19,397 results on '"LABOR supply"'
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2. A Matter of Time? Measuring Effects of Public Schooling Expansions on Families' Constraints. EdWorkingPaper No. 24-987
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Annenberg Institute for School Reform at Brown University, Chloe R. Gibbs, Jocelyn Wikle, and Riley Wilson
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As women increasingly entered the labor force throughout the late 20th century, the challenges of balancing work and family came to the forefront. We leverage pronounced changes in the availability of public schooling for young children--through duration expansions to the kindergarten day--to better understand mothers' and families' constraints. We first show that mothers of children in full-day kindergarten spend significantly more time at work, less time with their children, less time performing household duties, and less time commuting with their children in the middle of the day relative to mothers with half-day kindergarteners. Exploiting full-day kindergarten variation across place and time from 1992 through 2022, combined with the narrow age targeting of kindergarten, we document the impact of full-day kindergarten access on parental labor supply, family childcare costs, and children's subsequent academic outcomes. Our estimates of the maternal employment effects imply that full-day kindergarten expansions were responsible for as much as 24 percent of the growth in employment of mothers with kindergarten-aged children in this time frame.
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- 2024
3. From Classroom to Clinic: The Influence of Medical Education on Physician Shortages in the United States
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Lina M. Adwer, Taylor Nelson, and Kristy Carlson
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The landscape of medical specialty choice is dynamic, undergoing significant changes as students' progress through undergraduate and graduate medical training. These shifts are influenced by various factors, with financial considerations becoming increasingly relevant among medical students' preferences. This study conducts a retrospective analysis of specialty match rates and physician compensation, suggesting a potential trend where primary care fields, though fundamental to healthcare, appear less competitive and often associated with less financial reward compared to other specialties. The existence of this disparity is not without consequences. It contributes significantly to the ongoing and anticipated primary care physician shortages. This situation requires a comprehensive approach to tackle the complex factors influencing medical students' career choices. Understanding these dynamics is critical for healthcare policy and planning. This paper investigates how financial considerations sway medical students' specialty choices, emphasizing the economic disparities between primary care and other specialties.
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- 2024
4. The Great Misalignment: Addressing the Mismatch between the Supply of Certificates and Associate's Degrees and the Future Demand for Workers in 565 US Labor Markets
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Georgetown University, Center on Education and the Workforce (CEW), Jeff Strohl, Zachary Mabel, and Kathryn Peltier Campbell
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There are hundreds of local labor markets fuel the American economy, and each one is driven by the needs of the local area's mix of industries and the skills of its workers. For each labor market to operate at its peak potential, these needs and skills must align. Achieving alignment requires local education and training providers to convey in-demand skills through the programs they offer; when providers fail at this task, skills gaps can manifest or grow. The result of failure is a great misalignment between credential supply and labor-market demand, specifically at the middle-skills level. On one side of this great misalignment is the middle-skills employment: jobs that require more than a high school diploma but less than a bachelor's degree. On the other side lies the vast array of middle-skills education and training providers, which include public community colleges, private nonprofit and for-profit two-year institutions, and private training institutions such as technical, clerical, and cosmetology schools, along with some four-year colleges that offer middle-skills credentials. These providers often explicitly design their programs to serve local workforce needs, including by collaborating directly with employers to create educational offerings that match the skills demands of the local labor market. This report focuses on middle-skills credentials--that is, postsecondary sub-baccalaureate certificates and associate's degrees. As of the 2020-2021 school year, providers of these credentials numbered almost 4,800 nationwide. These providers were spread unevenly across the 565 local labor markets described in this report, with some markets served by dozens of providers and others served by only one. The pressure on these middle-skills providers to meet community workforce needs continues to grow: the national economy is expected to create an average of 18.5 million job openings annually through 2031, and 5.8 million of these job openings each year (slightly more than 31 percent) will go to workers with an associate's degree, a certificate, or some college credit but no degree.
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- 2024
5. Changing Child Care Supply in New Hampshire and Vermont's Upper Valley. National Issue Brief #166
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University of New Hampshire, Carsey School of Public Policy, Carson, Jess, and Boege, Sarah
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In this brief, authors Jess Carson and Sarah Boege describe changes in the early childhood education and care landscape of Grafton and Sullivan Counties in New Hampshire and Orange and Windsor Counties in Vermont, collectively known as the Upper Valley. The authors find that the Upper Valley lost 25 regulated child care providers serving children under age 5 between 2017 and 2021. However, with closure rates twice as high among family-based providers than among center-based providers and some new providers opening, the net number of slots has remained relatively stable (5,169 slots in 2021). The overall effect has been to consolidate available care into fewer, larger settings across the region. Three-quarters of Upper Valley providers open in 2017 were still open in 2021, reflecting greater stability than in non-Upper Valley portions of New Hampshire (71 percent) or Vermont (65 percent). However, the authors caution that early childhood educator workforce shortages limit the ability of child care providers to remain fully operational. They conclude by noting that workforce-supporting policy proposals differ in intensity across states, building on a stronger foundation of investments in Vermont than in New Hampshire. [This brief is part of the "Early Childhood in the Upper Valley Series."]
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- 2023
6. Improving the Pipeline for Tennessee's Workforce: Academic Supply for Occupational Demand Report, 2023
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Tennessee Higher Education Commission, Tennessee Student Assistance Corporation (THEC/TSAC), Tennessee Department of Economic and Community Development (TNECD), Tennessee Department of Education, and Tennessee Department of Labor and Workforce Development (TDLWD)
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"The Improving the Pipeline for Tennessee's Workforce: Academic Supply for Occupational Demand Report" is the second joint report between the Tennessee Higher Education Commission (THEC), Tennessee Department of Labor and Workforce Development (TDLWD), Tennessee Department of Economic and Community Development (TNECD), and Tennessee Department of Education (TDOE). This year's report maintains the Career Cluster structure, grouping occupations and aligned training programs in one place. Accompanying dashboards and data downloads are also available for readers who prefer to work with the data directly. This report includes a few new features, including a revised approach to measuring degree completers' employment and wages, as well as a simplification of report layout to improve readability and flow. Multiple state agencies facilitate this report's completion and there are many audiences for this report. Each year, efforts to refine and improve the report and associated outputs will continue to ensure the report is useful in education and workforce planning. This report: (1) Identifies in-demand occupations and aligned academic programs at the postsecondary and secondary levels as well as registered apprenticeships organized across 14 career clusters; (2) Includes in-demand occupations tables identifying the number of region(s) where the occupation is in-demand, entry level wages, indicators for jobs which are STEM fields and those which support TNECD's target industries, and the typical training level required for employment; (3) Contains aligned academic programs tables with information about degree production and completers, matriculation into Tennessee's job market, and first-year wages for those identified in Tennessee employment data. The calculation for employment outcomes changed in this year's report; (4) Spotlights select agency initiatives promoting education and workforce alignment in K12, higher education, and the workforce; and (5) Offers an overview of data, methods, and sources highlighting existing data use and areas for further exploration. [For the 2022 report, see ED624524.]
