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The article explores the role of the "Syndicat du matériel et mobilier scolaire de l'enseignement" in supplying French school materials to several countries, including Mexico, Canada, and Brazil, in order to demonstrate the profitability of a new industry, the school industry, and of a new type of trade, the transnational trade in school artefacts used as didactic resources. It is divided into four parts. The Introduction presents the context in which this commercial activity flourished, favoured by the developments of the second industrial revolution and the new educational guidelines associated with mass schooling and the method of "object lessons". Next, it characterises the enterprise in Brazil, from the presentation of commercial agents operating in the states of Bahia, Rio de Janeiro, and São Paulo to the identification of the strategies mobilised for the sale and importation from France of school artefacts, conceived as merchandise. In the third part the lens is reversed, and the objective is to examine the ways in which purchases were made by the public education administration in São Paulo. As a final comment, the article reaffirms the connections between the values of capitalist society, consumption practices and the material elementary schooling universe between the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

The article discusses the place of the Health Industrial Complex in the government initiative for a new industrialization in Brazil. To this end, it discusses possible paths that the initiative reserves for its various components. It begins by discussing the appropriateness of this process to target “sanitary sovereignty” as an objective. Then, it points out the necessary articulation of the health industry with the general industrialization policy. It emphasizes the role of the State and the private sector in this process and emphasizes the presence of the SUS and the Ministry of Health. Finally, it points out the conditions of competition between the Health Industrial Complex and the global industrial oligopoly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to understand how Brazilian companies exporting to China develop Guanxi as an organizational practice and how these companies can use Guanxi as a stimulus for intercultural adaptation and to reduce the psychic distance between Brazil and China. Method: This was a multiple case study using in-depth interviews and secondary data research from three major meat exporting companies to China. Additionally, interviews were conducted with ten experts who have experience in the subject. Data analysis was performed using content analysis, supported by ATLAS.ti software. Main Results: The results show that: the factors of psychic distance between Brazil and China are administration (including legal issues), economic and industrial development, and culture; to deal with these factors, companies demonstrate that they are knowledgeable about and extensively use Guanxi; Guanxi is effectively presented as an organizational practice and as a stimulus for intercultural adaptation and the minimization of psychic distance barriers. Relevance / Originality: The study contributes to the field of International Business by highlighting the incorporation of Guanxi as an organizational practice among companies operating in China and raising questions about its cultural value, future, and the existence of psychic distance in negotiations. The findings have practical implications as they assist Brazilian entrepreneurs in defining export strategies to China. Theoretical / Methodological Contributions: The study provides an essential contribution to the theory as Guanxi is a practice already incorporated by companies dealing with China. New questions arise, such as: To what extent is China still a country that values culture (and Guanxi) and how much it is a business-focused country (similar to European and American ones)? What will be the future of Guanxi? Will it cease to exist or adopt another approach? Does a precise psychic distance still exist between countries in international negotiations? Or are they cultural differences that internationalized companies seek to reduce during business dealings? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technological capability refers to knowledge-intensive skills and resources to change existing technologies or to create new ones. The accumulation of such capability by companies and industries has been part of governments' and businesses' agendas as it is vital for countries' industrial development and increase of per capita income. However, the various public innovation policies implemented in Brazil over the last few decades and the different studies and debates on their limited outcomes failed to address the accumulation of technological capabilities by companies and industries as one of the primary sources for the increase in the rate of innovation and the sustained growth of the economy. This article presents an analytical framework to contribute to the effectiveness of a national innovation strategy centred on the accumulation of technological capability at the level of companies and industries. This analytical framework can