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The rapid growth of renewable energy capacity, in particular photovoltaic systems, is creating challenges associated with changing the rate of transient processes in the power system. This is due to the approach PV systems are connected to the grid using power converters and the absence of a rotating mass in the PV power plant. One of the most pressing challenge is the participation of PV stations in the process of frequency control in power systems, including in emergency modes. Simultaneously with PV power plants, it is efficient to use energy storage systems, including hydrogen ones. This is due to the fact that it is possible to obtain hydrogen for such energy storage systems using excess energy from PV power plants. The article proposes to solve the problem of frequency regulation in the power system by using an algorithm that allows to control the frequency in the power system using a synthetic inertia block of PV station, including at different levels of insolation and temperature of PV panels. The robustness of the proposed algorithm allows it to be used at different levels of power generated by the PV station, as well as in emergency modes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Novel approach for relays tuning using detailed mathematical model. • Hybrid Real-Time Power System Simulator is used as a source of necessary data. • Proposed approach allows to adapt protection settings to practical conditions. The correct operation of relay protection (RP) devices largely determines the security of electric power systems (EPS). The key point that in turn determines the behavior of protection in various emergency modes is a determination of their settings. The existing methodologies and tools often do not allow to provide RP settings adequate to the practical conditions of their functioning. This statement is confirmed by the statistics of faults in EPSs. The main reason for this issue is the inability to reliably reproduce transients in EPS via the software programs used in practice to calculate the RP settings. The Hybrid Real-Time Power System Simulator (HRTSim), developed by the authors, allows to reliably reproduce the entire range of normal and emergency modes and processes in EPS of any scale, topology and configuration by using detailed three-phase models of all power system components. Taking into account this possibility and features of the HRTSim, the task of detailed modeling of RP devices, including instrument current and voltage transformers, becomes relevant. The implemented special tools for RP modeling and the HRTSim in general allow to develop a new methodology for RP tuning. At the same time, the typical elements – relays – can be identified for each type of RP that determine their operation algorithm. This paper presents an analysis of the main relays of the most modern microprocessor-based RP devices and proposed principles of their tuning. The developed approach allows to adapt the RP settings to the practical conditions of their functioning in EPSs and to minimize the probability of RP maloperation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]