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- 2023
7. Unleashing America's Opportunities for Hiring and Employment. Hearing before the Committee on Education and the Workforce. U.S. House of Representatives, One Hundred Eighteenth Congress, First Session (March 28, 2023). Serial No. 118-2
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US House of Representatives. Committee on Education and the Workforce
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This document records testimony from a hearing before the Committee on Education and the Workforce that was held to examine America's opportunities for hiring and employment. Member statements were provided by: (1) Honorable Virginia Foxx, Chairwoman, Committee on Education and the Workforce; and (2) Honorable Robert Scott,' 'Bobby'', Ranking Member, Committee on Education and the Workforce. Witness statements were provided by: (1) Jerry Akers, Small Business Owner and Franchisee, Palo, IA, on Behalf of International Franchise Association; (2) Stephen Moore, Distinguished Fellow in Economics, The Heritage Foundation, Washington, DC; (3) Heidi Shierholz, President, Economic Policy Institute; and (4) Chris Spear, President and CEO of the American Trucking Associations. Additional submissions include: (1) Honorable Suzzan Bonamici, a Representative in Congress from the State of Oregon: Letter submitted by the AAFD dated December 7, 2022; (2) Honorable Teresa Leger Ferna'ndez, a Representative in Congress from the State of New Mexico: Report from the Economic Policy Institute dated March 14, 2023; (3) Questions submitted for the record by: (a) Honorable Glenn Thompson, a Representative in Congress from the State of Pennsylvania; and (b) Honorable Lisa Mclain, a Representative in Congress from the State of Michigan; and (4) Response to question submitted for the record by: (a) Mr. Spear; (b) Mr. Akers; and (c) Mr. Moore.
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- 2023
8. A Multi-Site Delphi Study to Identify and Prioritize Mental Health Needs of Rural Communities in Texas Public Health Region 11
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Weiss, Renée E., Varela, Daniella G., Hall, Kelly S., Bain, Steve F., and Jones, Don J.
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The purpose of this qualitative study was to identify and prioritize the mental health needs of rural communities in Texas Public Health Region 11 utilizing the Delphi method. Rural individuals face unique challenges when attempting to receive treatment for serious mental illness and mental health care. Stigma, a lack of privacy when seeking treatment, a shortage of mental health workforce professionals, a lack of culturally competent care, affordability, and transportation are all factors that complicate the need for treatment. This study utilized the Delphi method to engage rural community members in identifying and addressing critical issues related to mental healthcare delivery in their county. The sample for this study was selected from the population which comprise Texas Public Health Region 11 communities that were identified as rural communities within Health Professional Shortage Areas (HPSA) using an exponential nondiscriminatory snowball sampling method. Knowledge gained from the study will help to address challenges and critical issues in mental healthcare delivery in rural communities, such as workforce shortages, access issues, anonymity, stigma, integration of mental health services into primary care, and suicide prevention. The study's implications for refining, developing, and increasing rural mental health research, and implications for practice for mental health treatment providers in rural communities are discussed.
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- 2023
9. International Higher Education and Post-Study Work Rights in Australia, Germany and Canada: Strengths and Vulnerabilities
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Anumoni Joshi and Christopher John Ziguras
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This article examines post-study work rights (PSWR) policy in three major international higher education destinations -- Australia, Germany and Canada -- through a comparative case study approach. The study found that PSWR policies typically have several objectives: to attract more international students; fill labour shortages; internationalise higher education, retain highly skilled migrants, and to improve outcomes for international graduates. Although some of these objectives appear to have been realised in each of the three countries, it remains unclear whether such policies have improved outcomes for international graduates.
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- 2024
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10. Addressing the Shortage of Sports Officials
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Mario Reyna
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This article discusses the nationwide shortage of sports officials, best practices and solutions, and how current physical educators, coaches and SHAPE America members in general can help address the shortage and educate youths on the value of sportsmanship.
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- 2024
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11. Ghana's Textile and Apparel Sector: A Strategic Assessment of Skills Needs and Development through The STED Framework
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Hod Anyigba, Alexander Preko, and William Kwesi Senayah
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Purpose: This study is to examine and develop sector skills strategies and action plans for the textile and apparel (T&A) sector. Design/methodology/approach: The paper used a participatory action qualitative method anchored on the Skills for Trade and Economic Diversification (STED) framework, utilising the workshop-based approach with 24 key stakeholders of the sector. Content analysis was used with the help of Nvivo software. Findings: The findings revealed that there are skills shortages, skills gaps, skills mismatches and skills diversification programmes available through higher education and work-based learning. Further, there are labour supply challenges such as national skills policy and strategy, government and stakeholder coordination, funding, relevance of curriculum and qualifications, access to practicals and the absence of a clear national vision for the sector. Research limitations/implications: This study possesses an inherent limitation in terms of generalising the findings derived from qualitative research. Originality/value: This research is among the first of its kind to assess skills needs and gaps through the lens of STED framework, which has been overlooked in previous literature. Importantly, this study provides vocational insights into skill needs in the sector.
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- 2024
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12. The Wheels on the Bus: A Qualitative Explorative Approach to Reducing the Effects of the School Bus Driver Shortage
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Maurice M. Toole
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K-12 students who ride the school bus have more than likely experienced service interruptions due to the school bus driver shortage. The current driver shortage promotes underpinnings influencing student education today. With more than 26 million students dependent on school buses, the path to replenishing the nation's school bus driver faction will be long and complicated. This study aimed to explore approaches to reducing the effects of the school bus driver shortage. This study aimed to investigate potential contributing factors that influenced the shortage by examining the phenomenological experiences of present school bus drivers and administrative personnel. Let it be known that this study does not seek to solve the nation's school bus driver shortage. However, it provides steadfast data highlighting several details shaping student transportation. The data from this study was obtained through questionnaires completed by those acting in the capacity of a school bus driver. In addition, the data was formulated by answering the research questions. The theoretical frameworks for this study were Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory and Herzberg's two-factor theory, which are based on driver (dis)satisfaction and factors influencing driver motivation. The findings of this study revealed themes that directly correlated to driver salary, student behavior, and a sense of belonging. Job satisfaction as the framework captures each theme as a central focus. [The dissertation citations contained here are published with the permission of ProQuest LLC. Further reproduction is prohibited without permission. Copies of dissertations may be obtained by Telephone (800) 1-800-521-0600. Web page: http://www.proquest.com/en-US/products/dissertations/individuals.shtml.]
