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Purpose: The main purpose of the article is to highlight the importance of CSR and USR, evaluate CSR practices in Polish public universities of economics, and provide actionable recommendations for improving CSR practices at universities. Design/methodology/approach: A comparative analysis of the 5 main economic universities in Poland was carried out on the basis of publicly available online sources. Findings: Overall, the findings indicate that Polish public economic universities are actively engaged in implementing CSR strategies. Their activities are diverse and tailored to their specific contexts, evidencing a strong commitment to promoting sustainable development, ethical conduct, and societal well-being. The research highlights successful strategies and provides recommendations that can serve as a valuable resource for enhancing CSR practices in higher education. Research limitations/implications: While this research provides a comprehensive overview of CSR practices at major public economic universities in Poland, future studies should address these limitations and expand the scope of analysis to include diverse perspectives, rigorous quantitative measures, and broader institutional contexts. Practical implications: The research provides valuable insights and practical recommendations that can significantly enhance the implementation of CSR practices in higher education institutions. By adopting these recommendations, universities can improve their societal and environmental impacts, enhance stakeholder engagement, foster innovation, and achieve a competitive edge in the education sector. The commercial and economic implications highlight substantial benefits not only for the universities but also for the broader communities they serve. Social implications: The research has significant social implications that extend beyond the academic community. It can influence public attitudes towards CSR, drive corporate and environmental responsibility, inform public and industry policies, and enhance the quality of life. By showcasing the positive impact of CSR initiatives in universities, the research can inspire wider adoption of ethical and sustainable practices across various sectors, contributing to a more equitable and sustainable society. Originality/value: The paper makes significant contributions by offering a detailed comparative analysis of CSR practices in Polish economic universities, integrating CSR and USR concepts, providing actionable recommendations, and addressing a broad audience. Its novel insights and practical guidance have the potential to influence the development and implementation of CSR strategies, fostering a culture of sustainability and social responsibility in the higher education sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Galectins constitute a class of lectins that specifically interact with β-galactoside sugars in glycoconjugates and are implicated in diverse cellular processes, including transport, autophagy or signaling. Since most of the activity of galectins depends on their ability to bind sugar chains, galectins exert their functions mainly in the extracellular space or at the cell surface, which are microenvironments highly enriched in glycoconjugates. Galectins are also abundant inside cells, but their specific intracellular functions are largely unknown. Here we report that galectin-1, -3, -7 and -8 directly interact with the proteinaceous core of fibroblast growth factor 12 (FGF12) in the cytosol and in nucleus. We demonstrate that binding of galectin-1 to FGF12 in the cytosol blocks FGF12 secretion. Furthermore, we show that intracellular galectin-1 affects the assembly of FGF12-containing nuclear/nucleolar ribosome biogenesis complexes consisting of NOLC1 and TCOF1. Our data provide a new link between galectins and FGF proteins, revealing an unexpected glycosylation-independent intracellular interplay between these groups of proteins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The article's purpose was to explore the usage of and activities to enhance human potential and the socioeconomic impact of the VFD units of the Western Pomerania Voivodship, based on research done among the VFD units of the Western Pomerania Voivodship. Design/methodology/approach: The study employs literature analysis, tabular comparisons, and conducted questionnaires of bathers. The approach for the research was based on a desktop evaluation of accessible information, statistics, and other data national sources. The qualitative data acquired from self-research was used in the statistical analysis. The research group had 338 firemen from 17 VFD units and the research was scheduled from February and the end of March 2022. Findings: The study found that membership in the NRFS system had a considerable impact on local governments and firemen. The operation of TSOs in the NRFS system is a factor that promotes the improvement of firefighters' funding on the part of local governments, and on the part of TSO units themselves, it is a factor that raises their competence and confidence in the skills of their own team. Both have a considerable impact on the effectiveness of rescue and firefighting operations, as well as firefighters' attitudes. Research limitations/implications: