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Despite considerable legislative and advocacy-based efforts to end subminimum wage practices, many Americans with disabilities are still paid below the federal minimum. Section 14(c) of the Fair Labor Standards Act allows employers holding certificates to pay less than minimum wage to individuals with disabilities whose work capacity or productivity is impaired due to disability. The majority of employers paying subminimum wages are facility-based programs also known as sheltered workshops. This work is usually performed in segregated settings away from the rest of the nation's workforce. Subminimum wage practices continue despite clear evidence that even those with the most significant disabilities can be successfully employed in competitive integrated employment when supports are provided. The purpose of this study was to examine the continued use of subminimum wages in the United States and to identify whether there are any state-level characteristics or policies that predict their use. Descriptive analysis and linear regression were used in this investigation. Findings indicate that subminimum wage practices continue to be prevalent in most states, and most prominently in the Midwest region. Implications and recommendations for reducing subminimum wage pay for individuals with disabilities are provided.

• We investigate the dynamics of low pay in Italy from 1990 to 2018 using a large sample of administrative data on private employees. • We find that the incidence of low pay is high and steeply increased in the last decades when the focus is on annual earnings and weekly wages. • A flat trend emerges when low pay is assessed according to FTE weekly wages, even if the share of low-paid workers remains high. • A major role in the low pay dynamics has been played by the reduction in the number of hours worked by low-paid individuals because of the increasing spread of part-time contracts. We investigate the dynamics of incidence, intensity and persistence of low pay in Italy from 1990 to 2018 by exploiting a large administrative sample of employees in the private sector. We refer to relative and absolute low pay thresholds and assess workers' conditions according to annual earnings, weekly wages and full-time-equivalent (FTE) weekly wages, to depurate low pay dynamics from the influence of changes in worked weeks and hours. Regardless of the chosen threshold, we find that the incidence of low pay is high and steeply increased in the last decades when the focus is on annual earnings and weekly wages. A flat trend emerges instead when low pay is assessed according to FTE weekly wages, signalling that a major role in the low pay dynamics is played by the reduction in the number of hours worked by low-paid individuals because of the increasing spread of part-time contracts. Nevertheless, the share of low-paid workers is rather high even when the focus is on FTE weekly wages. Furthermore, low pay is a persistent status for a large and rising share of workers. These findings reveal a clear worsening of workers' conditions at the bottom of the earnings distribution in Italy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This piece of work evaluates the choices and opportunities opened up in rural labour market through institutional reforms and developmental policies fostering agricultural growth and efficiency in developing countries, with a focus on India. It finds that policy reforms on property rights, involving legal approvals of land ownership or partial possession with rental contracts, strengthen bargaining capacity among marginalized groups. Furthermore, an inclusive development policy encompassing the rural sector shapes labour freedom by stabilization of market at desirable wage and employment rates. Considering a case example from an advanced agricultural region in India, this study reveals a positive and significant relationship between intensity of labour freedom and land‐based status of peasant households. The analysis of primary data suggests that labour market reforms, particularly those focused on wage contracts and minimum wage laws, off‐farm jobs and intra‐migration employment opportunities before labourers, are crucial indicators for enhancing labour freedom in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Until recently, the idea of a European minimum wage (EMW) policy had never taken concrete shape, due to the heterogeneity of national wage‐setting and collective bargaining institutions, uncertain EU competence on the matter, and widespread scepticism amongst political actors. In 2022, however, the EU adopted a directive on adequate minimum wages. How did this make it to the EU agenda, despite the many political, territorial and institutional tensions? What coalitions supported and opposed it? Based on a reconstruction of the policy process substantiated by an analysis of news media data and 14 interviews, this article investigates the multi‐level politics of the EMW. It shows that, despite enduring 'euro‐social scepticism' in northern Europe, the emergence of pro‐minimum wage coalitions in key member states and the increase of party‐competition dynamics at the EU level were crucial in overcoming the lines of conflict that had long hindered EU initiatives on minimum wage co‐ordination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Minimum wage (MW) policies are widespread in the developing world and yet their effects are still unclear. In