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In this paper we present comparative qualitative data on the influence of patients on the relationship between health professionals and hospitals in France and Canada. We elaborate specifically on a typology that depicts the structural influence of patients in terms of open and closed communities. Our analysis reveals some key differences between the open and closed communities across the two countries. Health professionals in open communities in France were able to establish a stronger relationship with patients than those in Canada. Professionals in France described a weaker connection with their colleagues than in Canada, and this may be one of the triggers of stress, burnout and high turnover. There were more similarities among closed communities in Canada and France. Conceptualizing the structural influence of patients in terms of open and closed community ideal types is a useful heuristic device that moves the implicit and explicit influence of patients to the foreground of the analysis of the relations between health professions and organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to analyze the legal concepts and principles that surrounded the colonization of North America as well as the relations that the French had with native Indians. Topics include a comparison between the ideas of French jurist and political philosopher Jean Bodin (1530–1596), about the political aspects of colonization, with those of jurists from the Ancien Regime, a period referring to the history of French society from the 14th to the 18th centuries, a study of official documents from the royal power in Canada at this period, and the arguments of France and Great Britain concerning the negotiating of their possessions in North America.