial conceptualizations of intervention areas and changing scales of intervention, discursive articulations of intervention areas, and legitimation of state intervention. By relating the transformations of this policy to the contemporary restructuring of the French state, the paper argues that although there are elements of convergence, the contemporary restructuring of the French state differs remarkably from a US or UK-style neoliberalization, partly because of the republican tradition emphasizing the active role of the state for the well-being of its citizens. This restructuring carries the signs of the strong state tradition in France, and is best understood as an articulation of neoliberalism with established political traditions, an articulation that I try to capture with the notion of a “republican penal state”. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In discussing the lifestyle and practices of the Paris group of the contemporary surrealist movement, this paper contributes to debates within economic and political geography that seek to develop the imagining of alternatives to neoliberal globalisation through practices of resistance, and spaces of political and policy engagement. The everyday life of the surrealist movement, in combining creativity with progressive choices and radical economic practices that oppose capitalism, while intellectually investigating ideas of revolution, a different society and utopia, suggests a perspective that contributes to the imagining of such alternatives. This paper outlines the deeply embedded nature of surrealist activity in opposing capitalism and illustrates, as one member of the surrealist group suggests, in quoting Baudelaire, surrealism's insistence for a world in which“action is the sister of dream”. The paper further contributes to discussion on the role of academics in facilitating spaces of political engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

European household structures and their geography have been transformed in recent decades as a response to the interplay of demographic events and changing lifestyles. The formation of new households generally outstrips the rate of population increase, as more numerous and smaller households result from changing patterns of marriage, child-bearing, divorce and longevity. This paper tests some of the underlying hypotheses of the ‘second demographic transition’ using data from the most recent (1999) French population census. It provides an analysis of changing national household structures over the last quarter of the twentieth century and highlights the importance of smaller households, with particular emphasis on the rise of living alone. Trends identified in earlier work have intensified during the 1990s. In discussing the geography of new household forms, the paper focuses particularly on the evolution of major central cities and argues for more explicit links between their distinctive population and household structures and wider socio-economic change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Though the impact of EC law on the legal status of national powers has been fairly well examined, little attention has been paid to the overall evaluation of the relations developed between national authorities. The paper argues that the mutation of the Judiciary and the Executive role vis-à-vis the Legislature appears to be an application of an emerging doctrine in EC public law that conspicuously resembles the 'Checks and Balances' theory of American constitutionalism. The action of one public authority is— or must be—countered by the reaction of another for the benefit of EC law. Apart from identifying the features of this 'principle' in comparison to its equivalent American doctrine, the paper deals with the question of a possible coexistence of this new model of governance with the traditional one. The comparative perspective is necessary here. Whereas in Germany the constitutional model appears to cope with European demands, in France it seems largely opposed to such a dynamic conception of the separation of powers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electricity supply in the European member states has been a closed national public sector service without competition for a long time. Currently, the European electricity industry is subject to radical change resulting from the European directive establishing common rules for the internal market in electricity, which came into force in 1997. This paper attempts to explain the varying forms of implementation of the internal electricity market in France and Germany. First, it clarifies the special characteristics of electricity supply and European electricity policy. Secondly, the paper shows the divergent sectoral arrangements of the French and German electricity industries. Thirdly it points out that the different degrees of linkage between the public players and the electricity companies in France and Germany produce different political strategies which are followed by the companies at the European level, especially those strategies which seek direct influence on the European Commission. Finally, the paper reveals the significance of these strategies in Brussels in terms of the implementation of the single electricity market in both member states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In contemporary societies, risk culture and risk profiling lead to the stigmatization of unhealthy behaviours as ‘risky’. Risk denial theory refers to a cognitive way to deal with risky behaviours and can be considered as an updated variant of Sykes and Matza's neutralization theory. People neutralize the ‘risky’ label using specific techniques that must be added to those previously enlisted by Sykes and Matza. This paper introduces and discusses three techniques of risk denial: scapegoating, self-confidence and comparison between risks. As it is usually defined and studied as a ‘risky behaviour’, cannabis use provides a relevant example to illustrate these types of risk denial, thanks to various ethnographic studies (including Becker's seminal work on marijuana smokers) and quantitative French data from the 1999 European School Survey on Alcohol and Other Drugs (ESPAD). In order to deny the ‘risky’ label, cannabis users scapegoat ‘hard drugs’ users, they emphasize their own ability to control their consumption personally, or they compare cannabis and alcohol risks. The paper concludes with suggestions for further analyses of risk denial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1785 the University of Paris issued a prize challenge: "Describe neonatal jaundice and distinguish between those circumstances in which jaundice needs professional help and those in which one only needs to await the course of nature." The prize was awarded to Jean Baptiste Timothée Baumes for a paper, published as a pamphlet in 1788, in which he described 10 jaundiced neonates and discussed his theories on the causes and mechanisms. In a revised edition published in 1806 Baumes accused François Bidault of plagiarism in his 1804 thesis submitted for the MD degree at the University of Paris. Herein, Baumes' 1788 original is compared with Bidault's thesis as well as Baumes' 1806 revision. It is clear beyond doubt that the 10 cases discussed by Bidault were the same as those Baumes had published 16 y earlier. Parts of Bidault's descriptions and discussions were verbatim transcripts of Baumes' original. However, Bidault had economized with paper, ink and effort by significantly reducing the overall length of Baumes' original. In his second edition Baumes denounced Bidault in strong terms and suggested that the University of Paris take strong action to punish him for his dishonesty. Unfortunately, university records from that period are incomplete, and it is not clear what, if anything, was done about the matter. Baumes had a very distinguished career and achieved a great reputation as both a teacher and clinician. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. This paper presents a framework for the analysis of glacial stream ecosystems based upon the hierarchy of physical processes that operate over timescales varying from diel to millennial. Linked conceptual models propose interrelationships between climate, hydrology and fluvial geomorphology in alpine catchments. 2. These conceptual models are illustrated using data from the Taillon/Gabiétous catchment, French Pyrénées. Secondary sources provide information concerning the long-term sequence of climatic and geomorphological controls on contemporary catchment processes. Detailed hydrogeomorphological field data collected over three consecutive summer melt seasons (1995–97) permit identification of marked changes in shorter-term (diel, seasonal and inter-annual) physical processes. 3. Clear differences in the response of water quality and quantity variables were observed between years as climatic conditions varied. In two of the three study years, a precipitation-driven regime was imposed upon the typical ablation-driven river discharge pattern in alpine streams. Clear changes in water quality and quantity were evident with increasing distance from the glacier: (i) discharge increased although specific discharge decreased markedly, (ii) the mean and variability in water temperature increased, and (iii) base concentrations of suspended solids decreased. 4. The physical processes incorporated in the conceptual models presented in this paper have ecological implications because they underpin a nested suite of disturbance regimes operating over timescales from diel to millennial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines conversations in the 18th-century London and Paris financial marketplaces. The aim is to highlight the place of conversations as the key form of interaction in the marketplace, and to evaluate financial conversations against the broader cultural background of literary and scientific dialogues of the time. The relevance of this enterprise is that it leads to a better understanding of how the verbal interactions of the marketplace shape transaction outcomes and contribute to forms of rationality specific for financial markets. Grounded in the analysis of empirical material, the paper distinguishes between conversations-qua-transactions and conversations-about-the-world. It shows how they produce and require specific forms of knowledge from the participants; at the same time, they shape the transactions' outcomes. On this basis, the paper argues that the phenomenon of sudden mood swings in the marketplace cannot be entirely explained in irrational, psychological terms, but must be seen as the outcome of a particular conversational system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The shift‐share analysis (SSA) of regional employment growth disparities aims at disentangling the effects of regional differences in industry mix and industrial competitiveness. Yet, the spatial concentration of industry is a blindspot of this approach. We generalize the SSA to encompass this salient feature of the economic geography. Besides, industry emergence and catastrophic growth events—booming or collapsing industries—are integrated in our framework. This novel method is applied to study regional disparities in manufacturing employment growth in France in a dynamic way over a 22‐year period at a fine geographical level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the factors that influence the relative frequency of face-to-face meetings when companies cooperate with each other. Specifically, we explore the role of geographical distance between the partners and how it affects the influence of other factors, especially the nature of knowledge and the ability to use information technology. An econometric analysis based on a survey of 338 companies in the Brittany region ( France) shows that the factors that influence the relative frequency of face-to-face encounters differ according to whether the partners are located within or outside a single region. In particular, the nature of knowledge plays a role only when the partners are remote. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the demand of French farmers for pesticides by disaggregating among the three main categories of pesticides. We estimate the demand elasticities of herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides with respect to pesticide expenditure, and also consider crop differentiation. We retain a Linear Approximated Almost Ideal Demand System specification. A Full-Information Maximum Likelihood estimation procedure is used to deal with corner solution problems and censored data. The estimation is based on two cross-sections covering pesticide use of three major crops cultivated in France in 2001 and 2006. Our results show that farmers' response to price variation is very low, especially for 2001. Furthermore, elasticities of pesticide expenditure are significantly different across categories: the highest levels are obtained for fungicides and the lowest ones for insecticides. Finally, we find higher own-price elasticities for herbicides and fungicides than for insecticides, which are less frequently used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides the first detailed analysis of the spatial dimensions of precarious employment across the French territory. We find that different forms of precarious employment exhibit different spatial patterns. The most striking locational pattern is shown by fixed-term contracts and part-time work where we observe clusters of high levels of precarious employment primarily in southern regions. Northern regions, in contrast, are characterised by clusters of low levels of precarious employment. We also find that precarious employment is predominantly a rural phenomenon with the exception of temporary (interim) work which displays higher average levels in urban communes. Finally, modelling results suggest that the geographical distribution of precarious forms of employment is linked to factors such as the unemployment rate, the industrial composition of a region, gender and the structure of family households. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Mediterranean region, plant communities are highly diverse with high total and local species richness, and a high spatial heterogeneity. They are also highly resilient to disturbance, which has been related to their evolutionary history of disturbance, and conceptually, although without formal proof, to their high ecological diversity. These ideas take on a new importance in the context of global change. In order to predict potential effects of future land use change, mechanisms underlying the resilience of ecosystems need to be understood. However, a review of the recent literature shows that confusion abounds as to the nature and measurement of resilience. In this paper we present a brief conceptual and methodological clarification and propose avenues for the analysis of mechanisms underlying the relationships between diversity and resilience, using Mediterranean ecosystems as an example. In Mediterranean ecosystems, rapid recovery from fire, soil disturbance and grazing has been attributed to two complementary causes. Firstly, disturbances often modify species relative abundances rather than composition, and recovery only involves the return to initial abundances. Secondly, life histories of dominant life forms in Mediterranean communities include efficient regeneration strategies that allow for recovery from dormant seeds or buds. In this paper, I use experimental results obtained in abandoned agricultural fields of southern France to investigate the mechanisms underlying the resilience of Mediterranean herbaceous communities to soil disturbance. These suggest that ecological diversity contributes to resilience in at least three ways. 1. Post-disturbance dynamics involve shifts in abundances of response groups to disturbance. 2. Within response groups, processes of lottery competition account for the dynamic maintenance of numerous species. 3. At the landscape scale, the fine grained distribution of communities at different successional stages allows... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The papers in this issue stem from a symposium presented at the 1992 International Primatological Congress in Strasbourg, France. Due to the paucity of information on social organization, reproduction, and the relation of these to ecology in neotropical primates, we organized this symposium, which included researchers conducting comparative studies and those examining aspects of socioecology in single platyrrhine species. The papers in the symposium are organized around three issues: 1) the relation between body size, ecology, and reproduction (papers by Dietz et al., Tardif, and Williams et al.); 2) ranging and dispersal patterns as determinants of social structure (papers by Boinski and Mitchell, Norconk and Kinzey, and Kinzey and Cunningham); 3) phylogenetic and comparative analyses of behavioral and anatomical traits (Ford and Garber). Within these areas, the papers provide new information and new syntheses of existing information on platyrrhine socioecology. In addition, many detail innovative methodological approaches which could fruitfully be applied to other primates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is concerned with the use of social and leisure activities as part of nursing work in a therapeutic community. It describes this element in the therapeutic programme of the Cassel Hospital. There is a brief introduction to the general principles of the therapeutic community and then to the nurses' role at the Cassel Hospital. The work in the sphere of social and leisure activities is seen as consistent with these principles. The structures enabling social and leisure activities to be integrated into the work of the hospital are described. Therapeutic opportunities are outlined, which arise when nurses work alongside patients in the course of such activities. This also serves to illustrate therapeutic community practice. There follows a discussion of the clinical significance of the voluntary element in this area of practice and of the related problems. Jacques' conceptualization of work and resistance to work are used at a number of points to link issues raised in the paper to existing psychodynamic theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the issues related to the double-sided dimension of wellbeing: subjective and objective. In the theoretical framework developed by Fleuret and Atkinson (2007, The New Zealand Geographer 63 106-29), spaces of wellbeing are shaped by four dimensions (spaces of security, spaces of capability, therapeutic spaces and