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- 2024
13. Essays in Labor Economics and Postsecondary Education
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Johnathan Gage Conzelmann
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In Chapter 1 I investigate the supply of college majors and how this facet of institutional behavior influences student outcomes and costs in higher education. As a first contribution, I identify a decades-long trend in 4-year postsecondary education in the United States--the production of bachelor's degrees measured by their concentration across majors has diversified significantly over time. I document this pattern in multiple data sources and determine that within-college expansion of program options is a key driver of the trend. Isomorphic tendencies and colleges' acute attention to their close peer institutions provide the most consistent explanation for the way colleges have accommodated increasing demand for a bachelor's degree over time. I furthermore show that major diversification led to an increase in average instructional costs per student. This increase stemmed from spillovers within institutions as students shifted enrollment away from some pre-existing majors and into new and related programs. However, I also find major diversification increased 6-year graduation rates, suggesting students may sort more effectively across majors when more options are available. This highlights an important trade-off for colleges: increased costs for a more diverse set of major options can attract and retain more potential graduates. In Chapter 2 I estimate the labor supply effects of expanding Income-driven repayment (IDR) plan options for student loan borrowers in the the United States (US). Using two cohorts of former college students and detailed longitudinal data on employment, earnings, and student loan histories I show borrowers exposed to the 2009 IDR expansion were subsequently 2.1 percentage points more likely to be employed than a comparison group of similar bachelor's degree recipients. These employment effects led to significant and positive changes near the middle of the monthly earnings distribution, suggesting the marginal borrowers moved into stable employment. The effects were also stronger among borrowers with lower test scores and those more at-risk of non-payment highlighting the insurance aspects of IDR. Weekly hours worked and hourly wages did not markedly change when new IDR plans were introduced, but these aggregate effects mask heterogeneity across race--hourly wages for Black borrowers increased by 5 to 6 percent in both the 2009 and 2015 expansions compared to Black individuals in comparison groups. Taken together, these results underscore IDR's ability to re-align some labor market distortions brought on by student debt. Finally, in Chapter 3 I build upon recent work highlighting the responsiveness of college investment to changes in employer demand for different skills. I clarify how much of this response is driven by students sorting into higher-demand fields at college entry or from changes to majors once enrolled. Attributing response to these margins can help colleges target resources and information to align investments in times of need (e.g., a shortage) and sharpen our collective understanding of how students weigh career prospects in their educational decisions. Using micro-data from the University of North Carolina 4-year college system (UNC) I show labor market demand responsiveness stems mainly from initial sorting of students into their first major choices, with an enrollment elasticity greater than three. This response is driven by transfer students and women. Completed degree elasticities for the full sample fall closer to two, suggesting a drop-off in response on the intensive within-school margin. I attribute this to two things. First, students who initially sorted into high-demand majors were less likely to complete their degree in five years, more likely to stop out, and accumulated fewer credits than other students. They were also significantly less likely to change their majors. Second, major changing, while positively related to degree completion, is not aligned with labor demand shocks, meaning students change to lower-demand majors, on average. [The dissertation citations contained here are published with the permission of ProQuest LLC. Further reproduction is prohibited without permission. Copies of dissertations may be obtained by Telephone (800) 1-800-521-0600. Web page: http://www.proquest.com/en-US/products/dissertations/individuals.shtml.]
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- 2024
14. Preferences, Inequities, and Incentives in the Substitute Teacher Labor Market. EdWorkingPaper No. 22-680
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Annenberg Institute for School Reform at Brown University, Kraft, Matthew A., Conklin, Megan, and Falken, Grace T.
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We examine the labor supply decisions of substitute teachers -- a large, on-demand market with broad shortages and inequitable supply. In 2018, Chicago Public Schools implemented a targeted bonus program designed to reduce unfilled teacher absences in largely segregated Black schools with historically low substitute coverage rates. Using a regression discontinuity design, we find that incentive pay substantially improved coverage equity and raised student achievement. Changes in labor supply were concentrated among Black and Hispanic substitutes from nearby neighborhoods with experience in incentive schools. Wage elasticity estimates suggest incentives would need to be 50% of daily wages to close fill-rate gaps.
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- 2022
15. Rural Child Care Solutions: From the Ground Up
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Center for Rural Policy and Development (CRPD) and Werner, Marnie
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Child care has been in a downward spiral for twenty years and is a main factor exacerbating the growing worker shortage. New attention before and financial aid during the pandemic perhaps slowed the spiral, but it hasn't reversed it. The primary cause of the shortage in Greater Minnesota is simple: family child care providers, who supply the bulk of child care in rural regions, are leaving the field at a much faster rate than people entering it. To better understand what is happening at the local level, the Center for Rural Policy and Development (CRPD) conducted an unscientific survey of economic development officials, local leaders, and other stakeholders around the state in the fall of 2021. The purpose of this report is to identify a sample of projects in progress right now, which will hopefully provide important information on what's being tried, why, and what can be learned from these experiences.
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- 2022
16. Universal Cash Transfers and Labor Market Outcomes
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Bibler, Andrew, Guettabi, Mouhcine, and Reimer, Matthew N.
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One major criticism of Universal Basic Income is that unconditional cash transfers discourage recipients from working. Evidence to date has largely relied on targeted and/or conditional transfer programs. However, it is difficult to draw conclusions from such programs because universal transfers may induce a positive demand shock by distributing cash to a large portion of the population, which may in turn offset any negative labor supply responses. We estimate the causal effects of universal cash transfers on short-run labor market activity by exploiting the timing and variation in size of a long-running unconditional and universal transfer: Alaska's Permanent Fund Dividend. We find evidence of both a positive labor demand and negative labor supply response to the transfers. Small negative effects on the number of hours worked are found for women, especially those with young children. In contrast, we find an increase in the probability of employment for males in the months following the distribution. Altogether, a $1,000 increase in the per-person disbursement leads to a 0.8 percent labor market contraction on an annual basis.
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- 2023
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17. Tackling Regional Skill Shortages: From Single Employer Strategies to Local Partnerships
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Suleman, Fátima, Videira, Pedro, and Rodrigues Araújo, Emília
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This research examines regional skill problems and the strategies adopted to reduce skill shortages by a set of employers (n = 16). The data collected in 2019 in a northern region in Portugal indicate considerable and persistent shortages of engineering and IT graduates and non-graduates for operational jobs. The employers implement anticipative strategies interacting with the education system, and the city council has developed a multi-stakeholder partnership. However, the most widespread strategy is remedial and consists of employer-provided training. Employers believe that the partnership has been a fruitful way of expanding economic activities, but further efforts are required to alleviate skill shortages.
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- 2023
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18. Trends in the Potential Supply of New Special Educators
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Justin Harper, Allison F. Gilmour, and Nicholas Galea
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Special education teacher shortages result in unqualified teachers working with students who have disabilities. Past research has focused on national shortages and the number of special education teachers in schools, but fewer studies have examined the number of new special education program completers, an important aspect of the potential special educator pipeline. In this study, we used publicly available data to examine long- and short-term trends in the number of program completers, if these trends were related to the number of students with disabilities over time, and if trends varied by state. Using graphs and multilevel modeling, we found that trends in the special education teacher pipeline varied dramatically by state, that national averages might be substantially influenced by large states, and that trends in recent years suggest a decline in special education program completers. We discuss the implications of these findings for ensuring that all students with disabilities have access to teachers with special education training.
