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Clustering is a complex data mining tool, useful to identify similarities in large amount of data, the medical databases being highly suitable in this regard. Our paper aims to compare the efficacy of two well-known clustering methods, the n-means algorithm and the classical hierarchical algorithm, and to apply them in analyzing a medical-economic database on dietary habits, social economic status and oral health in a sample of 326 men, aged between 25 and 30, living in the urban area – in order to identify possible associations between dietary habits and income levels. We identified 4 clusters which correspond partially to the 4 income levels recorded in the investigated sample and reveal the associated dietary habits. The n-means clustering performed better than the Single Linkage hierarchical classification, being therefore highly suitable in the analysis of socio-economic and general health data.

Table of contents Foreword Executive summary 1 Key policy insights COVID-19 and rising costs of living are threatening growth and well-being High uncertainties have dented the pace of the recovery [...]

Table of contents Foreword Executive summary 1. Key policy insights 1.1. The economy is facing external headwinds 1.2. Financial stability risks should be monitored closely 1.3. Monetary policy has been [...]

Foreword This Survey is published on the responsibility of the Economic and Development Review Committee of the OECD, which is charged with the examination of the economic situation of member [...]

Foreword This Survey is published on the responsibility of the Economic and Development Review Committee of the OECD, which is charged with the examination of the economic situation of member [...]

Greece has rebounded from the COVID-19 crisis, generating strong employment growth. Government support measures, implementation of the Greece 2.0 Recovery and Resilience Package and the reforms of the past decade have been supporting the economy. However, headwinds from surging energy prices and uncertainty following Russia's war of aggression against Ukraine have slowed the recovery. Returning the budget to surplus, better targeting energy support measures and maintaining government revenues while broadening the tax base and improving its efficiency will help sustain the recovery and Greece's prospects of achieving an investment-grade sovereign debt rating. Maintaining the reform momentum, prioritising banks' health and addressing the long-standing barriers to private investment, can help maintain this momentum into the long term. This would also support Greece in contributing its share to address climate change, by achieving net zero emissions, while raising living standards. The changing climate is already disrupting livelihoods and well-being in Greece. A well-chosen mix of carbon pricing, public infrastructure investments, raising buildings' energy efficiency and moving transport into low-emission modes can achieve emission cuts cost-effectively, while making people better off with improved housing quality and mobility. Engaging all stakeholders, maintaining a consensus and supporting vulnerable households affected by the green economy transition will help ensure progress continues into the longer term. SPECIAL FEATURE: THE GREEN ECONOMY TRANSITION, Foreword This Survey is published on the responsibility of the Economic and Development Review Committee of the OECD, which is charged with the examination of the economic situation of member [...]

Foreword This Survey is published on the responsibility of the Economic and Development Review Committee of the OECD, which is charged with the examination of the economic situation of member [...]

FOREWORD This Survey is published on the responsibility of the Economic and Development Review Committee of the OECD, which is charged with the examination of the economic situation of member [...]

Foreword This Survey is published on the responsibility of the Economic and Development Review Committee of the OECD, which is charged with the examination of the economic situation of member [...]

Foreword This Survey is published on the responsibility of the Economic and Development Review Committee of the OECD, which is charged with the examination of the economic situation of member [...]

Foreword This Survey is published on the responsibility of the Economic and Development Review Committee of the OECD, which is charged with the examination of the economic situation of member [...]

Table of contents Executive summary 1 Key Policy Insights The pandemic set back positive structural developments The policy response helped keep cases relatively low The economy rebounded from the initial [...]

Foreword This Survey is published on the responsibility of the Economic and Development Review Committee of the OECD, which is charged with the examination of the economic situation of member [...]

