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Abstract: The flows of paper are analyzed throughout the papermaking processes, with the year 2007 and Korea defined as the system boundaries. In practice, the statistical data on the production, import and export of paper or pulp can be collected with relative ease from the government and industrial associations. However, the input data regarding the volumes of pulp and wastepaper used in different paper products, such as newsprint, printing papers, sanitary and household papers, specialty papers, and corrugating board base, are difficult to obtain because such information is generally kept confidential in the course of corporate operations. The production processes of paper products in Korea are modeled using information on raw materials, their compositions and production yields of products in order to identify and quantify the amounts of pulp and wastepaper used in each paper product. The material flows of paper are then analyzed based on the calculation model derived from the correlation of input and output flows between the individual processes throughout the entire paper lifecycle. Accuracy analysis using both mean absolute error (MAE) and mean absolute percent error (MAPE) is conducted to verify the amounts of pulp and wastepaper calculated from the proposed model against the volumes of domestically consumed pulp and wastepaper provided in the national statistics. Although the calculated values for the past (i.e., the 1980s and 1990s) differ to some degree from the statistical values, the data for the 2000s have a relatively higher level of accuracy, with the MAPE of the total pulp and recycling volume at 5.39% and 5.30%, respectively, thus validating the adequacy of the proposed modeling method. The proposed calculation model can be effectively used in the material flow analysis (MFA) of paper to reduce the burden of data collection and obtain relatively accurate results. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Highlights: [•] Oxidative group profiling of small ancient cellulose fragments coated with beeswax. [•] The main mechanism of deterioration was identified for the first time. [•] Beeswax coated cellulose was purely hydrolytically damage, no oxidation. [•] Hydrolysis caused by microorganisms secreting cellulolytic enzymes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Publishing research papers in English journals is now a requirement for many scientists in developing countries. Writing journal papers in English, the lingua franca of the scientific world, however, often places an additional burden on non-native speaking scientists in EFL settings due to their lack of English proficiency. With these concerns in mind, this paper investigates science journal paper writing in an EFL context, Korea. Two types of questionnaires were administered, one to graduate students and the other to the faculty members of a science and engineering graduate school in Korea. In addition, students and faculty members were interviewed. The results of the questionnaires and interviews showed that the linguistic elements of journal papers were the most problematic areas, while the meta-linguistic features of papers such as the overall structure and paragraph development were perceived to be the most important features of journal papers. The results also revealed that the graduate students and professors were at a disadvantage when writing and publishing papers in English. Suggestions for further research and pedagogical implications are provided. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Fumigants, including methyl bromide and ethylene oxide, are generally used for the preservation of the Korean cultural heritage, especially paper products like letters and books. However, the use of fumigants is banned because of their harmful effects on humans and the environment. Gamma irradiation is being considered as an alternative for the sterilization of insects and fungi in organic products. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the sterilization effects of radiation and its effect on the mechanical properties of the Korean traditional paper—Hanji. Treatment doses of 9kGy and 8kGy of gamma irradiation inactivated 5 log units of Aspergillus niger and Bacillus cereus spores inoculated on Hanji, respectively. The gamma irradiations up to an absorbed dose of 50kGy resulted in no significant changes in the tensile strength, bursting strength, and appearance of Hanji. These results confirmed that radiation treatment disinfects the Korean traditional paper efficiently without changing its properties and that this treatment could be used to prevent the damage of Korean ancient archives by molds and fungi. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The concentrations of 12 POPs listed in the Stockholm convention, chlorophenols (CPs) and PAHs were investigated in sludge samples from wastewater and sewage treatment plants (WWTPs and STPs). The concentrations of PCDD/Fs in the wastewater sludge ranged from 0.189 to 1092ng-TEQkg−1 dry wt., and most of the sludge samples had levels below the EU guideline for the land application of PCDD/Fs (<100ng-TEQkg−1 dry wt.) except one sample. Co-PCB congeners were analyzed from four WWTPs, with total concentrations ranging from 0.265 to 26.6ng-TEQkg−1 dry wt., which were similar to the results obtained from previous studies. The levels of PCDD/Fs and Co-PCBs varied according to the main source of the influent to each WWTP and the paper industry was the main source of these compounds in the sludge due to the chlorine bleaching process. In case of OCPs, HCB and p,p’-DDE were detected at relatively high levels in the sludge samples compared to other target compounds, ranging from 1.30 to 21.5μgkg−1 dry wt. and 0.758 to 14.8μg kg−1 dry wt., respectively. Different OCP distribution patterns were observed according to sludge types, with HCB and DDTs being dominant in the sludge from WWTPs and STPs, respectively. The total levels of PAHs and CPs ranged from 1.24 to 44.9mgkg−1 dry wt. and 0.340 to 3.85mgkg−1 dry wt., respectively. The PAHs and CPs were also shown to have various distribution patterns, possibly due to the different wastewater sources to the WWTPs. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Large Marine Ecosystems (LMEs) are relatively large areas of ocean space, adjacent to the continents in coastal waters where primary productivity is generally high. Their natural characteristics allow for the application of governance practices based on the ecosystem approach. The Yellow Sea Large Marine Ecosystem is a shallow semi-enclosed sea, located between the Chinese continent and Korean Peninsula. Three nations, the People's Republic of China (PRC), the Republic of Korea (ROK) and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), are located along the coast of Yellow Sea. Anthropogenic activity and global environmental changes are causing stress on the resources of the Yellow Sea Large Marine Ecosystem (YSLME). To address the transboundary challenges these impose, the Ecosystem-based Governance approach is being applied as the best method to sustain the goods and services of YSLME, which needs strong collaboration by all the YSLME nations. This paper summarizes the current status and threats of YSLME, as well as the present cooperative management systems being developed in the PRC and the ROK. Progress in implementing a collaboration mechanism, activities, and projects are also reviewed in the paper. The Yellow Sea Commission, a new intergovernmental collaborative organization, is expected to be established by YSLME nations (including the DPRK) to support Ecosystem-based Governance. The paper emphasizes the objectives and activities of a collaborative YSLME project for provisioning services, regulating services, cultural services, and supporting services of the YSLME under a new intergovernmental collaboration mechanism (YSLME Commission), which will push forward Ecosystem-based Governance and sustainable development of the YSLME as described in SDG 14, the United Nations 2015 Sustainable Development Goal and targets for the