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- 2023
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19. A Race to Build Youth Interest in Computer Science: Exploring CS Attitudes
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Troy Hawk
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The problem that was addressed in this study was underrepresented minorities' low interest in pursuing computer science as a profession. The purpose of this quantitative, quasi-experimental study was to measure underrepresented youth's attitudes toward computer science. The issue remains a pressing challenge in the U.S. This study explored the disparity in interest among underrepresented minority youth, an issue contributing to the national shortage of skilled computer science professionals. Guided by the expectancy-value theoretical framework, this quantitative, quasi-experimental study assessed the impact of a computer science learning intervention on attitudes toward the discipline among these youth. Approximately 200 underrepresented minority youth from the United States, aged between 11 and 15 were invited to participate in the computer science learning intervention. Of this, there were 57 pre-test responses, and 46 post-test responses. Of those submitted, the pre/post-test data could be matched for 36 participants. After removing participants with missing data, the final sample included 33 participants. The research questions focused on the extent to which the intervention affected two dimensions of computer science attitudes: self-efficacy and outcome expectancy. Repeated measures MANOVA and ANOVA were employed to analyze the data. Significant elevations in self-efficacy and outcome expectancy post-intervention were observed (p < 0.001). Moreover, the enhancement in self-efficacy was found to be consistent with the growth in outcome expectancy over time (p = 0.648), suggesting the intervention had a comparable effect on both dimensions. These findings underscore the potential of hands-on computer science activities in positively influencing attitudes of underrepresented minority youth toward computer science. In light of these results, it is recommended that stakeholders prioritize such targeted interventions, especially those infused with cultural relevancy and imposter syndrome mitigation strategies, critical for increasing underrepresented minorities' interest in computer science. They help to instill a sense of confidence and belongingness in computer science among underrepresented minority groups. Collaborations between government agencies, educational institutions, industries, and community entities are encouraged to create a supportive ecosystem fostering sustained computer science interest among underrepresented minorities Future research directions include probing the lasting effects of these interventions and examining their applicability across diverse age brackets and educational backdrops. [The dissertation citations contained here are published with the permission of ProQuest LLC. Further reproduction is prohibited without permission. Copies of dissertations may be obtained by Telephone (800) 1-800-521-0600. Web page: http://www.proquest.com/en-US/products/dissertations/individuals.shtml.]
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- 2023
20. Addressing Classification System Bias in Higher Education Libraries in England
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Trista Smith and Leo Appleton
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This qualitative research study explores the ways that academic librarians in England undertake and perceive classification and cataloging work to engage in wider decolonization initiatives. The research consisted of semi-structured interviews, and thematic analysis was used to identify key themes. The study found that the participant librarians highly value this work based on a perception of its moral importance, rather than concrete proof of impact. Benefits from a decolonization perspective were not always clear. Challenges include staffing shortages and technological limitations.
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- 2023
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21. Exploring Ohio's Pipeline of Manufacturing Workers: Summary of Key Findings. Research Brief. RB-A2517-1
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RAND Education and Labor, Abraham, Lisa, Mulhern, Christine, and Greer, Lucas
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The U.S. manufacturing industry is experiencing a resurgence and faces a growing need for highly skilled workers. Recent reports project that demand for highly-skilled manufacturing workers will outpace supply in coming years, and this shortage may grow as the U.S. manufacturing industry grows and its labor needs shift. Furthermore, manufacturing has traditionally employed a largely white and male workforce, and there is growing interest in bringing a more diverse set of workers into manufacturing. To identify promising strategies to expand the supply of highly skilled manufacturing workers and meet employers' growing skill demands, a group of RAND researchers examined the pipeline between Ohio's postsecondary education system and manufacturing employment in Ohio. The researchers also explored the extent to which workers with manufacturing-related skills or credentials forgo work in the industry. This research brief summarizes the education and employment patterns revealed by the research.
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- 2023
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22. Strengthening the Manufacturing Workforce in Ohio. Research Report. RR-A2517-1
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RAND Education and Labor, Abraham, Lisa, Mulhern, Christine, and Greer, Lucas
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Manufacturing employers often cite challenges to finding and hiring a sufficient number of highly skilled and diverse workers, so it is important to understand how pathways into manufacturing and the retention of manufacturing workers may be improved. The authors of this report address this research gap by examining the pipeline between Ohio's postsecondary education system and the manufacturing workforce. They focus on understanding potential ways to expand the supply of workers and the diversity of the manufacturing workforce. Although Ohio represents a subset of the U.S. manufacturing industry, it has a significant share of manufacturing employment and production. Therefore, it can be instructive for more broadly understanding the challenges and opportunities that workers, employers, and educational institutions in manufacturing face.
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- 2023
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23. One Says Goodbye, Another Says Hello: Turnover and Compensation in the Early Care and Education Sector. Working Paper 31869
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National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), Flavio Cunha, and Marcos Lee
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The quality of the early environment children experience influences their human capital development. We investigate retention and compensation in the Early Care and Education workforce by merging datasets from three different government agencies in Texas. We employ non-structural methods to compare turnover and pay in Early Care and Education with those in other sectors that employ similar workers. We estimate a dynamic discrete choice occupational model to quantify the labor supply and turnover elasticities in this industry. In addition, we simulate the impact of wage supplementation programs.
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- 2023
24. Upending the Shortages Crisis: A National Survey of School Psychology Recruitment
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Bocanegra, Joel O., Gubi, Aaron A., Zhang, Yanchen, Clayson, Emery, Hou, Minghui, and Perihan, Celal
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School psychology is experiencing a shortages crisis. There is also lack of national data regarding current recruitment practices. Understanding these practices is essential to overcome these personnel shortages. In this national study, 151 school psychology programs within the US and its territories were surveyed. Participants were chosen from a national comprehensive list of school psychology programs compiled by the research team. The survey was created through a detailed review of relevant literature and distributed by email using Qualtrics. Various recruitment strategy domains were examined. Findings suggest that program representatives perceived program location to be most important and program cost the least important for students choosing their programs. Furthermore, respondents indicated a general consensus regarding the importance of establishing a recruitment pipeline. Moreover, programs within smaller communities appeared to be more involved in recruitment pipeline efforts. Descriptives for recruitment strategy domains are presented and implications are discussed.
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- 2022
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25. Pell Grants and Labor Supply: Evidence from a Regression Kink. Upjohn Institute Working Paper 22-363
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W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research and Kofoed, Michael S.
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A concern in higher education policy is that students are taking longer to graduate. One possible reason for this observation is an increase in off-campus labor market participation among college students. Financial aid may play a role in the labor/study choice of college students--as college becomes more affordable, students my substitute away from work and toward increased study. I use data from the National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NPSAS) to exploit nonlinearity in the Pell Grant formula to estimate a regression kink and regression discontinuity designs. I find that conditional on receiving the minimum of $550, students reduce their labor supply by 0.4 hours per week, which translates to a 2.4 percent decrease in hours worked. Students who receive the average Pell Grant of $2,250 are 7.6 percentage points (or around 12 percent) less likely to work and, if working, supply 5.10 less hours per week, or around 30.67 percent reduction. I find Pell Grants do increase academic achievement, implying that students substitute study time for work.
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- 2022
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26. A Dream Job? Skill Demand and Skill Mismatch in ICT
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Pater, Robert, Cherniaiev, Herman, and Kozak, Marcin
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We analyse labour demand and mismatch for educational traits in information and communication technology (ICT) occupations, taking into account the areas of education, occupations and skills in demand, and the supply of labour. We based our analysis on almost 40 million online job offers and a CAWI survey of people aged 18-65 in Poland. The analysis uses official classifications, and considers both job-related and transversal skills. To analyse an objective measure of mismatch, we compare job requirements stated in job offers to the declared characteristics of potential labour supply, and present demand and mismatch for skills across occupations. We also model a declared educational mismatch and its determinants, including educational profiles of surveyed participants. In order to further investigate the mismatches in ICT fields of education, occupations and skills, we compare them with the mismatches in other occupational groups. The analysis concludes with direct educational policy recommendations, including the Sectoral Qualifications Framework for ICT occupations in Poland. Our approach shows the complete educational characteristics of skill demands and skill mismatches.