The research haslimitations, such as its specific timeframe and omitted variables. Practical implications: The study's findings revealed a progressive professionalization of TSO units in NRFS, as well as an increase in social functions, particularly rescue functions - participation in rescue and firefighting activities, which is reflected in increased receipt of financial support from the municipal to provincial levels. Therefore, reduced activity and selfmotivation of TSO firefighters from outside the NRFS system may cause less professionalism during rescue and firefighting operations. Social implications: Volunteer fire stations perform essential social duties in their region of operation in addition to rescue and firefighting actions. The "extinction" of TSO units' activities outside the KSRG system may result in lower social activity in the locations where the aforementioned units operate, among other reasons. Originality/value: Study documents a certain stage of development of TSO units, with the long-term goal of professionalizing these structures of units joining the NRFS system. In addition to the components (conclusions) described in the article, this is demonstrated by the decreased participation of firefighters outside the NRFS in various activities aimed at raising funds for TSOs' broadly specified statutory activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The article presents a comprehensive study of the attitudes of bathers within identifying potential challenges and opportunities as well as recommendations for the future of drowning prevention education. Design/methodology/approach: The study employs literature analysis, tabular comparisons, and questionnaires of bathers. The approach for the research was based on a desktop evaluation of accessible information, statistics, and other data from international and sources. The qualitative data acquired from self-research was used in the statistical analysis. The research group had 314 respondents, and the research was scheduled for the summer vacation season of 2021. Findings: Parallels exist in governance and policy alignment, while disparities are evident in economic development and sectoral priorities. These findings offer a nuanced understanding of shared traits and distinct differences shaping the business landscapes and economic paths of these Central European nations. Research limitations/implications: The research has limitations, such as its specific timeframe and omitted variables. Practical implications: Practical implications extend to i.a. the need of implementing effective prevention programs (level 1 prevention) of safe behavior on the water and include this from the municipal level through the regional and national levels and introducing of a multi-year, unified national program of education and behavior in water areas, will increase the swimming skills of all age groups and reduce drowning. Social implications: The study suggests indicating systemic measures aimed directly at people enjoying water activities, with educational activities playing the most important role in eliminating the so-called "low swimming culture," which manifests itself in a lack of basic knowledge of the specifics of the water area used for swimming and the swimming skills possessed. Originality/value: The uniqueness of this research lies in the development of a technique to survey bathers' sentiments via an innovative, self-developed questionnaire mobile application, which allowed the interviewer to conduct the survey on a mobile device and independently by the tourist after receiving a link or scanning a "QR code". The research findings are applicable to both academic discourse and practical implementations, providing unique insights to foster collaboration and development within policymakers' institutions and organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cracow Review of Economics & Management / Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Krakowie is the property of Cracow University of Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Herein, we present the synthesis of three new neutral aryl-BIAN ZnCl2 complexes (where aryl-BIAN = bis(aryl-imino)acenaphthene) with formulations [Zn(4-iPrC6H4-BIAN)Cl2] (1), [Zn(2-iPrC6H4-BIAN)Cl2] (2) and [Zn(4-NO2C6H4-BIAN)Cl2] (3) obtained through a green synthesis methodology. Compounds 1 and 2 were fully characterized by elemental analysis, ESI-LS mass spectrometry, FT-IR ATR mode, and multinuclear NMR spectroscopic techniques. Compound 3 was characterized by elemental analysis, ESI-LS mass spectrometry and FT-IR, ATR mode. The solid-state molecular structures of compounds 1 and 2 were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The new complexes 1, 2 and 3, and the known complexes of formulations [Zn(2,6-iPr2C6H3-BIAN)Cl2] (4) and [Zn(2,4,6-Me3C6H2-BIAN)Cl2] (5) were tested as catalysts in the cycloaddition reaction of CO2 and epoxides using the tetrabutylammonium bromide salt as a co-catalyst. Primary studies revealed that complex 4 presented the highest catalytic activity among all synthetized complexes. Good reaction TOFs were obtained for the conversion of propylene oxide (112 h−1) after 3 hours and for the conversion of styrene oxide (23 h−1) after 8 hours, at 4 MPa and 333 K. For more sterically hindered cyclohexene oxide, no