this paper we explore the effect of national MW policies in Latin America's six largest economies by exploiting the heterogeneity in the bite of the national minimum wage across local labor markets and over time. We find evidence that the MW has a compression effect on the wage distribution of formal workers. The effect was particularly large during the 2000s, a decade of sustained growth and strong labor markets. In contrast, the effect seems to vanish in the 2010s, a decade of much weaker labor markets. We also find suggestive evidence of a lighthouse effect: the MW seems to have an equalizing effect also on the wage distribution of informal workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine whether an increase in hourly wages was associated with changes in food security and perceived stress among low-wage workers. We also determined whether changes in food security and stress were associated with changes in diet. Setting: Wages is a prospective cohort study following 974 low-wage workers in Minneapolis, MN, where an ordinance is incrementally increasing minimum wage to US$15/hr from 2018 to 2022, and a comparison community with no minimum wage ordinance (Raleigh, NC). Interaction models were estimated using generalized estimating equations. Participants: Analyses used two waves of data (2018 [baseline], 2019) and included 219 and 321 low-wage workers in Minneapolis and Raleigh (respectively). Results: Average hourly wages increased from US$9.77 (SD US$1.69) to US$11.67 (SD US$4.02). Changes in wages were not associated with changes in food security (odds ratio = 1.05, 95% confidence interval [CI] [0.89, 1.23], p =.57) or stress (β = −0.01, 95% CI [−0.04, 0.03], p =.70) after 1 year of policy implementation. Changes in food security were not associated with changes in diet. However, we found significant changes in the frequency of fruit and vegetable intake across time by levels of stress, with decreased intake from Wave 1 to 2 at low levels of stress, and increased intake at high levels of stress (incidence rate ratio = 1.17, 95% CI [1.05, 1.31], p =.01). Conclusions: Changes in wages were not associated with changes in food security or stress in a sample of low-wage workers. Future research should examine whether full implementation of a minimum wage increase is associated with changes in these outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies on the drivers of public sector wage setting (PSWS) within the broader political and economic conditions in Central and Eastern Europe are scarce. To fill this gap, the paper questions to what extent the export-led growth model, based on foreign direct investment as driver of economic growth, influenced PSWS in Czechia and Slovakia after the 2008–2009 crisis. The paper provides new evidence of the appropriateness of the growth model literature, integrated by consideration of global production chains integration, for understanding PSWS in CEE conditions. The analysis shows that PSWS followed institutional traditions and established practices that only indirectly related to the countries' export orientation and integration into global production chains. The indirect growth model impact on PSWS in CEE conditions is channeled through a strong role of the statutory minimum wage, which serves as a wage benchmark both for the export sector and PSWS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salary as a form of remuneration is a key aspect of the functioning of any economic system. Paying for labor is both an economic component and a social one, because it affects the quality of life of citizens and social justice. Optimum wages guarantee the social protection of workers, and also affect the level of consumer activity, which in turn has a great impact on macroeconomic stability. However, in view of the social, political and economic challenges, such as: the introduction of martial law, rising inflation, globalization and changes in the structure of the labor market, which arise in the modern world, the issue of wage regulation is of paramount importance. Despite the martial law, the employer must take all possible measures to ensure the realization of the right of employees to timely receipt of wages, as well as take care of the safety of employees. The subject of this work is the role of state regulation of labor remuneration in Ukraine. The purpose of this study is a thorough analysis and consideration of issues related to the regulation of labor remuneration, identification of problems of state regulation of labor remuneration in Ukraine and determination of ways to eliminate them. The work used such methods for collecting and analyzing information as: legislative analysis, statistical analysis, comparison and literature review. The issue of wage regulation, its main aspects and impact on the economy and society is described. Changes in the current legislation and new tools for regulating labor relations related to martial law are evaluated. The dynamics of wages for 2020-2023 and the dynamics of changes in the inflation index for the same period were analyzed. The problems of state regulation of labor remuneration in Ukraine were considered and ways of solving them were determined. The results of these and other similar scientific studies can help employers set fairer tariffs and wages that take into account inflation and consumer spending, which in turn will contribute to improving the standard of living and social protection of the population.