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- 2022
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27. Flux in the Educator Labor Market: Acute Staff Shortages and Projected Superintendent Departures. Selected Findings from the Fourth American School District Panel Survey. Data Note: Insights from the American Educator Panels. Research Report. RR-A956-9
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RAND Education and Labor, Schwartz, Heather L., and Diliberti, Melissa Kay
- Abstract
Media accounts have described kindergarten through 12th grade teaching staff shortages in 2021-2022 that were severe enough to temporarily close schools for in-person instruction in some areas. Although much has been written about the negative impacts of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on teachers, less is known about the extent to which the pandemic is taking a toll on other types of educators, including superintendents. To obtain a national picture of the various types of staffing challenges that districts are facing in the 2021-2022 school year, RAND researchers surveyed 359 district and charter network leaders in the American School District Panel (ASDP) between October 25, 2021, and December 10, 2021. The representative survey results confirm that media attention to the severe staffing crunch in schools this school year is well placed, and maybe all the more so if current and future variants of COVID19 infect even more school staff and students. Beyond the serious staffing concerns for this school year are concerns in future years about a fiscal cliff and a potential increase in superintendent turnover. [For the companion report "District Leaders' Concerns about Mental Health and Political Polarization in Schools: Selected Findings from the Fourth American School District Panel Survey. Data Note: Insights from the American Educator Panels. Research Report. RR-A956-8," see ED617354.]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. District Leaders' Concerns about Mental Health and Political Polarization in Schools: Selected Findings from the Fourth American School District Panel Survey. Data Note: Insights from the American Educator Panels. Research Report. RR-A956-8
- Author
-
RAND Education and Labor, Diliberti, Melissa Kay, and Schwartz, Heather L.
- Abstract
Policymakers had hoped that the 2021-2022 school year would be a chance to recover from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic--related disruptions to schooling. Instead, media reports of staff shortages, heated or even violent school board meetings, increased student misbehavior, low student and teacher attendance, and enrollment declines suggest increased -- rather than decreased -- problems during this third pandemic school year. To learn about the prevalence of these challenges nationwide, RAND researchers surveyed 359 district and charter network leaders in the American School District Panel between October 25, 2021, and December 10, 2021. Survey results suggest that districts are confronting serious challenges in the 2021-2022 school year that might be getting in the way of student learning. Although some challenges, such as student and staff mental health, are nearly universal across districts, other challenges are more localized. Historically marginalized districts are confronting extra challenges this school year, such as getting students back in school and low teacher attendance, while a higher percentage of historically advantaged districts are encountering political polarization about COVID-19. [For the companion report "Flux in the Educator Labor Market: Acute Staff Shortages and Projected Superintendent Departures. Selected Findings from the Fourth American School District Panel Survey. Data Note: Insights from the American Educator Panels. Research Report. RR-A956-9," see ED617372.]
- Published
- 2022
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- View/download PDF
29. Does Education Prevent Job Loss during Downturns? Evidence from Exogenous School Assignments and COVID-19 in Barbados. Working Paper 29231
- Author
-
National Bureau of Economic Research, Beuermann, Diether W., Bottan, Nicolas L., Hoffmann, Bridget, Jackson, C. Kirabo, and Cossio, Diego A. Vera
- Abstract
Canonical human capital theories posit that education, by enhancing worker skills, reduces the likelihood that a worker will be laid-off during times of economic change. Yet, this has not been demonstrated causally. We link administrative education records from 1987 through 2002 to nationally representative surveys conducted before and after COVID-19 onset in Barbados to explore the causal impact of improved education on job loss during this period. Using a regression discontinuity (RD) design, Beuermann and Jackson (2020) show that females (but not males) who score just above the admission threshold for more selective schools in Barbados attain more years of education than those that scored just below (essentially holding initial ability fixed). Here, in follow-up data, we show that these same females (but not males) are much less likely to have lost a job after the onset of COVID-19. We show that these effects are not driven by sectoral changes, or changes in labor supply. Because employers observe incumbent worker productivity, these patterns are inconsistent with pure education signalling, and suggest that education enhances worker skill.
- Published
- 2021
30. Dare to thrive! How and when do development idiosyncratic deals promote individual thriving at work?
- Author
-
Xu, Angela J., Jiang, Zhou, Zhou, Qin, and Wu, Chia‐Huei
- Subjects
WORK ,JOB involvement ,SUCCESS ,SCALE analysis (Psychology) ,RESEARCH funding ,EXECUTIVES ,PERSONNEL management ,INTERVIEWING ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,CHI-squared test ,MOTIVATION (Psychology) ,PHARMACEUTICAL industry ,ABILITY ,FACTOR analysis ,DATA analysis software ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,EXPERIENTIAL learning ,TRAINING ,JOB performance ,LABOR supply ,INDUSTRIAL relations ,DISCRIMINANT analysis - Abstract
Despite the importance of a thriving workforce in sustaining organizational success, prior research pays little attention to how individualized human resource (HR) practices can help individual employees to thrive at work. Drawing on the theoretical underpinnings of conservation of resources theory, we investigate whether, how, and when development idiosyncratic deals (i‐deals) can contribute to individual thriving. We contend that possessing development i‐deals will motivate individuals to engage in approach job crafting, which in turn promotes their experience of thriving at work. We further contend that high‐quality leader–member exchange will enhance the function of development i‐deals in triggering approach job crafting and subsequent thriving experiences. Results from a two‐wave survey involving 278 managers in a pharmaceutical firm in China and a three‐wave survey among 178 managers working in various organizations in the UK support our hypotheses. Our findings provide new insights for practitioners seeking to design customized HR practices to support a thriving workforce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Having fun and thriving: The impact of fun human resource practices on employees' autonomous motivation and thriving at work.
- Author
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Han, Xue, Li, Yuhui, and Li, Jie
- Subjects
EMPLOYEE psychology ,PROFESSIONAL autonomy ,JOB involvement ,SCALE analysis (Psychology) ,GOODNESS-of-fit tests ,CORPORATE culture ,PERSONNEL management ,PLEASURE ,RESEARCH funding ,T-test (Statistics) ,WORK environment ,STATISTICAL sampling ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,MOTIVATION (Psychology) ,JOB satisfaction ,ORGANIZATIONAL structure ,EXPERIMENTAL design ,STATISTICS ,ANALYSIS of variance ,THEORY ,FACTOR analysis ,COMPARATIVE studies ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,CASE studies ,AFFECT (Psychology) ,LABOR supply ,EMPLOYEE attitudes ,EDUCATIONAL attainment - Abstract
Research interest in thriving at work has burgeoned over the past decades, but little is known about how human resource (HR) practices affect employees' thriving at work. Drawing upon self‐determination theory and person‐organization fit theory, we developed and tested a moderated mediation model to explain how fun HR practices influence employees' thriving at work. The results of two studies, a scenario experiment (N = 164) and a time‐lagged survey (N = 253), supported our hypotheses. Specifically, the findings revealed that fun HR practices relates positively to employees' thriving at work. Autonomous motivation partially mediates the abovementioned relationship. Furthermore, fun HR practices translate into higher autonomous motivation and subsequent thriving at work for employees with higher preference for workplace fun. Our research contributes to the existing literature by identifying fun HR practices as an antecedent of thriving at work and revealing the psychological mechanisms through which fun HR practices affect employees' thriving at work. The practical implications, limitations, and future research avenues are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Batch scheduling in a multi-purpose system with machine downtime and a multi-skilled workforce.