cyclic carbonate formation was observed, under the same operational conditions. Furthermore, the effect of reaction time (1–40 h), pressure (0.5–40 MPa) and nucleophile to metal ratio (0.5–100) on final cyclic carbonate formation was investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different Chiral Ionic Liquids (CIL) based on L-proline have been developed. Simple and efficient synthetic methodologies are used, allowing preparation in good yields for twelve novel CILs using L-proline as a cation or anion combined with suitable counter-ions. A detailed physical and chemical characterization of the CILs was performed to evaluate the influence of counter-ions on the final properties. The most promissory CILs were tested as efficient chiral catalysts in IL media for asymmetric Michael addition reactions of ketones and aldehydes to nitro-olefins. Similar or even better conversions and enantioselectivities (ee up to 95%) compared to the original L-proline were achieved. Additionally, a good product extraction performance using supercritical CO2 processes was obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of project management methodologies has never be undertaken by academics in the context of their contribution to sustainability. There is the lack of understanding which Agile Project Management (APM) results and Agile value creation methods are in line with the assumptions of sustainability. The article fills this gap and presents the linkage between Agile project management and sustainability. The article presents both theoretical considerations as well as the results of empirical research that explains the relationship between APM and sustainability. As a result of multiple surveys, Guttman scales were developed, which showed the degree of Agile aspects' influence on sustainability, taking into account both the results of Agile implementation and the methods of value creation. Research revealed that improving the timeliness of deliveries, increase in productivity and improving the atmosphere in the organization as APM result is significant for sustainability. Value creation methods that most correspond with sustainability are design thinking and Agile rituals. The above provide certain practical and theoretical implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Precise anticancer therapies employing cytotoxic conjugates constitute a side-effect-limited, highly attractive alternative to commonly used cancer treatment modalities, such as conventional chemotherapy, radiotherapy or surgical interventions. Receptor tyrosine kinases are a large family of N-glycoproteins intensively studied as molecular targets for cytotoxic conjugates in various cancers. At the cell surface, these receptors are embedded in a dense carbohydrate layer formed by numerous plasma membrane glycoproteins. The complexity of the cell surface architecture is further increased by galectins, secreted lectins capable of recognizing and clustering glycoconjugates, affecting their motility and activity. Cell surface N-glycosylation is intensively remodeled by cancer cells; however, the contribution of this phenomenon to the efficiency of treatment with cytotoxic conjugates is largely unknown. Here, we evaluated the significance of N-glycosylation for the internalization and toxicity of conjugates targeting two model receptor tyrosine kinases strongly implicated in cancer: HER2 and FGFR1. We employed three conjugates of distinct molecular architecture and specificity: AffibodyHER2-vcMMAE (targeting HER2), vcMMAE-KCK-FGF1.E and T-Fc-vcMMAE (recognizing different epitopes within FGFR1). We demonstrated that inhibition of N-glycosylation reduced the cellular uptake of all conjugates tested and provided evidence for a role of the galectin network in conjugate internalization. In vitro binding studies revealed that the reduced uptake of conjugates is not due to impaired HER2 and FGFR1 binding. Importantly, we demonstrated that alteration of N-glycosylation can affect the cytotoxic potential of conjugates. Our data implicate a key role for cell surface N-glycosylation in the delivery of cytotoxic conjugates into cancer cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The dynamic economic changes in recent years have made the principles of sustainable development gain more and more importance and there is a great need to maintain a balance in the social, environmental, and economic dimensions. This has also been observed in project management, whereby the concept of sustainable project management plays an important role in both practice and science. In recent years, there has been a significant increase in scientific publications on the concept of sustainable project management. The article presents the assumptions of sustainability in a project and the identification of research directions in this area. The study aims to present the results of the literature review and answer the two research questions: which research areas related to sustainable project management dominate the literature and what are the further research directions in the field of sustainable project management? Design/methodology/approach: The study was conducted based on a literature review in the field of sustainable project management and sustainability in project management. Scientific articles indexed