A legislative dispute between the city of St. Louis and the Missouri state government presents a unique opportunity to measure downward wage rigidity in the low-skill labor market. The dispute caused the minimum wage in St. Louis to fall in August 2017 after having risen by 30 percent four months earlier. In this first study of a nominal minimum wage decrease, I evaluate whether firms have a tendency to maintain existing pay levels even when they likely exceed the competitive rate. Analyzing wage trajectories in St. Louis after the minimum wage cut using synthetic controls and a regression analysis, I find that about 3.6 percentage points more workers in the area than we would otherwise expect earn above the statewide minimum wage a year later, and the 5th percentile of wages is about 80 cents higher. Anecdotal evidence is consistent with the interpretation that norms regarding fairness motivated firms to avoid wage cuts. Although I do not observe a decline in hours worked for teenagers or individuals with less than a high school degree, there is some evidence that teenage employment declines. Firms with dynamic expectations regarding a future minimum wage increase may have been particularly willing to maintain higher wages in the near term to avoid paying the costs of taking away a raise they might eventually have to grant anyway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In developing countries like India, the majority of the workforce is informal. There is no specific study about the important factors that influence the consumption expenditure of informal workers working in urban areas. The purpose of this paper, thus, is to identify the determinants of the consumption expenditures of urban informal workers, and the same is explored with respect to migration and gender. In this regard, a primary survey was conducted at the household level of the informal sector workers following the method of multi‐stage stratified sampling. The method of analysis of variance and a binary logistic regression model is employed. The inferences of the study explained that the expenditure pattern of the informal worker depends on socio‐economic factors—age group, income level and essential commodities like milk, kerosene, oil and child education. The study also highlights the fact that the informal workers are dragged into the web of a vicious circle of poverty due to a higher level of consumption expenditure than income and demonstrates the effect of betel‐tendu leaf mini cigarette‐tobacco‐alcohol. Hence, it is desirable that the policymakers should frame a regulated subsidised pricing policy for essential commodities as well as increase the minimum wage rate in order to strengthen the basic consumption expenditure of the informal workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

U.S. businesses pay trillions of dollars in employee compensation, a substantial fraction of which is deductible for tax purposes. This deduction reduces the taxable income of businesses, ultimately lowering business tax burdens by hundreds of billions of dollars. With a few exceptions, the tax code confers the same deduction to a business for every dollar of employee compensation, regardless of whether that compensation goes to an employee earning millions or an employee earning minimum wage. This is consistent with a pure Haig-Simons income tax, under which any business expense incurred ought to be deductible dollar-for-dollar. But many, if not most, tax policy objectives are inconsistent with a pure income tax, and the U.S. tax code is accordingly replete with substantial deviations from a pure income tax. This Article considers what would happen if the deduction for employee compensation also deviated from a pure income tax. It finds that allowing employers larger deductions for compensation paid to low-wage workers would counteract persistent deficiencies in the U.S. labor market. A larger deduction for low-wage workers would incentivize businesses to both hire more low-wage workers and pay them more. This would decrease the number of workers earning paltry wages, reverse the decline in U.S. labor force participation, restrain the employer market power exerted in many local labor markets, and correct the negative externalities from low-wage work. As part of its analysis, this Article considers how a larger deduction for low-wage compensation might be funded, focusing on funding sources that synergize with a larger compensation deduction for low-wage workers--including higher business tax rates and smaller deductions for high-wage workers--and it details the tradeoffs associated with these different policy options. This Article also explains why behavioral frictions may make an employer-side subsidy a more effective labor market intervention than an employee-side subsidy, such as the earned income tax credit (EITC). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Karya Journal of Health Science is the property of Karya Journal of Health Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Since the 1980s, working hours have tended to become more diverse and flexible. These developments impact not only the possibilities of synchronising social time but also pay levels. Duration indicators become less relevant, since they disconnect the time worked and paid from the impact of the work on employees' lives. The objective of this paper is to analyse the effects of this disconnection by measuring the fragmentation of the working day. We propose an indicator of 'density of daily working time' which links two specific durations (the extent of the working day and the average daily duration of working). This indicator shows that a low density of the working day makes it possible to circumvent the minimum wage principle, particularly in the case of lower-skilled service occupations. These results raise questions about how working time is measured and about its regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extra-low minimum wage for US restaurant workers has remained unchanged for over 30 years. Periodic campaigns have brought this wage, and its connection to the perpetuation of inequality and exploitative work, to public attention, but