contribute to assessing the return on public innovation policies regarding the accumulation of technological capability to develop significant innovations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is, on the basis of new evidence, to contribute to the analysis of the performance of the manufacturing industries in Brazil, Chile, and Uruguay during the state-led industrialization period and in comparison with a developed country. Specifically, this paper estimates the productivity gap between Brazil, Chile, and Uruguay relative to the United States in order to reveal whether convergence took place at the industry level. The results identify changes within the industrial sector in the three Latin American countries. In short, manufacturing in Brazil achieved substantial changes, which were reflected in favourable structural change and manufacturing convergence. Moreover, manufacturing convergence accelerated in Brazil in the 1960s, when the development model based on industrialization deepened. Structural transformation was weak in Uruguay and mild in Chile, and the ability to reduce technological gaps was limited to industries based on natural resources with medium and high levels of industrial protection. The latter must also be linked to the different pace of industrialization in these two countries, especially in Uruguay, where the industrializing impulse was exhausted very early on. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On September 22, 2021, 5 experts from Brazil and 5 from Italy discussed the future of research-to-business (R2B) cooperation between Italy and Brazil on green hydrogen (H 2) and related technologies. The workshop discussed some priorities of the Brazilian policies and elucidated the strengths and the weaknesses of the biggest economy among the Latin American countries. Because of its territorial and underground resources its social and economic activities, Brazil offers an excellent basin for supporting an H 2 -based economy. A well-established connection between Brazilian Universities and EU research organisations already exists in up-to-date research activities and frameworks for grants programmes. Nevertheless, Brazil has some difficulties creating new economies through the industrialisation of research achievements. On the other hand, Italy has a long tradition of creating and exporting technologies because its enterprises are generally prone to creating new business. In this communication, we reported the argued discussions between Brazilian and Italian players on green hydrogen that discussed how to improve the technological interaction between the two countries. This meeting discussed the entire value chain for green hydrogen, from the production to the end-user, and included distribution and commercialisation of green H 2 and related technologies. • Climate protection is possible by intensifying research cooperation on green hydrogen. • Italy has many enterprises showing interest in creating business in Brazil. • Brazil is interested in attracting resources for research and development from the EU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Brazil and elsewhere in the world, diagnoses of deindustrialization are concentrated in aggregate manufacturing, so policies can be ineffective if deindustrialization has a sector-specific component. This study quantifies and analyses deindustrialization for the individualised manufacturing sub-sectors. To do this, unpublished series of the manufacturing sub-sectors' share in the Brazilian GDP from 1970 to 2016 were created, based on official IBGE data. The results show that the manufacturing sub-sectors have deindustrialised at different intensities and periods of aggregate manufacturing, and a subsectoral approach reveals traces ignored by the literature on the quality of deindustrialization. We conclude that the Brazilian deindustrialization is normal (and expected) for the labourintensive manufacturing sub-sectors, but premature (and undesirable) for the technologyintensive sub-sectors. Therefore, Brazilian deindustrialization has negative consequences for the country's future scientific and technological development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainability standards have been one of the hopefuls for decades when it comes to ensuring the sustainability of biomass for the bioeconomy, especially in the wake of their evolvement from voluntary, non-governmental to hybrid, public–private governance instruments in recent years. In addition to doubts regarding their legitimacy and effectiveness, however, they have also been associated with a neoliberalization of nature that integrates natural resources into a free market logic. Drawing on a conceptual framework that builds on political ecology and the political sociology of policy instruments, this paper challenges this notion. To this end, it examines sustainability standards in three countries/regions particularly prominent for the bioeconomy—the EU, Brazil, and Indonesia—to illustrate how these can be differentiated in terms of their neoliberal orientation, and what can be inferred from this for the orientation and state of the respective bioeconomies. The results show that the introduction of sustainability standards is not