in the Scopus database, published before 2022, were used. A keyword analysis was carried out, on the basis of which subject areas related to sustainable project management were distinguished, and the most cited articles were reviewed to extract recommendations for the directions of future research. Findings: The literature review, taking into account sustainable project management, show that project lifecycle, project success, and risk management are dominated research topic in the articles. Further research directions suggested in the literature indicate, inter alia, to extend the scope of research on sustainable project management to different countries and sectors. Originality/value: The literature review is based on the most recent publications. Moreover, in addition to the traditional literature review, keywords were analyzed and other research directions were analyzed, which was rarely seen in publications that focused mainly on the synthesis of conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Project management is a universally recognized methodology for business and project activities. Organisations are increasingly using project activities to achieve strategic benefits. It is purposed to optimize the time, human and financial resources, without deviating from the planned quality of the final product of the project and while maintaining the principles of sustainability. The energy sector is no exception. The purpose of this paper is to determine trends in energy sector project management. Design/methodology/approach: To present the research concerning project management in energy sector innovations the literature review process was carried out. The analysis of keywords, abstract, and on this basis further deeper analysis of scientific texts allowed to identify trends in project management in the energy sector. There is a research gap in research summarizing trends in the description of the issue of project management in the energy sector. Findings: The literature analysis presented indicates that the interest of scientists is largely directed towards sustainable projects in the energy sector. This has to do with global trends not only in the energy sector but in every sector of the economy. Energy project management should continue to focus on becoming more sustainable, especially when more and more organizations are aware that their strategy should include ecological sustainability, such as eco-innovation and environmental innovation. Originality/value: It is one of the few scientific texts that touches on the problem of project management in the energy sector. In terms of implications, studies have shown that particular emphasis should be placed on the aspects of project teams creating sustainable innovations for the sector, as well as neutralizing the carbon footprint of the project teams themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Technological changes determined by the development of Industry 4.0 significantly change the business models of modern organizations. The Covid-19 pandemic is also influencing changing organizational systems and dynamic progress in technological transformation. The main purpose of the paper is to present the impact of digital transformation on changes in business models and to answer the question if Covid-19 will accelerate change. Design/methodology/approach: The paper contains the literature review on business model concept, Industry 4.0, Digital Transformation and Covid-19. In this paper the empirical study is also presented. The main research problem was to determine the impact of the digital transformation (technological progress) following the Covid-19 pandemic on changes in the business models of Polish enterprises and public sector institutions. Findings: A research confirmed that the digital transformation (processes connected with digitization, automation, robotization and artificial intelligence) resulting from the Covid-19 pandemic has had an impact on the business models of both Polish enterprises and public sector institutions. The research also confirmed a discrepancy between the opinions of experts and management when it came to assessing the impact of technological progress associated with Covid-19 on the business models of the surveyed organizations. Originality/value: The presented work is an important contribution when it comes to the post pandemic economic reality. Paper assesses the impact of technological progress induced by Covid-19 on changes in the functioning of individual processes, which can be an important guide for management practitioners, helpful in implementing modern technological solutions in organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structure, and consequently properties, of ionic liquids can be easily tailored by changing cation/anion combinations and/or attaching functional groups. By grafting enantiopure moieties to the framework of ionic liquid it is possible to prepare bioinspired chiral molecules that can serve as a reaction medium, additive or even asymmetric catalyst. In this context, new chiral ionic liquids (CILs), based on biomolecules, such as aminoacids (l-Cysteine derivatives), have been synthesised and tested in asymmetric aldol condensation of aldehydes and ketones. The best results were obtained for CILs composed of S-methyl-l-cysteine