these campaigns have met resistance from both employers and restaurant workers. This article draws on a workplace ethnography in a restaurant front-of-house, and in-depth interviews with tipped food service workers, to examine the tipped labour process and begin to answer a central question: why would any workers oppose a wage increase? It argues that the constituting of tips as a formal wage created for workers a two-employer problem, wherein customers assume the role of secondary, unregulated, employers in the workplace. Ultimately, the tipped wage poses a longer-term strategic obstacle for workers in their position relative to management and ability to organize to shape the terms and conditions of their work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate how firing notification procedures influence wage growth. Using a sample of 33 countries over the period 2006–2015, we show that administrative requirements in cases of dismissal have a positive and significant effect on wage growth. The result is robust even after controlling for the endogeneity of the firing notification restrictions, the involvement of third parties in the wage bargaining process, the minimum wage, the firms' training policy, and the composition of employment. These findings suggest that firing notification procedures foster the growth of wages by increasing the bargaining power of incumbent workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the long-run effect of a wide set of labor market institutions (LMIs) and macroeconomic variables on aggregate unemployment for a panel of 22 European countries over the period 1990–2019. First-difference feasible generalized least squares model, Prais-Winsten regression with panel-corrected standard errors, two-step generalized method of moments estimation of the fixed effects, and fixed-effects regression with Driscoll and Kraay standard errors are estimated. The results suggest that employment protection legislation, wage bargaining coordination and centralization, minimum wage, and immigration inflows are significantly and negatively associated with the aggregate unemployment rate. Conversely, union density, product market regulation (PMR), and tax wedge have a positive and significant correlation with unemployment rate. The impact of corporate tax rate and government size is mostly positive. Moreover, the interaction between LMIs does matter and may sometimes change the interpretation of some reforms taken in isolation. Stronger wage-setting institutions may offset the negative impact of PMR and the tax wedge. Macroeconomic variables are generally consistent with the major literature and do not change LMIs interpretation. Among macroeconomic factors, capital accumulation plays the most important role in reducing the unemployment rate. Finally, my findings suggest the implementation of economic policies consistent with Keynesian theory and all those economists—such as Solow (1990) —who look at the labor market as a social institution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using intertemporal variation in the bounding of a state's minimum wage by the federal rate and business credit-score data for 15.2 million establishments, we find that the increase in labor costs caused by a higher federal minimum wage leads to lower business credit scores and worsens the financial health of small businesses in the affected states. In particular, small, young, labor-intensive, and minimum-wage-sensitive establishments located in affected states and those located in competitive and low-income areas experience higher financial stress. Increases in the minimum wage are associated with employment reductions and a higher exit rate for small businesses. Our results document some potential costs of a one-size-fits-all nationwide minimum wage for some small businesses. This paper was accepted by Gustavo Manso, finance. Funding: This work was supported by the Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation Junior Faculty Fellowship. Supplemental Material: The data and internet appendix are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.4620. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers in social sciences increasingly rely on crowdsourcing marketplaces such as Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) and Prolific to facilitate rapid, low-cost data collection from large samples. However, crowdsourcing suffers from high attrition, threatening the validity of crowdsourced studies. Separate studies have demonstrated that (1) higher pay rates and (2) additional instructions–i.e., informing participants about task requirements, asking for personal information, and describing the negative impact of attrition on research quality–can reduce attrition rates with MTurk participants. The present study extended research on these possible remedies for attrition to Prolific, another crowdsourcing marketplace with strict requirements for participant pay. We randomly assigned 225 participants to one of four groups. Across groups, we evaluated effects of pay rates commensurate with or double the US minimum wage, expanding the upper range of this independent variable; two groups also received additional instructions. Higher pay reduced attrition and correlated with more accurate performance on experimental tasks but we observed no effect of additional instructions. Overall, our findings suggest that effects of increased pay on attrition generalize to higher minimum pay rates and across crowdsourcing platforms. In contrast, effects of additional instructions might not generalize across task durations, task types, or crowdsourcing platforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides a comparative analysis of three central policies to regulate low wages: statutory minimum wages, state support for collective bargaining and topping up low wages with public transfers (in-work benefits). We map the variation of these policies across 33 OECD countries and analyze the incidence of low-wage employment they are associated with. We find three approaches to regulating low wages. In the first, 'wage scale protection', states put most emphasis on supporting collective