integrative spaces). In the case of the student population in Angers, we observe a major imbalance: the component that really stands out is capability, which is quite logical because students are a population in a transition between youth and adulthood. The results reveal that the student population has a specific relation to space due to a transitory presence in the university town, with, as a consequence, a simultaneous embedding in different places. This could explain why the students do not perceive the characteristics of place to be a major influence on their wellbeing; instead it is the perception they have of their wellbeing that influences their perception of place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The yellow-legged hornet Vespa velutina nigrithorax du Buysson ( Hymenoptera: Vespidae) is an Asian native species which has now established in parts of Europe. Since its detection in France in 2005 it has spread quickly across the country and also spread to the Iberian Peninsula. This paper compiles the most recent data about its spread and distribution on the Spanish mainland. The efficacy of using Véto- Pharma© traps as a control method is also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focusing on street-side vending of fresh mint and herbs in the French city of Montpellier, this paper considers the difference between illegal and informal vending, and the regulatory mechanisms deployed by municipal and police actors in the push to eradicate illegality. Drawing on municipal archives from the late 1990s, and interviews and city documents from the 2000s, I examine the relationship between regularised market stall holders and those selling goods outside assigned vending spaces, with a particular interest in how these two groups interact, and the instances in which police and market officials are called. Through a rapidly escalating campaign to fight illegality, green fresh mint is coded as an illicit product and the individuals who sell it are targeted as dangerous criminal elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advent of mass, male suffrage in France in 1848 is usually regarded as a great success. There was a huge turnout in elections for a Constituent Assembly, but the outcome disappointed republicans, who failed to win a majority and blamed a backward peasantry. This paper suggests that the electoral system was at fault rather than the electorate. A hastily devised procedure, based on collective voting and the absence of declared candidatures, enabled notables to dominate the new regime. Radicals revised their tactics with some success in 1849, but soon succumbed to the plebiscitary democracy of Louis- Napoleon. Universal suffrage might well mean counter-revolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to gain an understanding into how agricultural policies have affected structural change in the French dairy sector. A nonstationary Markov model is estimated using a Generalized Cross Entropy approach. Results show that while the price of cow's milk encourages farm growth, direct payments and quota restriction favor small farms. The price signal is a key factor of structural change. As a result, higher milk prices may accelerate the trend toward the further growth of dairy farms. Settlement policy and technical change seem not to slow this trend. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Very little is known about the population dynamics of pine martens M artes martes and stone martens M artes foina in Europe, and even less about the impact of human activities, such as trapping, hunting and road traffic, on populations, despite their crucial importance for deriving reliable conservation and management strategies. We used multistate capture-recapture models to analyse capture-recapture histories that combined information on radio-tracking data and on recoveries of dead martens. This formulation, based on conditional probabilities, also allowed us to estimate the contribution of trapping and hunting to overall mortality, accounting for detection failures and trapping exposure. We applied this approach to estimate age- and sex-specific survivals of pine martens ( N = 40) and stone martens ( N = 38) in the same rural area in France, where both species could be legally trapped and hunted. Annual survivals of adults were similar, and estimated at 0.49 for both species [± 0.12 standard deviation ( sd) for pine martens; ± 0.10 sd for stone martens]. The annual probability of dying from trapping and hunting was estimated at 0.21 and 0.19 for adult pine and stone martens, respectively. At the individual level, a negative linear relationship was observed between stone marten's survival and trapping exposure, but this was not the case for pine martens, which experienced far lower exposure to trapping. These results confirm that trapping and hunting could have a large impact on marten populations. Vehicle collisions were the second major cause of mortality for both species in our study area. This paper presents the first estimates of survival for syntopic stone and pine martens in Europe and is an important step towards population dynamics modelling of these species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent research suggests that inducing fixed (rather than malleable) beliefs about groups leads to more negative attitudes toward out-groups. The present paper identifies the underlying mechanism of this effect. We show that individuals with a fixed belief about groups tend to construe intergroup settings as threatening situations that might reveal shortcomings of their in-group (perceived threat). In the present research, we measured (Study 1) and manipulated (Study 2) participants' lay theories about group malleability. We found that the extent to which individuals had an entity (versus an incremental) group theory influenced the level of threat they felt when interacting with out-group members, and that perceived threat in turn affected their level of ethnocentrism and prejudice. These findings shed new light on the role of lay theories in intergroup attitudes and suggest new ways to reduce prejudice. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes an interdisciplinary study of the Neolithic causewayed enclosure of Bellevue (Chenommet, France). Geophysical investigations and archaeological excavations were used alternately in order to optimize the acquisition of accurate data at different spatial scales: mapping of major structures was obtained by magnetic prospection of the whole site, while excavation identified small features weakly expressed in the prospecting results. Measurements of magnetic susceptibility and total magnetic field anomalies were also recorded during the excavation in order to identify the source of the magnetic signal of the ditches. This mutual transdisciplinary contribution is also methodological: the geophysics reveals archaeological information invisible to the eye of the archaeologist and, in turn, the excavation allows refinement of the interpretation of the geophysical data by identifying the sources of signal variations. This article presents the results of the first comprehensive magnetic mapping of a Neolithic causewayed enclosure in the west of France. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this paper is to summarize 150 yr of history of a very special meteorite. The Orgueil meteorite fell near Montauban in southwestern France on May 14, 1864. The bolide, which was the size of the full Moon, was seen across Western France, and almost immediately made the news in local and Parisian newspapers. Within a few weeks of the fall, a great diversity of analyses were performed under the authority of Gabriel Auguste Daubrée, geology professor at the Paris Museum, and published in the Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences. The skilled scientists reported the presence of iron sulfides, hydrated silicates, and carbonates in Orgueil. They also characterized ammonium salts which are now gone, and observed sulfates being remobilized at the surface of the stone. They identified the high water and carbon contents, and noted similarities with the Alais meteorite, which had fallen in 1806, 300 km away. While Daubrée and his colleagues noted the similarity of the Orgueil organic matter with some terrestrial humus, they were cautious not to make a direct link with living organisms. One century later, Nagy and Claus were less prudent and announced the discovery of 'organized' elements in some samples of Orgueil. Their observations were quickly discredited by Edward Anders and others who also discovered that some pollen grains were intentionally placed into the rock back in the 1860s. Orgueil is now one of the most studied meteorites, indeed one of the most studied rocks of any kind. Not only does it contain a large diversity of carbon-rich compounds, which help address the question of organo-synthesis in the early solar system but its chemical composition is also close to that of the Sun's photosphere and serves as a cosmic reference. Secondary minerals, which make up 99% of the volume of Orgueil, were probably formed during hydrothermal alteration on the parent-body within the first few million years of the solar system; their study is essential to our understanding of fluid-rock interaction in asteroids and comets. Finally, the Orgueil meteorite probably originated from a volatile-rich 'cometary' outer solar system body as indicated by its orbit. Because it bears strong similarities to other carbonaceous chondrites that originated on dark asteroids, this cometary connection supports the idea of a continuum between dark asteroids and comets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reaction to the law legalising same-sex marriage in France shocked the nation and the world in 2013. Opposition to the law seemed to join forces with a plethora of new right-wing activist groups, leading to mass demonstrations, violence in the streets of Paris and even to a death in the cathedral of Notre Dame. The social unrest can be explained in part by the increasing pressures of economic recession and the emergence of the far right as a mainstream but divisive political force; still, the level of passion that the law unleashed seems puzzling. A more profound explanation of that passion is that the law opened a deep faultline that has divided France throughout its modern history - the concept of its national identity. Contemporary France is troubled by frequent comparisons to the political ferment and disastrous turmoil of the 1930s. Diametrically opposed moral visions of national identity seem to recall, above all, the anneés noires, the 'dark years' of German Occupation when the Vichy regime attempted to regenerate France though its National Revolution while also pursuing a policy of collaboration. Social reform in France, particularly any reform relating to perceptions of national identity, is still today overshadowed by the legacy of Vichy's moral vision and its attempt to create a New Man for a New Order. This paper will explore that legacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the rise and decline of social movements in Amsterdam and Paris, focusing in particular on the organizations of left-wing immigrant workers. These organizations performed crucial roles for new social movements in the 1970s and 1980s but were isolated and coopted in the 1990s and early 2000s. To explain why this is so, we engage in a dialogue with Jacques Rancière and develop an understanding of cities as strategic sites for both politicization and policing. Cities serve as sites of politicization because they are incubators of the relational conduits that enable activists from different sectors to engage with one another's struggles and look beyond narrow temporal and spatial horizons. However, cities also serve as sites of policing because authorities constantly attempt to reconfigure governmental arrangements in such a way that civil society serves as an extension of the government and comes to fulfill an instrumental role in the development and implementation of policy. Just as politicizing implies the widening of temporal and spatial horizons, policing implies the narrowing of such horizons. The analysis shows the social movements of the 1960s lost steam in two of the major hubs of the new left and reveals some of the more universal mechanisms through which cities generate or quell dissent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]