cation and bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide anion, in the reaction of 2- or 4-nitrobenzaldehyde with acetone or cyclohexanone, giving the aldol product in moderate yields 70–76% and high ee values (up to 96%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to determine how different doses of phytase in diets with extruded soybean seeds and rapeseed meal affected pigs' growth performance, meat quality, bone mineralization, and fatty acid profiles. Sixty pigs were divided into three treatments by sex and body mass. Pigs were divided into starter (25 days), grower (36 days), and finisher (33 days) periods and fed with mash diets. No phytase was used in the control group diet, whereas in Phy1 and Phy2, 100 g and 400 g of phytase per ton of mixture were used, respectively. The feed conversion ratio and meat color were significantly correlated with phytase. Phytase supplementation had no effect on the growth of pigs, but total phosphorus was significantly increased in the bones and meat of the pigs. The enzyme additive reduced the C22:4 n-6 acid content in the meat, whereas other results were not significantly affected. The data suggest that the addition of phytase at a dosage of 100 g/ton to diets with extruded full-fat soya seeds and rapeseed meal can be valuable, as it reduces the FCR and increases the P content in the meat and bones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Plants store phosphorus mainly in phytate form, which is slightly digestible by pigs due to the lack of native phytase. Some thermal processes, such as extrusion and exogenous phytase additives, can reduce phytate content in the diet, but the effectivity of the enzyme in diets including processed and unprocessed legume seeds needs to be better recognized. This study aims to investigate the effect of the addition of two phytase dosages to a diet containing raw lupine seeds and full-fat extruded soya seeds on the performance of growing pigs in terms of their carcasses, pork quality, and bone mineralization. Phytase significantly improved the pigs' growth and feed utilization in the starter period and affected some meat, fat, and bone parameters. Higher phytase dosages did not improve the pigs' performance, but only increased calcium deposition in their bones. This study aims to determine how different doses of phytase in diets including extruded soya and lupine seeds affect fatteners' performance, meat quality, bone mineralization, and fatty acid profile. Sixty pigs were divided into three treatment groups. The control group was offered a diet without phytase, whereas the Phy100 and Phy400 groups were provided with 100 g and 400 g of phytase per ton of their diet, respectively. The animals from both experimental groups were characterized by a significantly (p < 0.05) higher body weight gain and lower feed efficiency in the starter period than the control group. Unfortunately, their meat had lower (p < 0.05) fat content, gluteal muscle thickness, and water-holding capacity. In the meat, a higher phosphorus content (p < 0.05) was found, and in the bones, a higher calcium (for Phy400) content was found when phytase was added to the pigs' diet. The pigs from the Phy100 group tended to have higher mean backfat thickness and C18:2 n-6 content in their fat, but lower C22:5 n-3 content, than the other groups. A higher dosage of phytase is not necessary for the diets of fatteners with extruded full-fat soya and lupin seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to assess the applicability of eleven different products of solid-state fermentation of rapeseed cakes with commercial enzyme additives. Ground rapeseed cakes were mixed with water (1:2) and the enzymatic preparation (0.1%) according to the different variants and fermented at 25 °C for 24 h under anaerobic conditions. For fermentation, different enzymes were used: (1) α-amylase, (2) endo 1,4-β-xylanase, (3) endo-1,3(4)β-glucanase, (4) endo 1,4-β-xylanase, endo-1,3(4)β-glucanase, (5) α-amylase, endo-1,3(4)β-glucanase, (6) 6-phytase, (7) RONOZYME HiPhos 6-phytase, (8) liquid exogenous-6-phytase; and mixed combinations: (9) endo 1,4-β-xylanase, endo-1,3(4)β-glucanase, liquid exogenous-6-phytase, (10) α-amylase, endo-1,3(4)β-glucanase, liquid exogenous-6-phytase, and (11) α-amylase, endo 1,4-β-xylanase, endo-1,3(4)β-glucanase, liquid exogenous-6-phytase. After fermentation, the crude protein content in the products was similar, but the true protein content was significantly higher than in nonfermented rapeseed cakes (p < 0.05). Fermentation significantly reduced (p < 0.05) the levels of phytate phosphorous, raffinose family oligosaccharides, and glucosinolates in the products. In the next step, the most advantageous fermentation product obtained using liquid exogenous-6-phytase was selected in terms of nutritional value, produced on the technical scale, and incorporated into the diets for broilers. Six diets containing 12, 17, or 22% raw or fermented rapeseed cakes, respectively, were prepared. Up to 22% fermented rapeseed cakes did not adversely affect broiler production rates. Replacing raw rapeseed cakes with fermented products improved body weight gain in the grower phase, lowered feed intake in the finisher phase, and lowered the feed conversion ratio in all periods. A level of 22% of naturally