bargaining. In the second, 'bare minimum', there is not much else than the statutory minimum wage. In the third, 'state pay', the statutory minimum wage is supplemented by sizeable public financial support for low earners. When analyzing policy outcomes, 'wage scale protection' is associated with least low-wage employment. For 'bare minimum', much depends on the level of the statutory minimum wage. Although 'state pay' props up workers' disposable income, many workers receive low gross pay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shows that a high‐wage country might reduce its unemployment by trading with a low‐wage economy, despite popular predictions to the contrary. We demonstrate this possibility in a Heckscher–Ohlin–Samuelson type of model with two countries, which differ only because one of them has a binding minimum‐wage constraint and a technological improvement that (despite the heightened wage) creates a comparative advantage in the labour‐intensive good. Under these circumstances, the minimum‐wage economy will experience an unemployment reduction when it trades with a low‐wage counterpart. This theoretical result is consistent with some recent empirical estimates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Where the union was expected to pay a $40-an-hour package to its workers, the nonunion firms paid half as much and, moreover, cheated on overtime to an appalling extent. Minimum wage, wage theft, neoliberalism, immigrant workers, cash-pay, trade unions, labor, industry, capitalism Cash-Pay May Not Be the Answer On both the side of the employer and the worker, cash-pay bears risks and benefits. Keywords: minimum wage; wage theft; neoliberalism; immigrant workers; cash-pay; trade unions; labor; industry; capitalism EN minimum wage wage theft neoliberalism immigrant workers cash-pay trade unions labor industry capitalism 26 33 8 09/11/23 20230901 NES 230901 Graph: Press conference by Los Angeles Alliance for a New Economy on wage theft. [Extracted from the article]

When adjusted to reflect inflation, the federal minimum wage is almost 40 percent lower than it was in 1970. The Biden Administration tried and failed to legislatively raise the minimum wage, and political deadlock will continue to kill legislative change. The shareholder proposal, a nonbinding recommendation to management that shareholders can submit for a vote at a public corporation’s annual meeting, presents a path for improving the wages of many workers in the absence of federal legislation. This Note analyzes the best approach to crafting a shareholder proposal on minimum wage that will prompt an effective increase in the minimum wages paid to workers. It evaluates the barriers to success and concludes that the right team of actors can overcome the barriers to raise the minimum wages paid to workers at large corporations through shareholder proposals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unemployment theory of Pissarides-Mortensen-Diamond is applied to the close-by geographic comparison identification strategy to analyze the effect of the minimum wage in New York State. The increase in the minimum wage in 2018 is estimated to raise the natural rate of unemployment almost 20 percent. The elasticity of the unemployment rate with respect to the minimum wage is 2.11 in New York City and 3.3 in the suburbs. To account for varying local labor market conditions, the minimum wage rise was phased in and geographically differentiated, which permits a within-state comparison. A labor market matching function and a Beveridge-type market tightness equation are estimated in an environment of low and falling unemployment rates, thus posing a strong natural experiment test of the hypothesis that the minimum wage causes negligible employment effects. It is estimated that the higher two of the three wage tiers caused a loss of about 39,000 jobs, which is in contrast to the dominant narrative of no effect when using the geographic comparison technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Riwayat: Educational Journal of History & Humanities is the property of Riwayat: Educational Journal of History & Humanities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We study earnings and income inequality in Britain over the 25 years prior to the COVID‐19 pandemic. We focus on the middle 90 per cent of the income distribution, within which the gap between top and bottom in 2019–20 was essentially the same, after taxes and transfers, as a quarter‐century earlier. This has led to a narrative of 'stable inequality', which we argue misses important nuances and key lessons from the UK's experience. In particular, there have been periods in which household earnings inequalities were changing considerably but tax and transfer policy was offsetting its effects on income inequality – in different directions at different times, reflecting sharp changes of policy approach. Means‐tested transfers played a crucial role in containing inequality during the 'inclusive growth' period of the 1990s and early 2000s, as well as the Great Recession. During the 2010s, the minimum wage emerged as the government's primary policy tool for boosting incomes, but this happened almost simultaneously with cutbacks to means‐tested transfers, meaning that household earnings inequalities fell considerably and yet net income inequality rose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Estimates of union wage effects have been challenged by concerns regarding unobserved worker heterogeneity and endogenous job changes. Many economists believe that union wage premiums lead to business failures and other forms of worker displacement. In this article, the authors examine displacement rates and union wage gaps using the 1994–2018 biennial Displaced Worker Survey (DWS) supplements to the monthly Current Population Surveys. For more than two decades, displacement rates among union and non-union workers have been remarkably similar. The authors observe changes in earnings resulting from transitions between union and non-union jobs following exogenous job changes. Consistent with prior evidence from the 1994 and 1996 DWS, findings show longitudinal estimates