- Author
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Zhao, Ai and Bard, Jonathan F.
- Subjects
SYSTEM downtime ,PRODUCTION scheduling ,LINEAR programming ,LABOR supply ,SCHEDULING ,ECONOMIC lot size - Abstract
The paper presents a discrete-time mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model for a generalised flexible job-shop scheduling problem as represented by a state-task network. The problem is characterised by reentrant flow, sequence-dependent changeover time, machine downtime, and skilled labour requirements. Two preprocessing procedures are proposed to reduce the size of the MILP model, and represent a major contribution of the research. The procedures reduce the number of assignment variables by exploiting job precedence and workforce qualifications. Machine availability for each task is determined as a function of possible start and end times, given duration, and maintenance schedule. The overall objective is to maximise the number of scheduled tasks while minimising their total finish time. Computational experiments are conducted with real and randomly generated instances. The results show that optimal solutions can be obtained for medium-size problems within a reasonable amount of time, primarily due to the use of the preprocessing procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. The Outcomes of Cross-Category Career Moves: How Cross-Industry Mobility and Industry Prestige Jointly Impact Executive Compensation.
- Author
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Sabanci, Halil and Elvira, Marta M.
- Subjects
LABOR mobility ,EXECUTIVE compensation ,PRESTIGE ,COMMITMENT (Psychology) ,LABOR supply ,INDUSTRIES - Abstract
Identifying executives' industry affiliation with categorical membership, this study examines how moving to a different industry impacts mobility-compensation outcomes. On the demand side, we propose that audience ambiguity and commitment concerns regarding cross-category moves limit the potential compensation of industry-changing executives. On the supply side, we argue that executives might accept smaller monetary rewards in exchange for acquiring experience in a new domain. Since category status also affects audience evaluations of candidates and candidates' desire to affiliate with a specific social category, we further hypothesize that both demand and supply mechanisms are moderated by status differences between an executive's origin and destination industries. Our analysis of voluntary mobility and compensation patterns of S&P 1500 executives supports these arguments: industry-changing executives realize lower compensation than closely matched within-industry movers. As expected, the compressing effect of changing industry on compensation is contingent upon status differences across industries. Executives who transition to higher-status industries face more stringent compensation discounts, while those moving to lower-status industries experience similar compensation variation as within-industry movers. Our study advances category and status-attainment research by incorporating the influence of industry prestige on career outcomes of cross-category moves, while casting light on the individual consequences of executive mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. An integrated lot-sizing and scheduling problem in a reconfigurable manufacturing system under workforce constraints.
- Author
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Rohaninejad, Mohammad, Vahedi-Nouri, Behdin, Hanzálek, Zdeněk, and Tavakkoli-Moghaddam, Reza
- Subjects
MANUFACTURING processes ,PRODUCTION quantity ,ECONOMIC lot size ,CONSTRAINT programming ,MACHINE tools ,LABOR supply ,PRODUCTION scheduling - Abstract
Nowadays, achieving higher levels of flexibility in manufacturing systems is necessary to maintain and enhance competitiveness. Accordingly, a new generation of production machine, namely Reconfigurable Machine Tool (RMT), has recently been introduced that can be effectively adapted to changes. Nevertheless, such systems are more worker-reliant, and neglecting workforce aspects results in suboptimal or even infeasible production schedules. In this regard, this study investigates an integrated lot-sizing and scheduling problem benefiting from RMTs under workforce constraints. First, a novel Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) model is provided to formulate the problem. Afterward, to confront the high complexity of the problem, an efficient Decomposition Heuristic (DH) empowered by a tailored feasibility cut is devised. A combination of MILP and Constraint Programming (CP) is employed in the DH to model the relevant master and sub-problems, respectively. Finally, the performance of the DH compared to the MILP model and an extended lower bound is evaluated. Moreover, the advantages of utilizing RMTs in the system are explored based on four defined key performance indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. The Independent Contractor Workforce: New Evidence on Its Size and Composition and Ways to Improve Its Measurement in Household Surveys.
- Author
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Abraham, Katharine G., Hershbein, Brad, Houseman, Susan N., and Truesdale, Beth C.
- Subjects
INDEPENDENT contractors ,HOUSEHOLD surveys ,LABOR supply ,TELEPHONE surveys ,FOCUS groups ,TEMPORARY employment - Abstract
Good data on the size and composition of the independent contractor workforce are elusive. The authors carried out a series of focus groups to learn how independent contractors speak about their work. Based on those findings, they designed and fielded a telephone survey to elicit more accurate and complete information on independent contractors. Roughly 1 in 10 workers who initially reported working for an employer on one or more jobs (and thus were coded as employees) were independent contractors on at least one of those jobs. Incorporating these miscoded workers into estimates of main job work arrangements nearly doubles the share who are independent contractors to approximately 15% of all workers. Taking these workers into account substantively changes the demographic profile of the independent contractor workforce. Probing in household surveys to clarify a worker's employment arrangement and identify all low-hours work is critical for accurately measuring independent contractor work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. A North-South Agent–Based Model of segmented labor markets: the role of education and trade asymmetries.
- Author
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Fanti, Lucrezia, Pereira, Marcelo C, and Virgillito, Maria Enrica
- Subjects
MARKET segmentation ,LABOR market ,EDUCATION marketing ,MARKETING education ,LABOR supply ,MONETARY unions - Abstract
Drawing upon the labour-augmented K+S Agent-Based Model (ABM), this paper develops a two-country North-South ABM wherein the leader and the laggard country interact through the international trade of machines. The model aims to address sources of asymmetries and possible converge patterns between two economies belonging to a currency union, that are initially differentiated only in terms of the education level they are able to ensure. Education is modeled as a macro-level public policy differently targeting three levels, that is primary, secondary and tertiary. After being educated, when workers enter the labour force, they face a segmented labour market, divided into three types of qualifications and resulting functions deployed inside firms, i.e. basic, medium and advanced occupations. The three markets are heterogeneous in terms of both requested education level and minimum offered wage. We experiment with different education and trade settings. Ultimately, we are interested in understanding the coupling effects of asymmetries in education, which reverberate in segmented labour markets and differentiated growth patterns. Notably, our focus on capital-goods trade, rather than on consumption goods, allows us to investigate a direct link between productive capabilities in complex products and country growth prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. The Invisible Lives OF Israel's Thai Workforce.