fermented rapeseed cakes with liquid exogenous-6-phytase in the diet of broilers could be recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Epidemiological Review / Przegląd Epidemiologiczny is the property of National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The worldwide surge of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a global pandemic and led governments to control spread of the virus and provide care for the population affected by the infection. Although, in children, COVID-19 is usually asymptomatic or mild (except PIMS), the pandemic affected the whole socioeconomic system and led to the overwhelming of healthcare facilities. We report retrospective observations of the prevalence of various infectious diseases during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in a tertiary multidisciplinary pediatric center in Southern Poland. We retrospectively evaluated the impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on the number of other infections diagnosed in a pediatric tertiary care referral center. Our analysis included the period from the beginning of February to the end of April 2020 (spring pandemic wave), and from the beginning of September to the end of November 2020 (autumn pandemic wave). We compared them to the appropriate periods of 2019. The evaluation included blood, urine, stool and lover respiratory tract cultures as well as virological investigations. Additionally, the costs of antibiotics and antifungal drugs in selected departments were assessed. Our analysis showed considerable reduction in the majority of common infections except for influenza A and B. The microbiological data correspond with economical summary of antibiotic costs, which were significantly lower during the pandemic. One exception was the number of positive blood cultures, which increased even though the overall number of tests was lower. A general reduction of the number of infections diagnosed in children could result from the implemented preventative measures associated with the pandemic and the generally increased awareness of the risk of infection among parents and guardians. The treatment of the most serious diseases continued as it did before the pandemic. To our knowledge, this study is the first attempt to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the prevalence of infections in a large pediatric center. Further research on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the healthcare systems is necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Faba beans could be a valuable raw material in pigs' diets, but the presence of anti-nutritional factors limits their wide use. The aim of the study was to investigate how the extrusion of faba bean seeds and/or the addition of protease to pigs' diets affected the animals' growth parameters, digestibility of nutrients, selected physiological parameters of the digestive tract, and biochemical blood parameters. Our research showed that extrusion increased the nutritional value of faba bean seeds, especially by reducing antinutritional factors, but in comparison with raw seeds, it did not improve the pigs' growth performance, digestibility of nutrients, intestinal structure, and physiology when the content of faba beans in the diet was below 10%. Thanks to protease supplementation in our study, protein and oil levels in the diet were reduced while maintaining the same pigs' performance, which cut the cost of feeding. The extrusion and enzyme additives did not improve the pigs' growth performance in this experiment, but protease appears to be highly promising in the commercial nutrition of pigs. The aim of the study was to investigate how the extrusion of faba bean seeds (var. Albus) and/or the addition of protease to pigs' diets affected the animals' growth parameters, digestibility of nutrients, selected physiological parameters of the digestive tract, and biochemical blood parameters. A 28-day experiment was conducted on 32 pigs weighing 9 ± 0.2 kg. The animals were allocated to four treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with the main effects of extrusion (raw or extruded) and effects of protease supplementation (0 and 0.05%). Extrusion reduced the levels of neutral detergent fibre, trypsin inhibitor, phytate-P, and resistant starch but did not improve the digestibility of protein and dry matter in faba bean seeds. The pigs' growth performance, ileal digestibility, enzyme activity, and morphometric parameters of the ileum were not significantly affected by extrusion, except for a higher feed intake between the 15th and 28th day of the experiment. The protease supplementation gave comparable results as the diet without protease, except the feed conversion ratio (in the periods of 15–28th day and 0–28th day), which was higher than in the groups without protease. The extrusion and protease increased acetate and acetoacetate contents in the cecal digesta, but propionate, butyrate, and isovalerate concentrations in the digesta of the pigs in this group were lower. Thanks to protease supplementation, protein and oil levels in the diet were reduced, which cut the cost of feed mixtures. The extrusion and protease additive combined together did not improve the pigs' growth performance in this experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]