of average union wage effects close to 15%, which are similar to standard cross-section estimates and suggestive of minimal ability bias. Wage losses moving from union to non-union jobs exceed gains from non-union to union transitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Dutch minimum wage for workers aged 15 to 23 is defined as a stepwise increasing function of a worker's calendar age. Using Dutch administrative records, the author shows that the birthday discontinuities of age-dependent minimum wage rates affect both labor market entry (job accessions) and labor market exit (job separations) of minimum wage workers. The job separations spike in the three months that precede workers' birthdays, suggesting that firms are dismissing workers whose costs are about to go up. The frequency of job accessions increases immediately after the birthdays and the increase is sustained throughout the following months. The resulting effect on employment levels is dynamic, with the employment rate being subject to an initial drop that is gradually compensated for by the higher rates of post-birthday labor market entry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the period 2001-2007 Kazakhstan has made significant progress in almost all major macroeconomic indicators. But after the crisis of 2008-2009, the growth rate of the Kazakh economy based on resource-intensive production slowed down. This had a negative impact on the level of wages in the country. Nevertheless, in our opinion, even in the case of a relatively low trajectory of the progressive development of the Kazakhstani economy, the possibilities of increasing the level of wages have not been exhausted. A more fundamental and long-term driver of wage growth is gross domestic growth (GDP). Based on the study of scientific literature and available statistical materials, the authors analyzed the practice of wage regulation in Kazakhstan and looked for possible ways to improve it.The wage regulation mechanism in a market economy is considered as a system consisting of three closely related parts:- formation of an equilibrium wage rate in the labor market;- use of the system of social partnership;- implementation of measures of state influence.An analysis of the practice of Kazakhstan shows that it is necessary to achieve an adequate impact of the ratio of supply and demand in the labor market on the formation of a market wage rate. Due to the low level of development of social partnership relations and the low effectiveness of collective agreements in regulating wages, the practice of dominating the interests of employers over the interests of employees has developed. The practical significance of this work lies in the fact that the implementation of the proposed measures to improve the current practice of wage regulation in order to increase it will also contribute to the additional growth of the country’s economy

The shortage of home health aides has been exacerbated in recent years partially because of low wages. Minimum wage (MW) policy changes may alleviate this workforce shortage. This study examined the effects of MW policies on wages and employment of home health aides. We performed a county-level longitudinal analysis using 2012 to 2018 national data. The study cohort included 2,496 counties and focused on all workers in the home health industry. Outcome variables included wages and the employment of home health aides. Key variables of interest included the consumer price index adjusted state MW and a set of variables that captured the effect of the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) extension. This study found that home health aides' hourly wages were $1.00 higher (p =.011) in states that increased their MWs from below $8 to above $10. The FLSA extension was associated with $1.15 higher wages in states with higher MWs (i.e., state MW above $10 in 2014). The FLSA extension was associated with higher employment of home health aides in less-competitive markets, rather than high- or average-competitive markets. This study suggests that state MW increases combined with the FLSA extension may help maintain the current home health workforce and improve their wages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to shed new light on the incidence of the minimum wage on the unemployment rate on 33 OECD countries during 1980–2020 period applying a dynamic fixed effects panel threshold model. Controlling for the usual macroeconomic and demographic factors, the best model estimates a minimum wage threshold of 9.1667. Specifically, the higher the minimum wage the lower the unemployment rate, however the marginal effect is larger above the threshold value. A single-threshold model is identified for 25–74, secondary and long-term unemployment. The possibility of a double-threshold model is rule out for all the unemployment indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A growing body of research has contributed to understanding the labour market and political effects of globalization. This article explores an overlooked feature of trade-induced adjustments in the labour market: the institutional aspect. We take advantage of the Italian collectively bargained minimum wage system, which is based on a two-tier structure, whereby the first tier entails setting minimum wages at the national contract level. Using an instrumental variable strategy and exploiting variations in contract-level exposure to trade, we find for the 1995–2003 period that, on average, the surge in imports decreased contractual minimum wages by 1.5%. This impact increases in the share of unskilled workers employed in the contract. This negative institutional effect contrasts with a non-significant effect of trade on total wages, with the latter becoming positive and large only for highly skilled workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transformation of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) has been a central point of Vietnam's economic reforms commencing in the late 1980s. This transformation has led to significant changes in compensation policy and practices. The perception of pay equity among SOE employees has also shifted