- Author
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McLAUGHLIN, TIMOTHY and Wanichwethin, Vasapa
- Subjects
- *
ISRAELIS , *UNEMPLOYED people , *LABOR market , *LABOR supply , *THAI people , *BOYCOTTS , *FORCED labor - Abstract
This article provides an overview of the experiences of Thai migrant workers in Israel, focusing on their challenges during the Hamas attacks in October 2023. The attacks resulted in the deaths of 39 Thai workers and the hostage-taking of 31 others. However, the media, both in Israel and the West, have largely overlooked the plight of these foreign workers. The article also examines the shift in Israel's labor force from Palestinian to foreign workers due to economic and political factors. The loss of Palestinian workers has led to a labor shortage, prompting Israel to import workers from other countries, including Thailand. The Thai workers, mainly from the rural Isaan region, have faced exploitative and precarious conditions, despite efforts to regulate labor contracts and educate workers about their rights. The article also highlights the story of Manee Jirachat, a Thai worker who was held hostage by Hamas during the conflict in Gaza. The Thai government eventually secured the release of the hostages, and Manee returned to Thailand, where he became a Buddhist monk. [Extracted from the article]
- Published
- 2024
38. FORTUNE 100.
- Author
-
Berger, Chloe, Ivanova, Irina, DeCarlo, Scott, Abrams, Joseph, Nagpaul, Sunny, Rogelberg, Sasha, and Sloan, Dylan
- Subjects
CORPORATIONS ,LABOR supply ,GENERATION Z ,DIVERSITY in organizations ,EQUALITY ,WORK-life balance ,CORPORATE culture ,FLEXIBLE work arrangements - Abstract
This article discusses the concept of a great workplace for Gen Z employees, who prioritize stability, high pay, flexibility, and a healthy work-life balance. The best companies for Gen Z workers are those that offer stability, fair pay, mission alignment, and a commitment to diversity and equity. Remote work and flexibility are also important factors. The article highlights Hilton as the top company on the Best Companies to Work For list, which is committed to diversity, career growth opportunities, and employee well-being. Other companies on the list include Cisco, Nvidia, American Express, and Accenture. The article also provides information about specific initiatives and benefits offered by each company, as well as statistics about Gen Z workers' perceptions of these organizations. Additionally, there is a table included in the document that provides basic information about various companies, such as the number of employees, revenue, and diversity in executive positions. [Extracted from the article]
- Published
- 2024
39. Context is key: A 34‐country analysis investigating how similar HRM systems emerge from similar contexts.
- Author
-
Mayrhofer, Wolfgang, Biemann, Torsten, Koch‐Bayram, Irmela, and Rapp, Marco L.
- Subjects
KNOWLEDGE management ,OCCUPATIONAL roles ,STRATEGIC planning ,HEALTH services administration ,REGULATORY approval ,EMPLOYEE recruitment ,LABOR supply ,COMPARATIVE studies ,CONCEPTUAL structures ,EMPLOYEE selection ,ORGANIZATIONAL change ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,PERSONNEL management ,CORPORATE culture ,EMPLOYEE reviews - Abstract
Using an institutional lens, we investigate the isomorphic effects of both external and internal contexts on human resource management (HRM) systems. Our analysis uses data from 4768 organizations across 34 countries to focus on the similarities in HRM systems. By employing distance matrices, a commonly adopted method in geographic science, we find that both external and internal contexts affect (dis)similarities in HRM systems. Organizations in similar environments exhibit more similar HRM systems. Furthermore, we find that the devolvement of HRM activities from HRM to line management reduces the similarity of HRM systems across organizations. By contrast, a strong strategic position of HRM does not yield a comparable effect. Our study's main contributions include elucidating the multifaceted relationship between context and HRM, highlighting the HRM department's role in this relationship, clarifying the context–HRM connection via the concept of isomorphic pressures, and illustrating the use of distance matrices as tool with great explanatory power for the analysis of similarities among HRM phenomena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Flight to Safety: How Economic Downturns Affect Talent Flows to Startups.
- Author
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Bernstein, Shai, Townsend, Richard R, and Xu, Ting
- Subjects
LABOR supply ,RECESSIONS ,NEW business enterprises ,TALENT management ,ENTREPRENEURSHIP ,BUSINESS cycles - Abstract
Using proprietary data from AngelList Talent, we study how startup job seekers' search and application behavior changed during the COVID-19 downturn. We find that workers shifted their searches and applications away from less-established startups and toward more-established ones, even within the same individual over time. At the firm level, this shift was not offset by an influx of new job seekers. Less-established startups experienced a relative decline in the quantity and quality of applications, ultimately affecting their hiring. Our findings uncover a flight-to-safety channel in the labor market that may amplify the procyclical nature of entrepreneurial activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Entrepreneurship Lock and the Demand for Health Insurance: Evidence from the US Affordable Care Act.
- Author
-
Blume-Kohout, Margaret E.
- Subjects
PATIENT Protection & Affordable Care Act ,SELF-employment ,HEALTH insurance ,HEALTH insurance exchanges ,EMPLOYER-sponsored health insurance ,ENTREPRENEURSHIP - Abstract
Most US workers have health insurance plans sponsored and subsidized by their employers. The US Affordable Care Act (ACA) improved and expanded the availability of non-employer-based health insurance, with protections for pre-existing conditions, guaranteed issue, and community rating in non-group markets. Using National Health Interview Survey data for 2009 to 2018 and a difference-in-differences modeling approach, this study finds that the ACA increased self-employment in 2015 and 2016 among US adults with higher demand for health insurance. The probability of self-employment increased by 1.4 to 1.8 percentage points among adults ages 30 to 64 with at least one pre-ACA declinable condition and no alternative source of health insurance through a spouse's employer or public programs. However, these effects were short-lived. As uncertainty about the long-term viability of the ACA's health insurance exchanges increased in 2017 and 2018, the probability of self-employment among individuals with high demand for insurance fell to pre-ACA levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Social Security Minimum and Maximum Benefit Amounts.
- Author
-
Schobel, Bruce D.
- Subjects
SOCIAL security ,RETIREMENT income ,LABOR supply ,FINANCIAL planners - Abstract
Financial planners are often asked by their clients about Social Security's minimum and maximum benefit amounts. Some people with little attachment to the labor force believe that they nevertheless can receive some guaranteed minimum Social Security benefit. And people with substantial earnings, especially over the contribution and benefit base, want to know how much of their retirement-income needs will be met by Social Security--and how much they need to provide from other sources. We can answer those questions for our clients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
43. RECRUITMENT DECEPTION AND THE ORGANIZATION OF LABOR FOR EXPLOITATION: A POLICY–THEORY SYNTHESIS.
- Author
-
FLETCHER, DENISE and TRAUTRIMS, ALEXANDER
- Subjects
DECEPTION ,CONTROL (Psychology) ,LABOR supply ,MIGRANT labor ,POLICY sciences - Abstract
Responding to policy initiatives on fair recruitment and the eradication of recruitment fees, and research calls to focus on the labor supply chain, we provide a synthesis of scholarly and policy work on the issue of "recruitment deception" and its role in the organization of labor for exploitation. Recognizing that this topic is not explicitly theorized in management research, our analysis draws together concepts, arguments, and insights from across the social sciences and policy arenas to provide clarity on the meaning and prevalence of recruitment deception, with explanations on where and how it occurs, the actors involved and the mechanisms and tactics through which it is enacted. Attention is drawn to the key tactics and strategies labor recruiters use to exploit the labor of migrant workers; namely, misinformation, recruitment fees, identity document confiscation, debt, and grooming or trauma-bond recruiting. These tactics are organized into four exploitative capacities that we argue characterize a regime of enmeshment that starts with the abuse of vulnerability and then advances into recruitment deception, exploitation, and coercive control. The article concludes with an overview of initiatives and areas for future research that can help to reduce recruitment deception and pave the way for more responsible recruitment practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. The rise of the human capital industry and its implications for research.