The subjects of the study are private security companies. Its object is the leading role of the customer-centric approach for financial and economic justification of the successful functioning and development of private security companies. The research hypothesis is that an objective assessment of the financial and economic aspects and the motivation of individuals and legal entities to purchase protection and security services under the conditions of post-epidemic recovery of the economy can be carried out by means of customer satisfaction and service pricing justification surveys. The aim of this article is to present the results of a customer satisfaction survey and the assessment of the financial and economic aspects as well as the motivation of individuals and legal entities to purchase protection and security services under the conditions of post-epidemic recovery of the economy. Structurally, the article includes three main sections: the first section focuses on the circulation of cash flows of private security companies; the second section presents selected elements of the conducted survey; and the third present an analysis of the survey among private security companies where the protection and security services compete and at the same time complement property insurance services. The survey results (based on a multi-crtieria Likert scale) confirm the validity of the "value for money" concept as an important factor for the pricing of private protection and security services. The survey questionnaire successfully compares the services of non-life insurance companies and the services of protection and security companies. The prevailing opinion is in favour of using the services of specialized companies over taking out insurance policies, with 61% of respondents expressing the opinion that hiring a specialized protection and security company is a more effective way to ensure property protection to taking out equivalent insurance with a general insurance company. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"The Efficiency of Qualitative Data Clustering in Medical and Socio-Economic Surveys - Comparative Study" is an article that explores the use of clustering methods in analyzing medical and socio-economic data. The study compares the effectiveness of two clustering algorithms, the n-means algorithm and the classical hierarchical algorithm, in analyzing a database on dietary habits, socio-economic status, and oral health in a sample of men aged 25 to 30. The results indicate that the n-means clustering method outperformed the hierarchical classification method, making it suitable for analyzing socio-economic and general health data. The article also discusses the attributes of the two clustering algorithms and their application to real data, highlighting the advantages of certain methods for accurate analysis. Additionally, the article discusses the classification of data related to dietary habits and income levels, revealing correlations between income levels and dietary habits. The document suggests that further analysis of these associations can provide insights into the psychological, medical, and sociological reasons behind dietary habits. [Extracted from the article]