from a view of respecting harmony and collectivism towards greater individualism and performance based pay. This study investigates the relationships between compensation and employee perceptions of pay equity. We present a theoretical framework based on Compensation Theory and Equity Theory and employ a quantitative approach. The results confirm positive relationships between four main compensation components of: minimum wage, salary, benefits and relational returns, with perceptions of pay equity. The findings are significant and contribute to a theoretical understanding in the context of an Asian economy moving from a collectivist to a more individualist focus. They also provide guidance for practitioners to enable them to develop compensation policies and practices that improve employee perceptions of pay equity which in turn can boost efficiency and effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Fair Labor Standards Act's minimum wage laws provide important protections for workers. However, it still permits employers to pay subminimum wages to youth under age 20, student-vocational learners, full-time students, individuals with disabilities, and tipped workers. This has important economic consequences, especially for economically vulnerable workers in the low-wage sector. Using 2009–2019 Current Population Survey–Merged Outgoing Rotation Group (CPS-MORG) data (n = 502,976), we find that 3.7 percent (about 1,565,805) of hourly workers were paid subminimum wages based on state minimum wage laws, and subminimum wages were associated with increases in family poverty by 1.4 percentage points. Importantly, the relationship between subminimum wages and poverty differed across workers with particularly telling results for disability. Unlike for youth and students for whom access to subminimum wage labor was associated with decreased family poverty, subminimum wage work compounded already high poverty rates for hourly workers with disabilities. Within a broader context of low-wage work, this research speaks to the impacts of subminimum pay on economic insecurity and poverty—an ongoing social problem disproportionately affecting people with disabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem in the economy that often occurs is unemployment. Unemployment cases are a problem that occurs a lot and is difficult to overcome. For this reason, this study was conducted with the aim of understanding well what factors cause the occurrence of educated unemployment in Surakarta City. For this reason, this study uses several factors that will be tested such as the influence of foreign investment, the number of residents, the amount of inflation and the difference in the minimum wage of the city of Surakarta. All data is based on information published from 2016-2022. The method used in this study is quantitative through time series data for 7 years. The source of data from this study is BPS (Central Statistics Agency) as well as various other sources that support. Then the analysis was carried out using the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method. All tests are done with number processing and spss analysis applications. In accordance with the analysis actions carried out on all the data obtained, it can be explained some information on the findings of foreign investment variables that have a negative and significant effect on educated unemployment, population has a positive and significant effect on educated unemployment, inflation has a positive and insignificant effect on educated unemployment, wages have a positive and significant effect on educated unemployment in Surakarta City. For this reason, in general, all variables carried out in the study have a real influence as much as 96% on educated unemployment in Surakarta City. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodiversity targets, under the Kunming‐Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, prioritize both conservation area and their effectiveness. The effective management of protected areas (PAs) depends greatly on law enforcement resources, which is often tasked to rangers. We addressed economic aspects of law enforcement by rangers working in terrestrial landscapes across Asia. Accordingly, we used ranger numbers and payment rates to derive continental‐scale estimates. Ranger density has decreased by 2.4‐fold since the 1990s, increasing the median from 10.9 to 26.4 km2 of PAs per ranger. Rangers were generally paid more than the minimum wage (median ratio = 1.9) and the typical salaries in agriculture, forestry, and fishing sector (median ratio = 1.2). Annual spending on ranger salaries varied widely among countries, with a median of annual US71 km−2 of PA. Nearly 208,000 rangers patrolling Asian PAs provide an invaluable opportunity to develop ranger‐based monitoring plans for evaluating the conservation performance. As decision‐makers frequently seek an optimum number of law enforcement staff, our study provides a continental baseline median of 46.3 km2 PA per ranger. Our findings also provide a baseline for countries to improve their ranger‐based law enforcement which is critical for their Kunming‐Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keywords: subminimum wage; tip-credit provision; tipped workers; full-service restaurants; minimum wage EN subminimum wage tip-credit provision tipped workers full-service restaurants minimum wage 12 22 11 06/07/23 20230501 NES 230501 Graph: Paula Finn The latest polling on the federal minimum wage shows that more than three out of four Americans think that $7.25 an hour is too low.[4] I have often wondered how the federal $2.13 subminimum cash wage paid to tipped workers, in place since 1991, would poll? These include potential wage theft, not paying a cash wage, and paying a subminimum wage to workers who are not engaged in tipped work. The original law stipulated a fifty-fifty split of the regular minimum wage: employers paid a subminimum cash wage that was half of the regular minimum wage; the other half was provided via customers' tips. In other words, it is the amount in tips that an employer can use as credit toward the wage bill, the total of wages the employer should be paying. [Extracted from the article]