necessarily accompanied by a neoliberalization of nature. Rather, it is shown that the standards and their specific designs—and thus also their intrinsic understanding of sustainability as integration—are primarily intended to serve the material interests of the state and the respective industrial factions, for which neoliberal configurations are sometimes seen as rather obstructive, sometimes as rather useful. The sustainability standards, and thus the bioeconomies for which they stand, therefore, rather serve as instruments to stay on the path of modernization and industrial development already taken or envisaged, or, put differently, as strategies to avoid social–ecological transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyze the determinants of productive agglomerates in the State of Paraná, southern Brazil, mainly focusing on the effects of economies of specialization and diversification. To achieve its aim, ten industrial sectors (the most representative in terms of job offer) were selected and through panel data (using spatial panel), regressions were estimated, one for each industry, considering the 399 towns and the period between 2000 and 2015. The results from all sectors showed statistically significant externalities originated in the productive specialization, affecting positively the dynamics of industrial growth in the Paraná towns. Moreover, in many sectors, a spatial effect was observed, with spillover of the industrialization dynamics to neighboring towns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Since the mid-2000s, the maintenance of the orthodox macroeconomic regime of the Lula's governments surprised several intellectuals in the applied social sciences sector. What marks Lula's government, especially, are two characteristics: i) the economic growth with the commodities boom or the commodities super cycle, and ii) the fight against poverty. This second phenomenon propitiated for a group of intellectuals to formulate the thesis that Brazil would be in a process of "social developmentalism". On the other hand, a fraction of economists met to formulate a new theory, the "new developmentalism", criticizing the process of de-industrialization, debt crisis and external dependence that occurred in Brazil. These two theoretical currents formed what some academics called "neo-developmentalism". This article proposes to make a critical reflection and differentiation on the two currents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The South American country Brazil is one of the richest countries in terms of natural resources, representing 14 percent of the world's total biocapacity. However, the biocapacity (biosphere's ability to generate resources and sequester waste) per capita in Brazil has shown a massive decline over the last five decades, while economic growth and urbanization have rapidly increased for the same period. Brazil is one of the largest creditors of biocapacity to the world, and biocapacity loss in Brazil can lead to devastating environmental consequences. Therefore, this work empirically investigates the influence of urbanization, economic growth, and industrialization on biocapacity controlling human capital from 1961 to 2016 in Brazil. The Bayer and Hack cointegration test, the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) technique, and Hacker and Hatemi-J (J Econ Stud 39:144–160, 2012) causality tests are employed. The findings unfolded a U-shaped relationship between economic growth and biocapacity, evidencing that economic growth reduces biocapacity, but after achieving a threshold level, it promotes biocapacity. Urbanization has a negative relationship with biocapacity per capita, indicating that urbanization is a significant driver of the biocapacity loss in Brazil. Further, urbanization and economic growth Granger cause biocapacity. Lastly, relevant policy implications are proposed to overcome the reduction in biocapacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The literature on development has long highlighted the role of international trade and developmental states as key factors in explaining divergent processes of economic development. A country's position in the world economy and its state's capacity to promote industrialization are seen as fundamental to understanding its development path. Yet, these approaches are often inadequate for explaining the actual contours of industrial and economic growth across the Global South. In this study, an in-depth case study of Brazil reveals the limits of the mainstream approaches and illustrates the centrality of the underlying agrarian economy for understanding the country's development path. Archival and quantitative data show that both the timing and location of industrialization in Brazil are better explained by the agrarian dynamics that unfolded in the country in the twentieth century. This has broader implications for understanding development processes throughout the Global South. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyze the network of interactions of Brazilian medical research groups, identifying key actors and their roles in generating and diffusing knowledge. Social network analysis was applied, with data from the Research Groups Directory Census of the National Council of Scientific and Technological Development, from 2016. The main results show (1) the central role of universities, public institutes, and university hospital research groups; (2) the importance of scientific infrastructure and research capability of scientists in knowledge production; (3) the minor role of the industry, denoting the fragility of university–industry interactions; (4) spatial concentration of network actors, mostly located in the south and southeast of Brazil; and (5) a great opportunity to expand flows and cooperation. Regarding these results, the recent budgetary cuts in science and technology resources since 2016 seem to be a misguided and detrimental strategy as these resources are essential for future technological and industrial development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The BRICS countries-Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa-are committed to achieving United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 13, which focuses on mitigating climate change. To attain this goal, it is crucial to emphasize the significance of ICT, renewable energy sources, industrialization, and institutional quality. This study contributes to the literature by examining the potential role of these factors in environmental sustainability in the BRICS economies from 2000 to 2021, utilizing cross-sectional augmented autoregressive distributed lag (CS-ARDL) estimation and other novel econometric techniques. Accordingly, the study suggests that BRICS governments and policymakers prioritize the use of ICT in the industrial and institutional sectors to achieve faster environmental sustainability in the short-run, as per the CS-ARDL results. However, the study advises caution in the long-term as the interaction between ICT and renewable energy sources, industrialization, and institutional quality may not favour environmental quality. Although the renewable energy sources interaction with ICT may not yield immediate progress, strong measures need to be taken to ensure that short-term gains are not nullified. In conclusion, the study highlights the potential of ICT, renewable energy sources, industrialization, and institutional quality in achieving environmental sustainability in the BRICS countries, while recommending cautious measures in the long run to safeguard the progress made., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Increasing levels of industrialization have been associated with changes in gut microbiome structure and loss of features thought to be crucial for maintaining gut ecological balance. The stability of gut microbial communities over time within individuals seems to be largely affected by these changes but has been overlooked among transitioning populations from low- to middle-income countries. Here, we used metagenomic sequencing to characterize the temporal dynamics in gut microbiomes of 24 individuals living an urban non-industrialized lifestyle in the Brazilian Amazon. We further contextualized our data with 165 matching longitudinal samples from an urban industrialized and a rural non-industrialized population. We show that gut microbiome composition and diversity have greater variability over time among non-industrialized individuals when compared to industrialized counterparts and that taxa may present diverse temporal dynamics across human populations. Enterotype classifications show that community types are generally stable over time despite shifts in microbiome structure. Furthermore, by tracking genomes over time, we show that levels of bacterial population replacements are more frequent among Amazonian individuals and that non-synonymous variants accumulate in genes associated with degradation of host dietary polysaccharides. Taken together, our results suggest that the stability of gut microbiomes is influenced by levels of industrialization and that tracking microbial population dynamics is important to understand how the microbiome will adapt to these transitions.IMPORTANCEThe transition from a rural or non-industrialized lifestyle to urbanization and industrialization has been linked to changes in the structure and function of the human gut microbiome. Understanding how the gut microbiomes changes over time is crucial to define healthy states and to grasp how the gut microbiome interacts with the host environment. Here, we investigate the temporal dynamics of gut microbiomes from an urban and non-industrialized population in the Amazon, as well as metagenomic data sets from urban United States and rural Tanzania. We showed that healthy non-industrialized microbiomes experience greater compositional shifts over time compared to industrialized individuals. Furthermore, bacterial strain populations are more frequently replaced in non-industrialized microbiomes, and most non-synonymous mutations accumulate in genes associated with the degradation of host dietary components. This indicates that microbiome stability is affected by transitions to industrialization, and that strain tracking can elucidate the ecological dynamics behind such transitions., Competing Interests: E.J.A. is a co-founder and shareholder of Finch Therapeutics, a company that specializes in microbiome-targeted therapeutics.