This paper utilizes data from the China Land Economic Survey (CLES) to investigate the impact of rural cadre households on formal credit in Jiangsu Province, China. The findings demonstrate that rural cadre households are more likely to obtain formal credit compared to non-cadre households. This result is robust and supported by various mechanisms, including rural cadre households' superior financial knowledge, family assets, and social capital. The study highlights the significance of political status as a crucial factor influencing households' access to credit, thereby adding to the existing literature on household finance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We combine two dominant approaches to studying how issues influence elections: one that emphasizes parties' issue positions, and the other parties' issue ownership. Research from the latter approach shows that voters ascribe greater economic competence to right-wing parties. Based on this finding, we argue that parties enhance their economic issue ownership when voters perceive them shifting to the right. In the following step, we show that perceived rightward shifts of parties also lead to subsequent increases in electoral support. We analyze economic ownership survey data and election outcomes in 15 democracies over the period 1986–2015 that supports the expectations that parties' perceived rightward shifts result in increases in economic ownership and subsequent vote shares. We also show that the right-shift vote gains are strongest during recessions when voters prioritize parties' economic competence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current research is aimed to study the indicators of post reform growth in insurance and its impact on economic development in India. Insurance penetration, insurance density, and gross domestic savings are the dominant measures to study the growth of insurance. Economic development is studied through Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The annual data of 22 years (year 2001 to 2022) from IRDA annual reports and economic surveys have been used. To analyse the data, ARDL technique has been employed. The findings of the study revealed that there is an existence of co-integration (both long-run and short-run) amongst the dependent (GDP) as well as independent variables (indicators of insurance). The findings of the current study have come up with the view that still in insurance, there is an ample scope to tap by creating more awareness and providing more benefits to the policyholders as the intention to purchase the policies may be enhanced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We identify internal migration flows between Chilean regions and analyse migrants' economic mobility. A data pool from National Socioeconomic Characterization Survey (CASEN) surveys was used to determine migrants' economic position according to their income quintile. Internal migrants were matched with non-migrants of similar status from their region of origin to compare their economic mobility. Results show that the majority of internal migrants did not achieve economic advancement in the short and medium terms, which challenges the neoclassical and functionalist assumptions of a positive relationship between migration and social mobility. Finally, we identify three interregional elevators in Chile: the Austral, Norte Grande and Metropolitan macro-regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The IMPACT survey aimed to elucidate the humanistic, clinical and economic burden of osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) on individuals with OI, their families, caregivers and wider society. Research methodology, demographics and initial insights from the survey have been previously reported. The cost of illness (healthcare resource use, productivity loss, out-of-pocket spending) and drivers of the economic impact of OI are reported here. Methods: IMPACT was an international mixed-methods online survey in eight languages (fielded July–September 2021) targeting adults (aged ≥ 18 years) or adolescents (aged ≥ 12–17 years) with OI, caregivers with or without OI and other close relatives. Survey domains included demographics, socioeconomic factors, clinical characteristics, treatment patterns, quality of life and health economics. The health economic domain for adults, which included questions on healthcare resource use, productivity loss and out-of-pocket spending, was summarised. Regression and pairwise analyses were conducted to identify independent drivers and associations with respondent characteristics. Results: Overall, 1,440 adults with OI responded to the survey. Respondents were mostly female (70%) and from Europe (63%) with a median age of 43 years. Within a 12-month period, adults with OI reported visiting a wide range of healthcare professionals. Two-thirds (66%) of adults visited a hospital, and one-third (33%) visited the emergency department. The mean total number of diagnostic tests undergone by adults within these 12 months was 8.0. Adults had undergone a mean total of 11.8 surgeries up to the time point of the survey. The proportions of adults using queried consumables or services over 12 months ranged from 18–82%, depending on the type of consumable or service. Most adults (58%) were in paid employment, of which nearly one-third (29%) reported missing a workday. Of the queried expenses, the mean total out-of-pocket spending in 4 weeks was €191. Respondent characteristics such as female sex, more severe self-reported OI and the experience of fractures were often associated with increased economic burden. Conclusion: IMPACT provides novel insights into the substantial cost of illness associated with OI on individuals, healthcare systems and society at large. Future analyses will provide insights into country-specific economic impact, humanistic impact and the healthcare journey of individuals with OI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study takes a comprehensive approach to the issue of Not in Education, Employment, or Training (NEET), delving into the often overlooked role of social class disparities. By using a multilevel mixed-effects logistic model and data from the 2022 National Social Economic Survey (SUSENAS), it provides a robust exploration of the complex socioeconomic factors that shape the transition to adulthood among youth. This study contributes to understanding social stratification and its impact on NEET youth. The main finding underscores the protective role of social class against youth being NEET, revealing that adolescents from higher social class households are less likely to disengage from study or work compared to those from lower social classes. The analysis uncovers determinants of NEET youth, including, among others, being female, married, having higher education, and having a female-headed household. Meanwhile, protective factors of NEET youth include, among others, age, disability, residing in a household whose head is working, and residing in urban areas. Comparing estimation results across social classes reveals that individuals from the low social class have a significantly higher propensity to be NEET than those from the high social class. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article surveys the economic policies pursued over the first decade of the Irish Free State. The Cumann na nGaedheal governments of W. T. Cosgrave are argued to have been more pragmatic than ideological in their approach and to have been more successful in their management of the economy than is generally realised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analysed gender disparities in Pakistan focusing on access to primary education and women's education in light of National Education policies from 1947 to 2017 to achieve universal primary education. This study aimed to trace the evolution of National Education policies (1947–2017) in the attainment of universal primary education and gender disparities in Primary education in Pakistan. A qualitative document analysis technique was employed to extract relevant data related to policy objectives, strategies, and targets of primary education, gender disparities, and women's education. The quantitative data was extracted from the Pakistan Economic Survey 2022–2023, Pakistan Education Statistics 2020–2021, and all National Census 1951, 1961, 1972, 1981, 1998, and 2017. The study found that education policies highlighted the importance of primary education but did not dedicate larger sections to women's education in the first 40 years. The recent education policies addressed the importance of women's education for achieving gender parity. These findings, which stem from a review of national education policies' documents, are in line with the findings drawn from the quantitative data extracted from authoritative reports which stated that significant gender disparities existed in the numbers of primary schools, access to primary education, and students' enrolments throughout the history of Pakistan. The study also found significant gender disparities in the number of primary schools per 100,000 children, with male students comparatively attending schools more than female students. The study found consistent gender disparities in primary education enrolment in Pakistan with notable progress in recent years but have not been able to eliminate these disparities. Gender disparity is evident in literacy rate, gross enrolment rate (GER), and net enrolment rate (NER). The study recommended that the revision of existing policies and formulation of new education policies should be based on comprehensive documentation on women's education and its impact on the economy, literacy rate, and universal primary education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]