In this paper, the COVID -19 induced socio-economic hardship in Nigeria was appraised in the face of Naira devaluation and the need for a living wage rate was advocated. The appraisal shows that the COVID-19 pandemic had deleterious effects on the Nigerian economy. By occasioning a plunge in oil price by 25%, the COVID-19 plague induced a government resolves on lockdown of over 200 million Nigerians whose per capita income was previously as low as $2,396.3, together with the embargo on interstate journeys, to quarantine the contagious impact of the pandemic, the Nigerian economy had to suffer negative growth rates of -6.10% and -2.48% for both Q2 and Q3 of 2020 in that order. And so, the Nigerian economy contracted easily resulting in an outcome of economic recession. Many Nigerians are presently more financially poor, and financially distressed and so wallow in hunger and socioeconomic hardship as exacerbated by the recent COVID-19 contagion. This has made the living cost excessively high and so becoming more difficult to live beyond poverty with a meager minimum wage of ₦30,000. Even when expenses are higher in Nigeria, salary levels have not been structured to make provision for income re-distribution so that people can afford to live in Nigeria. Hence, we advocate for a living wage of at least ₦312,928 per month which translates to a dollar equivalence of $680.28 per month for a full-time worker to cushion the negative effect of COVID-19 pandemic as it exceeds the poverty headcount amount. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the recent trends in labour market power in Italy and assesses the impact of a potential minimum wage using a large sample of manufacturing firms. We show that, despite an average shift of labour market power from companies to workers, monopsony power is still widespread, especially in some sectors and regions. The introduction of a minimum wage would be beneficial to workers and the economy as it reduces the monopsony power of highly productive firms paying low wages; however, it may also have a negative impact, since firms with low wages and low labour productivity may react by reducing the number of their employees or even by exiting the market. Finally, we find that an optimal minimum wage, which minimizes the negative effect and maximizes the positive effect for the economy, ranges between 8.25 and 9.65 euro per hour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The aims of this article are: (1) to define the role of remuneration of academic staff in shaping human capital; (2) to present the dynamics of changes in the remuneration of lecturers in Poland and its comparison with changes in the minimum wage, economic growth and the inflation rate; (3) to propose a model of changes in the minimum wage of a professor as a function of changes in the minimum wage. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: In order to ensure the proper level of training of academic staff, it is necessary to implement a remuneration system to attract and retain the best staff. To that end method of analysis and logical construction was used, which allowed to present a method for optimization of remuneration of academic staff in Poland. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The insufficient funding in Polish higher education was identified, especially the low-level of salaries of academic staff in relation to the their high responsibility. Then, the dynamics of change of professor's minimum wage, the national minimum wage, the GDP, and the CPI were analyzed and compared. On these basis, a model for remuneration of academic staff in Poland was proposed. RESEARCH RESULTS: The results showed that the minimum wage of a professor in 2012-2023 grew slower than the minimum wage on average, and in 2023 it is approximately twice as high as the minimum wage. As a solution to the problem of determining the professor's remuneration, the article proposes a model that will transparently determine the change on an annual basis. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS: With regard to higher education, an appropriate remuneration system allows for the creation of academic staff that guarantees high-quality education in all aspects, i.e. theoretical knowledge, practical knowledge and cognitive skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study a large-scale (n = 50,000) natural field experiment implemented by the U.S. Social Security Administration aimed at increasing the timely and accurate self-reporting of wages by Supplemental Security Income (SSI) recipients. A letter reminding SSI recipients of their wage reporting responsibilities significantly increased both the likelihood of reporting any earnings and the total earnings reported. However, the specific letter content—providing social information or highlighting the salience of penalties—had no systematic effect. We develop a conservative estimate that the letters generated roughly $5.91 in savings per dollar spent, highlighting the value of such a nudge in this important context. This paper was accepted by Yan Chen, behavioral economics and decision analysis. Supplemental Material: The data files and online appendix are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.4645. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study quantifies the distributional effects of the minimum wage introduced in Germany in 2015. Using detailed Socio-Economic Panel survey data, we assess changes in the hourly wages, working hours, and monthly wages of employees who were entitled to be paid the minimum wage. We employ a difference-in-differences analysis, exploiting regional variation in the "bite" of the minimum wage. At the bottom of the hourly wage distribution, we document wage growth of 9% in the short term and 21% in the medium term. At the same time, we find a reduction in working hours, such that the increase in hourly wages does not lead to a subortionate increase in monthly wages. We conclude that working hours adjustments play an important role in the distributional effects of minimum wages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]