Rio Grande is a city located on a narrow industrialized and urbanized Brazilian peninsula, characterized by wetlands. Due to population growth, numerous urban backfilled regions were built to expand the territorial area of the city. Currently, more than 60% of the central area of the city comes from the grounding of wetlands. The material used for the expansion of the territory had a history of contamination from metals from the tannery and textile industries (mainly Hg) and urban solid waste. In addition to past sources, the city has an active industrial complex with fertilizer, petrochemical, and grain industries. This study evaluated the risks to human health caused by metals (Hg, Fe, Ni, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn) in original soils and backfills, considering the oral, inhalation, and dermal routes of exposure for children and adults using the tool human health risk assessment (HHRA) proposed methodology by USEPA. A total of 63.81% of the original soil samples and 57.14% of the backfill soil samples showed a non-carcinogenic risk (HInc>1) for at least one evaluated metal. Still, approximately 10% of the samples presented carcinogenic risk when the Cr was considered in the hexavalent form. The dermal (Hg, Ni, and Cr) and oral (Fe, Cu, and Zn) exposure routes had the greatest contribution to the total risk. The non-carcinogenic risk for Hg, Cr(VI), and Pb was heterogeneously distributed between the original soils and backfills and associated with the proximity to some pollution sources. Given the complexity of historical occupation in the municipality and the increasing industrialization, both the original areas and the backfills should be included in the risk management strategy to minimize risks., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

We investigated the effects of metals and physicochemical variables on the microbes and their metabolisms in the sediments of Guarapiranga reservoir, a tropical eutrophic-hypereutrophic freshwater reservoir located in a highly urbanized and industrialized area in Brazil. The metals cadmium, copper, and chromium showed minor contribution to changes in the structure, composition, and richness of sediment microbial communities and functions. However, the effects of metals on the microbiota are increased when taken together with physicochemical properties, including the sediment carbon and sulfur, the bottom water electrical conductivity, and the depth of the water column. Clearly, diverse anthropic activities, such as sewage discharge, copper sulfate application to control algal growth, water transfer, urbanization, and industrialization, contribute to increase these parameters and the metals spatially in the reservoir. Microbes found especially in metal-contaminated sites encompassed Bathyarchaeia, MBG-D and DHVEG-1, Halosiccatus, Candidatus Methanoperedens, Anaeromyxobacter, Sva0485, Thermodesulfovibrionia, Acidobacteria, and SJA-15, possibly showing metal resistance or acting in metal bioremediation. Knallgas bacteria, nitrate ammonification, sulfate respiration, and methanotrophy were inferred to occur in metal-contaminated sites and may also contribute to metal removal. This knowledge about the sediment microbiota and metabolisms in a freshwater reservoir impacted by anthropic activities allows new insights about their potential for metal bioremediation in these environments., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Industry 4.0 is fundamentally changing industrial employment around the globe. Yet, the burgeoning scientific and societal discourses both highlight the need for more empirical evidence of how Industry 4.0 affects industrial employment by taking into consideration varying circumstances and preconditions. Given the heterogeneity of industrial development and technology proliferation between countries, it is crucial to understand and compare future outlooks of industrial practitioners from different regions. This study analyses how Industry 4.0 will affect industrial employment comparing practitioners' perceptions from Brazil, China, and Germany. Moreover, in our analysis we provide insights for different industrial sectors and company sizes. The study provides evidence that the effects of Industry 4.0 on staffing requirements differ between domains. Domains generally associated with larger shares of relatively low-skilled labour are expected to experience declines in staffing requirements, suggesting an increase in the polarisation between high- and low-skilled labour in terms of job opportunities. This effect is observable especially in larger companies. Moreover, an increase in the required employee qualifications is expected in all domains. Unlike in the other two countries, the inter-sectoral variability of perceptions is very small in China. There the company size seems to have the reverse effect on required qualifications compared to Brazilian and German companies, where less respondents expect higher qualifications for SMEs. Although we find sectoral differences both within and between countries, there is no clearly discernible trend allowing for generalizable sectoral conclusions, highlighting that impacts of Industry 4.0 on qualification should be further investigated under consideration of underlying contextual factors. • Empirically investigates effects on industrial employment through Industry 4.0 in Brazil, China, and Germany. • More job opportunities for highly skilled employees whilst workers in manufacturing and assembly are more susceptible to job losses. • Required qualifications for employees will increase regardless of the domain in all three countries. • Use of intelligent assistance systems by employees is expected to increase in all surveyed countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]