oceans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spectrum fragmentation, a concept that describes the degree of split for a given portion of spectrum, is a newly emerging issue which can affect productivity and technical efficiency in spectrum use as the telecommunication service paradigm evolves from voice oriented to data oriented services. This paper proposes ten indices, compares them and calculates their values for Korea and Japan. The values of all indices range between zero and one, so one can use them for international comparison of spectrum fragmentation. Out of ten indices, three are Theil indices, comparing the discrepancies between spectrum and subscriber distributions. In addition, this paper discusses policy alternatives to lessen the spectrum fragmentation problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present paper, we made an investigation of extreme rainfall events for 1860―1909 in the Korean Peninsula, and the possible atmospheric circulation state by comparing recent rainfall variability with atmospheric circulation indices. In the present study, very significant historical rainfall records and flood damage records since the mid-19th century, modern rainfall records and global climate reanalysis data were applied. Results show: (1) Pentad extreme rainfall events had undergone a clear decrease, with an abrupt falling after shifting point of 1879―1880. (2) The monthly frequencies of extreme rainfall events revealed remarkable descent trends for June–October, which changed from 29 time/pentad to 7.3 time/pentad on average, especially for July–September. (3) Almost all climate zones except for northern land displayed significant decreasing trends, nevertheless no clear incidence of extreme rainfall event was found over the typical pluvial regions. (4) Through an analogue method by comparing the extreme precipitation weather and the atmospheric mechanism for recent decades (1961―2016), we suggested that West Pacific Subtropical High had experienced a strengthen change for the past period and the typhoon-related torrential rain processes had been suppressed for the study area, and the upper air jet stream might have been displaced poleward during 1860―1909. This study made a first investigation of the extreme rainfall events since the mid-19th century applying both instrumental and documental records in the study area, and some significant findings were obtained, which will help in understanding extreme climate variability and its mechanism of late 19th century and early 20th century in the Korean Peninsula. • Several main climate variables which are related to SR-NPKP were investigated. • 13 indices having a close connection with the variability of SR-NPKP were obtained. • Neural network model was proposed for 1-yr lag prediction of SR-NPKP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethnopharmacological relevance Gastrodia elata Blume ( Orchidaceae ) is commonly called Tian ma in Chinese and mainly distributed in the mountainous areas of eastern Asia, such as China, Korea, Japan and India. It is an extensively used traditional Chinese herbal medicine in the clinical practice of traditional Chinese medicine, to treat headache, migraine, dizziness, epilepsy, infantile convulsion, tetany and so on. The present paper reviews the advancements in investigation of botany and ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology and quality control of Gastrodia elata Blume. Finally, the possible tendency and perspective for future investigation of this plant are also put forward. Materials and methods The information on Gastrodia elata Blume was collected via piles of resources including classic books about Chinese herbal medicine, and scientific databases including Pubmed, Google Scholar, ACS, Web of science, ScienceDirect databases, CNKI and others. Plant taxonomy was validated by the databases “The Plant List”, and “Mansfeld’s Encyclopedia”. Results Over 81 compounds from this plant have been isolated and identified, phenolics and polysaccharides are generally considered as the characteristic and active constituents of Gastrodia elata Blume. Its active compounds possess wide-reaching biological activities, including sedative, hypnotic, antiepileptic, anticonvulsive, antianxietic, antidepressant, neuroprotective, antipsychotic, anti-vertigo, circulatory system modulating, anti-inflammationary, analgesic, antioxidative, memory-improving and antiaging, antivirus and antitumor effects. Conclusion Despite the publication of various papers on Gastrodia elata Blume, there is still, however, the need for definitive research and clarification of other bioactive compounds using bioactivity-guided isolation strategies, and the possible mechanism of action as well as potential synergistic or antagonistic effects of multi-component mixtures derived from Gastrodia elata Blume need to be evaluated. It is also necessary and important to do more quality control and toxicological study on human subjects in order to maintain its efficacy stable in the body and validate its safety in clinical uses. In addition, more investigations on other parts of this plant beyond the tubers are needed. Further studies on Gastrodia elata Blume will lead to the development of new drugs and therapeutics for various diseases, and how to utilize it better should be paid more attention to. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polar questions offer a candidate proposition as a likely possibility, which can be disconfirmed in two different ways. They can be disconfirmed with what this paper terms ‘negation’ responses that merely negate the questioner's candidate proposition, or alternatively, with what this paper terms ‘replacement’ responses that assert a revised state of affairs in replacement of the questioner's proposition. This paper examines questioners’ conduct in third position following these two forms of disconfirmation in Korean conversation. In about 53% of 70 sequences from audio-recordings of ordinary calls and calls to an airline service, questioners produce a question in alignment with the prior disconfirming response in third position. In airline service calls, questioners produce repetitional questions in third position following both negation and replacement responses. They enact registration, establishing correct information on record. In ordinary calls, by contrast, questioners may offer another, revised question following negation responses, whereas producing repetitional questions following replacement responses. They orient to (re-)establishing a common ground with respondents. This paper shows that the different ways in which third-position questions are used can be conditioned by the nature of interaction as well as the form of disconfirmation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to broaden knowledge on policy governance of cultural districts, particularly those utilizing artist communities for urban revitalization. With the rise of the cultural economy in post-industrial cities in South Korea, cultural strategies have become key components in almost every urban regeneration project. The tactic of encouraging groups of community artists to work and live in distressed neighborhoods has been regarded as a low-budget and easy-to-implement tool for urban revitalization. Over the past few years, however, these strategies have failed to meet expectations and have often resulted in conflicts between artists and the government. To understand the factors behind the strategies' positive and negative consequences, this paper examines three projects with different degrees of government intervention: the Totatoga project in Busan City, the Daein Art Market project in Gwangju City, and the Changdong Art Village project in Changwon City. The analysis focuses on the mode of government intervention in the relationships among the government, artists, intermediary agencies, and local citizens. By putting the mode of government intervention in the context of social relations of related players in the cultural districts, this paper tries to understand how similar policy schemes created different consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of