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Europeanization, the study of the impact of the European Union (EU) on the political systems of nation-states, has been a significant area of research in the recent years. This literature focuses on the mechanisms behind the Member States’ or candidate countries’ adoption of EU rules. However, it does not bring together the two sets of countries in a single comparative framework. This paper seeks to achieve this by investigating the pattern of rule adoption in the Member States versus candidate countries in a given issue area. Focusing on the institutionalization of rules concerning minority rights, it argues that the existence of political criteria for admission into the Union coupled with non-harmonisation of language policy leads to a dual pattern of minority governance in Europe. First in the candidate countries the EU triggers a top-down change in their policies on minority languages through conditionality. Alternatively, in the Member States it provides the space for a bottom-up change in such policies through boomerang pattern, as the European institutions fund nonstate actors and serve as a ‘coral reef’ by promoting the formation of such groups and bringing them into proximity with others to form coalitions resulting in exertion of pressure on Member States. Therefore, the paper demonstrates that Europeanization is not a uniform process across these countries and that it can take different forms depending on the political/legal character of the issue area. This paper employs case studies; Latvia and Turkey for the first pattern, Northern Ireland and Sweden for the second pattern. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the Turkey-EU and Mexico-NAFTA experience as case studies, this paper investigates the implications of congruence between regional normative structures and national interest for South development. The paper focuses on changes in US and EU interests with respect to their periphery in the post Cold War/Sept. 11 era and effects this may have on the development trajectories of Mexico and Turkey. It concludes that despite some obvious similarities between Mexico and Turkey, their development may follow separate paths since US and EU are no longer unified in terms of their expectations from peripheral countries. ..PAT.-Conference Proceeding [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Influence of the EU on the Making of Turkish Foreign PolicyThis paper focuses on the influence of the EU on foreign policy making in Turkey since 1999, when Turkey was declared as a candidate country to the EU. Traditional Turkish foreign policy i ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The European Union has expanded rapidly from the initial core to the current 25 nations. Baltic States, Turkey and some FSR are now under consideration. This paper evaluates the internal implications of the existing expansion of the EU. Moreover, it considers the implications for the region as well as the Middle East and the FSR of any further expansion of the community. The data used in this analysis covers current and potential EU members and their neighborhoods. The time period covered starts in 1960 and forecasts are used to assess alternate scenarios into mid century. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turkey had followed a very conservative and narrowly defined foreign policy during the Cold War in accordance with the Cold War discipline. The end of the Cold War enlarged the space for maneuver for Turkish foreign policy. However, Turkey failed to successfully transform its foreign policy in accordance with the post-Cold War conjecture in the 1990s. This was due to both domestic problems and the failure to correctly read the international trends in the 1990s. The December 1999 European Union summit where Turkey was announced as a candidate country for full membership was an important milestone after which Turkish foreign policy started to show dramatic changes. The relations with the EU in general, with Greece in particular and Turkey?s Cyprus policy have undergone dramatic changes towards better. In addition, Turkey?s relations with the US have shifted to a healthier ground.In this paper, I attempt to describe the main contours of Turkish foreign policy during the Cold War and how they have been transformed in the 21st century from a conservative, narrowly defined uni-focal stand to a multi-focal, dynamic and pro-active character. ..PAT.-Conference Proceeding [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The EU’s 1999 Helsinki Summit decision to endorse Turkey’s efforts to obtain membership was a major turning point in the evolution of Turkey’s domestic and foreign affairs. Especially in the post-September 11 context, a predominantly Muslim nation underta ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]