- Author
-
Cappelli, Peter and Schwartz, Shoshana
- Subjects
PROPRIETARY health facilities ,RESEARCH ,INDUSTRIES ,SOCIAL capital ,LABOR supply ,CONTRACTS ,OCCUPATIONS ,EMPLOYMENT ,BUSINESS ,LABOR market ,WORKING hours ,PERSONNEL management ,CONTRACTING out ,INDUSTRIAL relations - Abstract
We document the size and scope of the industry of for‐profit vendors that now handles a considerable proportion of human resource tasks for individual US employers, a collection we describe as the human capital industry. Outsourcing these tasks changes how the human resources function is executed in ways we describe below. This change should matter to researchers if they are interested in choosing topics that have relevance, and it should also matter to teachers of human resources who want to present an accurate description of practice to students. Aside from the now remarkable size of the HR industry, arguably its most important attribute is its marketing efforts, which now drive the agenda for the field of HR. A concern about that agenda is that it often creates the perception of challenges for management when in practice no evidence of those challenges exists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Where Are the Fathers? Effects of Earmarking Parental Leave for Fathers in France.
- Author
-
Périvier, Hélène and Verdugo, Gregory
- Subjects
PARENTAL leave ,FATHERS ,EMPLOYEE vacations ,MOTHERS ,LABOR supply ,PARENTS - Abstract
Does providing nontransferable months of parental leave earmarked for fathers, as mandated by the European Union to its member countries since 2019, increase their participation? To answer that question, the authors investigate the consequences of a 2015 French reform that designated up to 12 months of paid leave for fathers while simultaneously reducing the maximum paid leave for mothers by the same number of months. Although the benefits were low, parental leave could be taken on a part-time basis, which can be more attractive to fathers. Using administrative data and comparing parents of children born before and after the reform, the authors find that in response to a 25 percentage point (pp) decline in mothers' participation rate triggered by the reform, fathers' participation increased by less than 1 pp, primarily through part-time leave. The reform increased mothers' labor earnings, but it had no significant impact on fathers' earnings. Overall, the substitutability of parental leave between parents appears to be low and, as a result, earmarking alone does not substantially increase fathers' participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. First to $15: Alberta's Minimum Wage Policy on Employment by Wages, Ages, and Places.
- Author
-
Fossati, Sebastian and Marchand, Joseph
- Subjects
INCOMES policy (Economics) ,MINIMUM wage ,EMPLOYMENT policy ,YOUNG workers ,LABOR supply ,CITIES & towns - Abstract
Most minimum wage studies are identified on small, plentiful, mostly expected wage changes, spread out over time. A recent set of changes have instead been large, rapid, and unexpected, following the "Fight for $15" movement. Alberta is the first North American province, state, or territory to have this $15 minimum wage, with an unexpectedly large increase (47%) occurring over a short time horizon (3 years). The employment effects of this policy are estimated using a synthetic control approach on Labour Force Survey data. Similar to the existing literature, workers moved up the wage distribution, increment by increment, but with a higher distributional reach. Employment losses occurred at similar elasticities, but with large level changes, mostly among younger workers. Newer to the literature, regional employment losses were found in four of the five non-urban economic regions, but not in Alberta's two main cities, showing the significance and nuance of regional heterogeneity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Redesigning Retirement.
- Author
-
Dychtwald, Ken, Morison, Robert, and Terveer, Katy
- Subjects
RETIREMENT ,EMPLOYMENT of older people ,DELAYED retirement ,AGE & employment ,EMPLOYEES ,LABOR incentives ,LABOR market ,LABOR supply - Abstract
Businesses today face serious talent gaps. The share of companies reporting staffing shortages is at an all-time high: 77%. Last fall the United States had 9.5 million unfilled jobs but only 6.5 million unemployed workers. Many open positions demand sophisticated know-how that cannot be supplied by AI or by training new hires. Every day 10,000 Americans reach the traditional retirement age of 65, which exacerbates the problem. Critical skills, experience, and connections can walk out the door with each retirement. The good news is that many older employees want to keep working; in fact, nearly 60% say they’re receptive to the idea of working during retirement. It’s time for companies to stop overlooking this large, valuable labor pool. Employers need to shed their misconceptions about older workers and take measures to make the most of their experience, creating phased retirement pro- grams, offering refresher courses, and recruiting through retiree networks, among other strategies. Older employees’ knowledge can be leveraged through coaching roles, on multigenerational teams, and in institutional systems. But companies will have to work to engage their seasoned staffers, offering them flexibility, the right benefits, and opportunities for connection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
48. Strategic human resource management in the context of environmental crises: A COVID‐19 test.
- Author
-
Minbaeva, Dana B. and Navrbjerg, Steen E.
- Subjects
RESEARCH ,RESEARCH methodology ,INTERVIEWING ,LABOR supply ,CONCEPTUAL structures ,SURVEYS ,DECISION making ,QUESTIONNAIRES ,RESEARCH funding ,COVID-19 testing ,THEMATIC analysis ,JUDGMENT sampling ,COVID-19 pandemic - Abstract
This article explores the gaps in strategic human resource management (SHRM) research exposed by the COVID‐19 pandemic in order to guide future SHRM research in the context of environmental crises. Using evidence from Danish companies and public organizations collected using a mixed‐methods sequential design, we discuss whether existing SHRM frameworks can adequately frame and deliver the academic knowledge needed to address the novel challenges posed by the pandemic. We formulate guidelines for future research that will shape discussions of the role of SHRM in building organizational resilience in the face of environmental crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Heuristic algorithms for integrated workforce allocation and scheduling of perishable products.
- Author
-
Bolsi, Beatrice, de Lima, Vinícius Loti, Alves de Queiroz, Thiago, and Iori, Manuel
- Subjects
METAHEURISTIC algorithms ,HEURISTIC algorithms ,FLOW shops ,CONSTRAINT programming ,LABOR supply ,GENETIC algorithms ,SCHEDULING - Abstract
We study a problem from a real-world application, in which a daily set of orders must be processed following two stages, consisting of preparing perishable products on benches and allocating them to conveyors to be packed in disposable trays. Daily decisions must be made regarding the number and start time of working shifts, the number of workers and their allocation to machines, and the scheduling of orders in a two-stage flexible flow shop environment. The flow shop environment of the studied problem is common in many industries of perishable products, making the problem very general. The problem involves a number of operational constraints, and three objective functions that are minimised in a lexicographic way. To solve the problem, we implement a constructive heuristic and embed it within three metaheuristics: a Random multi-start algorithm (MR), a Biased random key genetic algorithm (BRKGA), and a Variable neighbourhood search (VNS) based one. We perform computational experiments over a set of realistic instances, and present a lower bound obtained from a constraint programming model for the scheduling counterpart. The results of the experiments show that the BRKGA is the most effective in practice for the integrated problem of workforce allocation and scheduling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Indices to Volume 76, 2023.
- Subjects
INDUSTRIAL relations ,GENDER wage gap ,LABOR supply ,TEACHERS' strikes & lockouts ,LABOR market ,AFRICANS - Abstract
Employer Wage Subsidy Caps and Part-Time Work. I See i Kelly, Erin L. Yang, Duanyi, Erin L. Kelly, Laura D. Kubzansky, and Lisa Berkman. I See i Kelly, Erin L. Wright, Chris F. I See i Arnholtz, Jens. Schatz, Ronald W. I The Labor Board Crew: Remaking Worker-Employer Relations from Pearl Harbor to the Reagan Era. i Reviewed by Joseph A. McCartin. Employer Wage Subsidy Caps and Part-Time Work. [Extracted from the article]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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