Korea’s unique monopolistic television advertising market, this paper compares separate selling, where a media representative sells each TV broadcaster’s advertising time separately, with pure bundling, where advertising slots are bundled and sold as a package. We analyze the media representative’s choice of separate selling and pure bundling of ad slots, and how that choice affects a broadcaster’s choice of program quality. We show that pure bundling of advertising times by a media representative impairs a major broadcaster’s choice of program quality as compared to separate selling. Furthermore, it can deteriorate the overall quality of TV programs, and thus contravening the government’s interest in diverse public service broadcasting. This paper provides policy implications for the sales mechanism for television advertising in Korea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Different from previous studies that tend to use in-house research and development (R&D) as a proxy for absorptive capacity but fail to reveal the origins of this R&D ability, this paper attempts to determine the origin of absorptive capacity (AC) after defining such concept as the capability of a firm to conduct in-house R&D and to generate innovation outcomes. This paper distinguishes three forms of foreign technology acquisitions based on unique data from Korea, namely, know-how-only licensing, know-how-and-patent licensing, and patent-only licensing. An econometric analysis demonstrates that a firm tends to involve know-how licensing before it starts in-house R&D, whereas patent licensing is not significantly related to conducting R&D. Therefore, a substitution effect is found between foreign patent licensing and conducting in-house R&D, which is in contrast to the inducing effect of know-how licensing for in-house R&D. It is also found that conducting in-house R&D, and know-how licensing by a firm, respectively, is significantly related to a generation of innovations or patent applications in next periods. This study shows that a learning process that involves foreign technology, especially tacit knowledge in the form of know-how, occurs before firms can conduct in-house R&D and innovations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Basic categories of information structure (e.g. topic, focus, contrast) are known to be crosslinguistically expressed by various linguistic devices such as special intonation contours, syntactic mechanisms, and morphological markers. However, the nature of the relation between the categories and their linguistic “markers” has been rarely discussed. To be more specific, despite the rich literature on information structure, whether the categories are directly or indirectly related to their markers has not been of much interest to linguists until quite recently. The main purpose of this paper is to unveil the nature of the relation between Korean -(n)un and the information-structural notions related to it, namely, topic and contrast. Based on a corpus study, it will be claimed that -(n)un is not a topic/contrast marker per se but its function is to impose salience on a discourse referent. Topicality and contrast, widely assumed to be directly marked by -(n)un , will be claimed to be only derived from the interaction of the proposed meaning of -(n)un and various syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic factors. Consequently, this paper provides a strong support for recent attempts to show that the information-structural categories are merely pragmatic effects rather than stable and discrete universal primitives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the relationships between top management factors, franchisor market orientation, competitive strategy, and business performance within the context of Korean franchisor companies. 156 food-service franchise firms provide the basis for this empirical investigation. Findings show that top management factors such as management emphasis and risk aversion can lead to market orientation. Franchisor market orientation was found to lead differentiation and cost strategies, which, in turn, increase financial and non-financial business performance. Also, market orientation directly increases financial and non-financial business performance. The context of the franchise industry differs from other industries, and this paper discusses the implications of these findings for researchers and managers in the franchise industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, many countries put an emphasis on the development and deployment of renewable energy to cope with the global environmental crisis such as depletion of fossil energy, climate convention to control emissions of greenhouse gases. Among the various new and renewable energy sources, the Korean government selected wind power energy as one of the core areas for R&D investments. In this paper, we evaluate the economic value of the investment in wind power energy R&D in Korea and optimal deployment timing of wind power technology by using the real option approach. The real option model adopted in this paper assumes that a decision maker has a compound option to abandon, deployment, or continue the R&D. As a result by using empirical data of Korea, it is found that there exists a considerable amount of positive economic value of investments in wind power energy R&D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The latecomers from Asia—China and Korea—started to participate in information and communication technology (ICT) global standardizations as they accumulated technological capabilities. We observed the current situation of ICT global standardizations in those countries by analyzing the mobile communications standards, WCDMA and LTE, and derived interesting findings and meaningful implications from the analysis. First, this paper provides evidence of the differences in Chinese and Korean standard strategies; China is creating its own standard whereas Korea goes with global standardization. Second, this paper shows the subsequent results of the different strategies. In detail, we conducted an analysis based on (declared) essential patents in WCDMA and LTE. The results indicate that China and Korea hold a significant number of essential patents and their numbers compete with those of leading countries. However, the analysis shows that Korea accumulated domestic knowledge that enables the country to actively participate in standardization,but China still heavily relies on foreign knowledge, probably because China is attempting to create its own standard and accumulating knowledge takes a long time despite its efforts.Our findings have several implications for leading countries and other following countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Controllers in safety critical systems such as nuclear power plants often use the Function Block Diagram (FBD) to design software embedded in the PLC (Programmable Logic Controller). Software engineers develop FBD programs manually, while engineering tools provided by PLC vendors translate them into ANSI-C programs mechanically. Every new PLC and its software engineering tool should demonstrate the so-called FBD-to-C translator's correctness thoroughly. This paper proposes a verification process which can efficiently verify the translator's correctness using the model checking technique. The HW-CBMC model checker verifies the behavioral consistency between FBD and ANSI-C programs formally according to the process and templates which this paper proposes. We also developed a CASE tool ‘CWrapper’ and performed a case study with simplified examples of the APR-1400 (Advanced Power Reactor-1400) nuclear reactor protection system in Korea. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper recounts the evolution of the Korean keyboard as a case in which the disadvantages of the inherited standard turn into a nonissue with the advancement of auxiliary technologies. The persistence of an inherited standard, when a superior alternative is available, is usually regarded as market failure. However, if the transition costs to the new standard are such that the net gains from the transition are insufficient, the situation is unfortunate, but not market failure. The situation may change over time. If the net gain from the alternative standard increases, or transition costs to new alternative decrease, or both, the situation turns into one in which entrepreneurs can profit by making the transition. Where appropriate, an institutional reform may lower transition costs substantially. This paper suggests an additional possibility of technological changes that make the transition unnecessary. In the case of the Korean keyboard, changes in auxiliary technologies have rendered the disadvantages of the inherited standard innocuous. The case provides a cautionary tale against the temptation to drastically alter a seemingly hopelessly inferior inherited standard. The lesson of the Korean keyboard applies to Japanese and Chinese keyboards with even greater force. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper proposes an insulation coordination and surge arrester design for HTS (High-Temperature Superconducting) cable system in Icheon substation in Korea. In the aspect of the economic analysis, since the HTS cable is very expensive, the insulation coordination to prevent the dielectric breakdown caused by the lightning surge should be considered carefully. Also, in the aspect of the power system reliability, since the HTS cable has much more capacity compared than conventional power cables and the ripple effect from the HTS cable failure may lead to the wide area blackout, an intensive study for insulation coordination from lightning surge is one of the most important considerations. In this paper, the insulation coordination for lightning surge is verified using HTS cable and power equipment models and the design of the proper surge arrester is proposed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Based on the concept of risk, the post-closure safety criteria for High Level Radioactive Waste (HLW) disposal are under development in Korea. For compliance with the safety criteria of disposal, the risk-based safety assessment methodology should be implemented. In this paper, the authors suggest a risk-based approach to safety assessment for Korea radioactive waste disposal to evaluate an aggregative radiological risk for scenarios of complex radiation exposure situations; accordingly, the most plausible three cases are carefully selected. This risk-based approach deals with the scenarios from the viewpoint of the receptor to estimate the total risk. For respective exposure situations, it considers the occurrence probabilities of the relevant exposure scenarios as the probability of giving rise to doses to estimate the total risk to a representative person by aggregating the respective risks. In addition, the probability of an exposure scenario is estimated on the assumption that the initiating events influence release mechanisms and transport pathways. This integrated approach enables a systematic risk assessment and is informative when judging the probable overall risk for complex exposure situations of radioactive waste disposal. In this paper, the risk-based approach is applied for the case of the Low and Intermediate Level Radioactive Waste (LILW) Disposal, and also the results should be applicable to the HLW disposal facilities. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Korea has embarked on a far-reaching green growth strategy that promises to lay the foundations for a transition from a predominantly ‘brown’ to a green industrial system. In this paper the key features of the Korean approach to formulating and implementing a green growth strategy are outlined, and the progress achieved so far (2009–2012) is reviewed. Comparisons with China''s green development strategy, as embodied in the 12th Five Year Plan (2011–2015), present themselves – in that both strategies are concerned with industrial restructuring and the building of new growth engines designed to create export platforms for the 21st century. Reductions in levels of carbon emissions flow from these industrial policy initiatives. The paper concludes that the Korean strategy is carefully crafted and implemented with full government commitment and leadership, demonstrating that such commitment is feasible in a democracy. What cannot be guaranteed is continuing commitment from successive political administrations. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper presents a new GIS extension, named ArcMine, developed to support reclamation planning in abandoned mining areas. ArcMine provides four tools to (a) assess mine subsidence hazards, (b) estimate the erosion of mine wastes, (c) analyze flow paths of mine water at the surface, and (d) identify suitable tree species for mine reforestation. A spatial database incorporating a topographical map, geological map, mine drift map, and borehole data was designed and utilized in ArcMine to examine distributed mine hazards that can damage the surrounding environment. Application to abandoned mining areas in Korea shows that ArcMine could provide useful information on mine hazards to support reclamation planning. This paper reports the concept, development, and implementation of ArcMine. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In order to understand how IT impacts at the industry level, this paper adopts a theory of the coevolution of technological innovations and copyright institutions and applies it to examine how the mobile music business in Japan and Korea has developed. In Japan, mobile music business is controlled by incumbent recording companies and is complementary to offline CD sales. In Korea, however, the online music business (including mobile and fixed-internet) is dominated by mobile carriers and has replaced offline businesses, which has caused disruptive changes in the music industry structure. This paper suggests that diverging national copyright institutions give rise to the contrasting industrial changes, which in turn emphasizes how political processes drive the interactions between technologies and institutions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to examine the nature of recent transformations in East Asian welfare regimes, applying a 'real-typical' perspective, based on the 'productivist welfare capitalism' thesis of Ian Holliday (2000). Unlike Western welfare-state regimes in which the politics of austerity has dominated, the politics of welfare expansion has been noticeable in East Asian welfare regimes. This paper will analyse whether these changes have fundamentally dismantled the productivist feature where social policy is subordinate to economic objectives. While the trajectories are different depending on different political institutional contexts, this study shows that there are two strong signs that these states are moving out of their productivist nature and also that they are in the process of establishing their own welfare states. Japan seems to still be a productivist welfare-state regime struggling to accommodate rapid socio-economic changes, whereas Korea is a welfare state regime with strong liberal characteristics via modern welfare politics. Since the needs for social policy expansion in China correspond to economic and political needs, the productivist feature has been significantly weakened. However, this study argues that these transitory welfare regimes are in critical stages of formulating their new welfare regimes and that welfare politics based on contingent events could affect the future trajectories of these regimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The international trade of Korea and Taiwan has been heavily dependent upon international seatransportation owing to geo-political aspects. Therefore, the two countries have exerted to develop and promote ocean-going shipping industry in order to support their economies. Recent financial crisis in together with the economic slowdown has reduced seaborne trade cargoes, which resulted in remarkably deteriorated revenues of the container shipping sector. Major container shipping companies of both countries such as Evergreen, Yang Ming, Hyundai, and Hanjin under our study are no exception. This paper intends to achieve two-fold aims. The first applies entropy to find the relative weights of financial ratios of the four companies each year. In so doing, we can find the weights variance for the period of 1999–2009 based on the financial performance of the above companies. The second is to rank the companies in the period by grey relation analysis. On the basis of findings in this paper, we suggest business policy implications to mitigate impacts of the financial tsunami in the context of world shipping area. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A large AC generator is an important component of the power system. Researches on the AC generator relaying for the next-generation ECMS and an efficient operation of protection control system are necessary. These require developments on detailed generator modeling and internal fault analysis, and prototyping for multifunctional IED device dedicated to next-generation production. In this paper, over-excitation relaying algorithm is one of the main protection elements which have an important role in DGPS(Digital Generator Protection System), was proposed. This paper first briefly introduces a principles of over-excitation and DFT-based gain compensation algorithm was adopted for the frequency measurement. Subsequently, protection scheme of over-excitation was presented. The 765[kV] modeling data of South Korea using EMTP-RV was used for simulations. The simulation result of over-excitation relaying are also provided. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Korea has a short history in space development compared to neighboring countries like Japan, China, India and Russia. During the past 20 years, Korea has focused on developing satellite and rocket space technology under the national space development plan. KOMPSAT-1 and 2, and KSLV-1 are the results of the selection and concentration policy of the Korean government. Due to the arduous mission of developing hardware oriented space technology, the topic of space education and outreach for the general public has not received much in the national space program. But recently, the Korean government has begun planning a space science outreach program in the detailed action plan of the mid-long term national space development plan. This paper introduces and analyzes the organizations performing space education and outreach programs for primary and secondary schools in the Republic of Korea. “Young Astronaut Korea (YAK)” is one such program. This is a non-profit organization established to provide space education for students in 1989 when Korea just started its space development program. “YAK” is a unique group in Korea for space education and outreach activities because it is organized by branches at each school in the nation and it is much like the Boy Scout and Girl Scout programs. Space Science Museum and National Youth Space Center (NYSC), which are located near NARO space center in the southernmost part of the Korean peninsula are other examples of space education and outreach programs. NARO space center, which is the only launch site in Korea became the center of public interest by showing the KSLV-1 launch in 2009 and will be expected to play a key role for the space education of students in the Republic of Korea. The NYSC will perform many mission oriented space education programs for students as Space Camp in the USA does. This paper introduces the status of the space education and outreach programs of each organization and presents the future direction of space education and outreach for the Korean public and students. If these three organizations cooperate with each other and develop systematic programs of space education and outreach for the people, they will prepare a base for growth and progress in future space science and technology in Korea. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper discusses the strategy of cultural district development in Seoul, where a developmentalist tradition is still strong. Two specific cases of Insadong and Daehagno are taken to examine several issues concerning inherent conflicts between culture and commerce, the way culture and tradition is perceived and interpreted by different groups, and the focus of cultural strategy. The viability of cultural districts is discussed in terms of governance, policy goals and measures, and programming needs. In particular, the paper argues that, although a collaborative form of governance is desired in general, its sustainability is questionable unless there exists critical discourses reformulating the meaning of culture and tradition and searching the best means to balance between culture and commerce. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper presents a standpoint of signal interface for a phased upgrade of instrumentation and control (I&C) systems in a pressurized water reactor (PWR) type nuclear power plant (NPP) in Korea. YongGwang nuclear (YGN) power plant units 3 and 4, which was constructed as a basis model for an optimized power reactor 1000 (OPR1000), is selected as a demonstration model for the presentation. A methodology for building interface requirements is suggested for a phased I&C systems upgrade, maintaining the same functions as those of existing systems, improving functions without violating the compliance requirements, and establishing a safe and economical upgrade schedule. For this, signal interfaces, from the standpoint of safety systems, between I&C cabinets in auxiliary electrical equipment rooms (EER) A and B and the main control room (MCR), the signal interface between the cabinet and the main control board (MCB), and the signal interface between the cabinet and the remote shutdown panel (RSP) are described. This paper focuses on the description of the following interface requirements, reflecting the phased upgrade strategies: system configuration, signal interface, and cabinet configuration. The suggested phased upgrade strategies include the following: non-safety I&C systems should be upgraded in phase 1, safety I&C systems should be upgraded in phase 2, and the MCR should be upgraded in phase 3. The findings presented in the paper can be reliably used to understand upgrade of I&C systems and to implement I&C systems for phased upgrades based on digital technologies. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: According to traditional wisdom, latecomer countries improve their technological capabilities in reverse of the product cycle, that is from mature towards new technologies. However, improvement of standards capabilities in this process has not been revealed clearly. This paper confirms similar patterns for improving formal standards capabilities as for the technological capabilities, but records some possible differences in the rate of catch-up when latecomers approach the technology frontier; a forward moving position where technology leaders (typically advanced countries) develop or conceptualize new technologies before being turned into products or systems. A number of case studies of South Korean ICT systems reveal that transition to the technological frontier is increasingly related to how they target and carry out formal standardization. The common elements driving differences in rates of successful catch-up for ICT systems standards are not only limited to generic standards capabilities, but also rely on characteristics of technology trajectories, national strategic focus, and organizing for standardization. 3 [3] Whereas formal process of standards development is well established at Standard Development Organizations (SDOs) or Standards-Setting Organizations (SSOs) or Standards Forums (SF). The term “organizing the standardization” in this paper is taken as the structure and interactions set up at national level for developing the standards in coordination with SDOs or SSOs or SF. Also see footnotes 4 and 6. This implies that a nation should not be discouraged by slow progress in standards-setting during earlier stages. Once a minimum level of capabilities is achieved, a nation pro-active in standards from the beginning may attain higher rates of catch-up near the technology frontier. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Korea is hosting a World Expo in 2012. The Expo can provide a good opportunity for the city to construct new inter-regional transportation facilities so as to improve the physical, economic and social structure of the host city. The purpose of this paper is to suggest the transportation planning tasks that should be completed in order to provide effective transportation planning guidance and support, and ensure that the required new transportation facilities, services and supportive transportation demand management policies will be in place to ensure a successful Expo. The discussion focuses on four issues: 1) the low carbon green growth policy initiatives of the government in the planning and operation of the Expo, 2) the governance system that will oversee the planning and operation of the Expo, 3) progress in building the required transportation infrastructure and designing the effective traffic and transit operational systems, and 4) preparations for the Expo by the local community. The success of the Expo will depend on in part providing environmentally-friendly transportation services for the mobility and accessibility of visitors. The paper discusses how the Korean low carbon green growth policy can be translated into pragmatic transportation measures used in the Expo by limiting automobile access to the Expo site, while ensuring that competitive public transportation systems and services are available to visitors, including upgraded passenger rail, express, inter-city, and shuttle bus services, as well as a well designed, on site non-motorized transportation system based on walking and cycling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: According to the forecast of the International Energy Agency (IEA), CCS has the potential to reduce carbon dioxide emissions and could contribute to 19% of global carbon dioxide mitigation by 2050. Korean government recently announced that Korea has set its voluntary 2020 emissions reduction target to a 30% reduction from its forecast under a ”business as usual” scenario, which is equivalent to 4% less than the 594 million tons of carbon that was emitted in 2005. CCS is included to achieve this target. This paper first explains the CO2 storage potential both in onshore and offshore areas in Korea. While onshore sedimentary basins seem to have unfavorable physical properties such as porosity and permeability, offshore sedimentary basins exhibit very good physical properties in sand thickness and porosity. In order to implement CCS project at the scale needed to achieve a meaningful reduction of carbon dioxide emissions, the knowledge of the available CO2 storage capacity obtained by detailed matching of large stationary CO2 sources with geological storage sites is required. Most CCS programs in Korea, however, are not integrated with capture and storage projects. This paper considers the feasibility of CO2 capture and storage in Korea and shows several conceptual business models for CCS projects with the recent E&P activities in the continental shelf. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper traces the translation processes associated with the mobilization of resources and industrial agency in the development of a next generation mobile network in Korea. To explain the socio-technical dynamics, the sociology of translation is used. The paper provides a story of a translation of strategy and related activities using Callon''s four moments of translation. The story illustrates how, during the translation process, 4G strategies have been formed, shaped, and enhanced. It describes the process of technology adoption and developing stories by highlighting the co-evolving nature, diversity, and interface which constitute the next-generation network environment. It provides insight into the Korean mobile environment by offering a socio-technical analysis of 4G development and how it involves the dynamics of industry, regulation, and technology. The study suggests that the sociology of translation may be a promising explication of technological change and innovation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Concentrated power demand can cause a fault current problem in a real power system. The Superconducting Fault Current Limiter (SFCL) application is one of the solutions for this problem. At present, many projects for the development of SFCLs are being done actively throughout the world. In Korea, LS Industrial Systems Co., Ltd. (LSIS) and the Korea Electric Power Research Institute (KEPRI) are jointly developing a 22.9kV hybrid SFCL. It will be installed onto the Icheon 154kV substation for an actual distribution power system operation in 2010. It is very important to carry out some feasibility studies for the application of SFCLs to the real power system. For the accuracy of the results of these studies, it is necessary to develop an analysis model which considers the real operating mechanism of the SFCLs. In this paper, we developed an SFCL analysis model using the PSCAD/EMTDC program, which is commonly used in the transient analysis of power systems. The developed model realizes the operating mechanisms of the SFCL, including the superconductor quenching property, for fault current and temperature, based on the experimental data from the 22.9kV SFCL being developed by LSIS and KEPRI in Korea. This paper then conducts a technical analysis using the model and proposes specifications for the Current Limiting Resistor/Reactor (CLR) used for applying the SFCL to a real distribution power system in Korea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The mean circulation of the surface layer of the southwestern Japan/East Sea (JES) was examined using current measurements collected at 15m by satellite-tracked drifters and merged sea level anomalies from satellite altimeters. The study of circulation patterns in this paper focused on the inflow passing through the western channel of the Korea Strait from the East China Sea. Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis of non-seasonal sea level anomalies revealed that significant energy in the circulation pattern of Ulleung Basin was controlled by the inflow conditions through the Korea Strait. Three circulation patterns were identified that depended on the initial relative vorticity of the inflow. When inflow had initially large negative vorticity, the flow gained more negative vorticity due to deepening of the bottom (stretching) and then turned right after entering the JES. The inflow then followed the path of the Tsushima Warm Current along the coast of Japan. When the inflow was strong, with a speed in excess of 55cm/s and with a large positive vorticity, potential vorticity appeared to be conserved. In this case, the EKWC followed isobaths along the coast and then left the coast, following topographic features north of Ulleung-Do. The northward flowing jet developed inertial meandering after leaving the coast, which is a characteristic of many western boundary currents. The regular, bimonthly deployments of drifters in the western portion of the Korea Strait revealed that splitting or branching of the flow through the western channel of the Korea Strait occurred only 15% of the time. And splitting or branching rarely occurred during the fall and winter seasons, when the inflow splitting was previously reported in hydrographic surveys. The time-averaged circulation map of the EKWC and its seaward extension were considerably enhanced by using regularly sampled geostrophic velocities calculated from sea level anomalies to remove biases in the mean velocity that were caused by irregular spatial and temporal drifter observations. The East Korean Warm Current, a mean coastal current along the Korean coast, behaved like the simple model by in which the generation of the Ulleung Warm Eddy and the meandering circulation pattern were well reproduced. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Despite the wide belief that the high social rates of returns to R&D investment justify government subsidy policy in advanced countries, there are only limited studies about whether the R&D subsidy as a means of risk-sharing stimulates R&D investment of small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) in developing countries. This paper empirically investigates the issue, using a unique data set on government subsidy for new technology development of Korean manufacturing firms, listed and non-listed, for the period from 2000 to 2007. The paper employs the DID estimation procedure and controls for simultaneity of the subsidy for new technology development using 2SLS and two step Tobit procedure. Our empirical results show that there is no solid evidence for crowding-out effects of the government subsidy. These results suggest that government subsidies could help SMEs to overcome the barriers to risky R&D projects through sharing R&D failure risk with government and by reducing capital costs to undertake new technology development projects, and thus the subsidy policy for new technology development seems to be partly successful in promoting the R&D investment of the Korean SMEs. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This construction industry is responsible for over 30% of the total industrial CO2 emission in Korea, and bearing wall apartment housing represents more than 50% of all housing in Korea. A new multi-residential Modularized Hybrid System (MHS) for construction of apartment housing may reduce the amounts of construction material used as well as the amounts of CO2 emission. This paper collected and compared data on the CO2 emission properties of construction materials for bearing wall and new MHS apartments including concrete, reinforcing steels, formwork, and gypsum board. MHS construction techniques reduce CO2 emission by 25.1% by requiring less concrete and reinforcing steels for slabs and walls that would otherwise be needed in conventional bearing wall structures. This paper also shows that migration to a Rahmen structure utilizing an MHS frame can provide an alternative solution to reducing CO2 emission. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this paper we propose the KICT Tunnel Collapse Hazard Index (KTH-Index), an index system for assessing the hazard level of collapse at a tunnel face. To establish the index system, a logical process is proposed for “objectively” assessing the index based on a sensitivity analysis for a well-arranged database containing past collapse cases. For the sensitivity analysis, a neural network based technique is employed which has no restriction, in contrast to conventional sensitivity analysis based on mathematics or statistics. The proposed process is based on the concept of the interaction matrix, a tool for comprehensively expressing the influences among major factors of consideration. Each component of the interaction matrix represents the influential sensitivity between both factors horizontally and vertically linked on the matrix. Since the KTH-Index is assessed based on a database compiled and constructed from collapsed tunnel sites, reliability is compromised for collapse modes and characteristics of sites that are not included in the database. In addition, the characteristics of data available in the database in terms of each major factor must be understood prior to applying the proposed index. Accordingly, this paper includes a basic statistic of the data prepared for the study. The assessment system is applied to the section of the SYK tunnel where large-scale collapses have already occurred, and it is found that the predicted hazard levels are in good agreement with the field data already known. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The nuclear power generation has played an important role in the economic development of Korea and electric power has become a critical factor sustaining the well-being of the Korean people. This paper attempts to apply input–output (I–O) analysis to investigate the role of the nuclear power generation in the national economy, with specific application to Korea. A static I–O framework is employed, focusing on three topics in its application: the impact of nuclear power supply investment on the production of other sectors and the inter-industry linkage effect; the nuclear power supply shortage effect; and the impact of the rise in nuclear power rate on prices of other products. This paper pays particular attention to the nuclear power generation sector by taking the sector as exogenous and then investigating its economic impacts. Moreover, potential uses of the results are illustrated from the perspective of policy instruments and some policy implications are discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Traffic Management Centers play a vital role in efficient functioning of freeway network in the post-incident scenario. As per present practice in Korea, the traffic managers use a heuristic approach for incident analysis based on their experience of similar scenarios. However, this approach induces uncertainty thereby reducing the overall effectiveness of the subsequent incident management and rescue operations. This paper proposes a decision support system to account for these shortcomings. We name our system as ‘FIAS’ – Freeway Incident Analysis System. The novel idea presented in this paper is the use of historical, real-time and spatial data simultaneously to forecast post-incident traffic flows on a microscopic simulation platform, Cellular Automata. FIAS incorporate two additional rules in the conventional model to depict more realistic incident flow characteristics. This paper focuses on the system architecture of the model and tests its performance by comparing its predicted values with a real incident data. The evaluation results confirm the validity of FIAS as it can model the time dependent microstructure of traffic flows with significant accuracy. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Numerous tunnels have been built and new tunnels are planned in Korea. As the demand for roads and railways increases, additional tunnels are needed because of the mountainous topography of Korea. This paper presents one such tunnel, the Sucheon tunnel, a road tunnel consisting of two parallel tubes approximately 1900m long. After a brief presentation of the project with emphasis on the geologic conditions the major part of the paper is devoted to an application of the Decision Aids for Tunneling (DAT). The DAT are a computer-based tool with which tunnel construction cost and time can be computed considering uncertainties in geology and construction processes for the given tunnel. The DAT have been tested and applied successfully in tunnels in Korea. In this paper, the DAT are applied in two phases: Phase I before construction and Phase II during construction. Phase II is based on updated geologic conditions as they were encountered during construction. The paper first discusses the effect of major uncertainties in Phase I and then compares the results of Phases I and II; in the latter an encompassing and a simplified description of geology are used and the results are very similar. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper examines empirical cases of standardization in the Korean mobile market as vehicles for approaching the broader political and institutional context of standardization in telecommunications. A consideration of Korean standardization in the mobile telecommunications market is particularly interesting because it reveals how the state''s political interests influence standards decisions, which are primarily driven by market and technological changes in telecommunications. Judged from the social construction of technology perspective which sheds light not only on technology itself but also on political, social and economic interests that surround transformations in technology, this paper highlights power relations among the major actors that have made technology standards decisions in Korea regarding second (2G) and third-generation (3G) mobile telephony. The paper also attempts to show how the Korean government has dealt with the diverse interests of various market actors while pursuing its own policy agenda. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper investigates the prospectus of digital multimedia broadcasting from the technical, economic and regulatory issues and whether the market is evolving equitable, open, and competitive environment. Applying concepts of open access policy to the emerging technology of DMB, this paper attempts to gain a better understanding of how DMB will evolve and stabilize in next generation network environments. Three research questions guide this study: (1) How does DMB trigger a change in policy, market and industry structure? (2) What are the driving forces of the rapid DMB development in Korea? (3) Does DMB haul new generation network environment by disrupting the current network environment? As these questions involve socio-technical issues, this study uses a socio-technical perspective to investigate the complex relations between social and technical aspects of DMB by highlighting the co-evolving nature, diversity, and interface, which constitute the next generation network environment. The implication of next generation networks involves the dynamics of industry, regulation, and technology. Finally, this paper provides the DMB prospectus in reference to the next generation network environment. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper examines the prospectus of Digital Multimedia Broadcasting from the technical, economic and regulatory issues. This paper attempts to gain a better understanding of how DMB will evolve and stabilize in next generation network environments. Two research questions guide this study: (1) How does DMB trigger a change in policy, market and industry structure? (2) What are the driving forces of the rapid DMB development in Korea? As these questions involve socio-technical issues, this study uses a socio-technical perspective to investigate the complex relations between the social and technical aspects of DMB by highlighting the co-evolving nature, diversity, and interface between different driving forces and policy. The finding is that Korean DMB is the outcome of a proactive strategy of a telecom carrier and the Korean government''s industrial policy to support such strategy. Among the push-oriented trajectory, however, non-technical issues such as users, market and regulation are left behind, which reveals the disjunction of the DMB development in terms of the socio-technical system perspective. The development of DMB sheds light on the growing challenges in the dynamics of industry, regulation, and technology. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this paper, we focus on the status and trends of the current Korean fisheries management regime. Specifically, this paper briefly introduces the Korean conventional fisheries management regime (KCFMR) and discusses its problems and limitations. In describing policy evolution, this paper finds reasons why the Korean government has chosen a TAC system, an output control approach, besides input control approaches in force for almost a century. This paper also describes the evolution of the Korean TAC system, which is carrying out a pivotal role in Korean fisheries development, and analyzes problems of the Korean TAC system. Finally, this paper gives a perspective on expanding the Korean TAC system toward Output Control Systems (OCSs) such as Individual Quotas (IQs), Individual Vessel Quotas (IVQs), Individual Transferable Traps (ITTs), Community Quotas (CQs), and Individual Transferable Quotas (ITQs). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Considerable past research has explored relationships between vehicle accidents and geometric design and operation of road sections, but relatively little research has examined factors that contribute to accidents at railway-highway crossings. Between 1998 and 2002 in Korea, about 95% of railway accidents occurred at highway-rail grade crossings, resulting in 402 accidents, of which about 20% resulted in fatalities. These statistics suggest that efforts to reduce crashes at these locations may significantly reduce crash costs. The objective of this paper is to examine factors associated with railroad crossing crashes. Various statistical models are used to examine the relationships between crossing accidents and features of crossings. The paper also compares accident models developed in the United States and the safety effects of crossing elements obtained using Korea data. Crashes were observed to increase with total traffic volume and average daily train volumes. The proximity of crossings to commercial areas and the distance of the train detector from crossings are associated with larger numbers of accidents, as is the time duration between the activation of warning signals and gates. The unique contributions of the paper are the application of the gamma probability model to deal with underdispersion and the insights obtained regarding railroad crossing related vehicle crashes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper examines the development process of music businesses on mobile Internet in Japan and Korea, two leading countries in the world that have been enjoying rapid growth of mobile Internet businesses. Based on the ‘Large Technological System’ perspective (Hughes, T.P., 1983. Networks of Power: Electrification in Western Society, 1890–1930. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore; Hughes, T.P., 1989. The evolution of large technological systems. In: Wiebe, E.B., Hughes, T.P., Pinch, T. (Eds.), The Social Construction of Technological Systems. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp. 51–82), this paper sees music copyright management institutions as a ‘reverse salient’ in the large technological system of mobile music businesses. We argue that the development of mobile music business has been and will continue to be dependent on how to revise copyright management institutions in accordance with changes and advancement of technologies and other sub-components in the large technological system. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The purpose of this paper is twofold: to describe the water quality model of Three-Dimensional Hydrodynamic-Eutrophication Model (HEM-3D) and to present an application of HEM-3D to a coastal system in Korea. HEM-3D, listed as a tool for the development of Total Maximum Daily Load by US Environmental Protection Agency, is a general-purpose modeling package for simulation of the flow field, transport, and eutrophication processes throughout the water column and of diagenetic processes in the benthic sediment. This paper describes the water quality model of HEM-3D with emphasis on its unique features. Excessive loadings of organic wastes have significantly deteriorated water quality conditions of Korean coastal waters. This paper presents an application of HEM-3D to Kwang-Yang Bay, a coastal system in Korea, which is one of the first water quality modeling efforts for Korean coastal waters accompanied by a relatively comprehensive field program. The current status of data availability for water quality modeling in Korea is discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Shallow failures of slopes in weathered soil are caused by infiltration due to prolonged rainfall. These failures are mainly triggered by the deepening of the wetting band accompanied by a decrease in matric suction induced by the water infiltration. This paper reports trends of rainfall-induced wetting band depth in two types of weathered soils that are commonly found in Korea. Both theoretical and numerical analyses for wetting band depth are presented based on the soil–water characteristic curve obtained using filter paper as well as tensiometer tests. It is found that the magnitude of wetting front suction plays a key role in the stability of slopes in weathered soils. Theoretical analysis based on modified Green and Ampt model tends to underestimate the wetting band depth for typical Korean weathered soils. It was also deduced that for Korean weathered soils, the factor of safety drops rapidly once the wetting band depth of 1.2 m reached. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]