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Based on Jef Verschueren's Adaptation Theory, Lakoff's definition and Prince et al.'s classification of hedges, this paper takes New York Times and China Daily from January 23rd to April 8th, 2020 as corpus sources, randomly selects 39 COVID-19 reports, and makes a contrastive study of hedges among them, aiming at exploring the similarities and differences in the use of hedges in COVID-19 reports selected from Chinese and American mainstream newspapers and further revealing their influencing factors.

Scout Rally at Birmingham and Imperial Scout Exhibition organised in July of 1913 by the Boy Scouts Association constituted educational propaganda of the British Empire. The term "imperial", which was used in the British press, reflects the ideological meaning of this outsized event which gathered scouts from the United Kingdom and its dominions, and much smaller groups of scouts from Europe, including quite numerous groups from Poland. In the eyes of Poles, British "imperialism" or "patriotism" confronted as an ideal compared to Russian and German rule, and their attitudes were enthusiastically Anglomaniacal. This is the psychological key to understand the attractiveness of performing on the British arena for the representation of the young generation of Poles who were invited. For Polish scouts, the Scout Rally in Birmingham was an opportunity to demonstrate not only their skills but also patriotism as a function of political presence. This is how the Polish press understood these things, and which after the British -- what needs to be emphasised -- paid the most attention to the events in Birmingham. The most important Polish dailies publishing in Cracow, Warsaw, Poznan, and Lvov (now Lviv) closely followed the course of the rally, which was given the rank of success by a two-sentence "depeche" from London and a lengthy letter published in the "Czas" daily paper. The object of interest for the author of the article is the book written by the founder of Polish scouting, Andrzej Malkowski, which constitutes a noteworthy record of observations made by him during the Scout Rally as well as those made by other organisers of the Polish delegation's trip and of letters from journalists who accompanied this delegation and sent their correspondence to the Polish press from Birmingham, London, and Paris. Only one journalist broke out from apologetic opinions about the excellent performance of Polish scouts, who noticed shortcomings in performance and wrote about them. The article introduces the content of these letters and interprets and compares them. The opinion about the triumphant rally in Birmingham rooted firmly in Polish public opinion, constituting an important element of the founding myth of Polish scouting, which in the history of this movement is worth noting.

The Internet convulsed journalism and created new press models based on budgets radically different from those that traditionally shaped the performance of the profession. Although at first the newspapers created different work structures for paper and web media, the final decision of the journalistic companies was to create a single newsroom for paper and web media. This article investigates if from the theory of Communication, and especially from the works of McLuhan, this decision is or is not justified in a correct way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Local journalism in the UK has been described as being in "crisis". Local newspapers have experienced years of declining circulations and staff cuts, leading to questions about how effectively those institutions can continue to perform normative functions of journalism. One of those is to report on the courts. Through analysis of 22 semi-structured interviews with local newspaper reporters who cover the courts beat, agency court reporters who supply the local press, as well as broadcast journalists involved in both local and national court coverage, this paper helps to establish how the daily newswork of court journalists has developed amid a turbulent period in journalism, especially local journalism. The research finds that court reporting has been less affected than other news beats but faces a series of challenges related to financial cuts and other pressures. While the local press has become even more essential to the provision of court reporting, a central part of the news media's fourth estate role, those challenges affect the ability of court reporters to perform this function. This paper recommends that policymakers consider using a form of public funding to guarantee the future of court reporting at the local level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In September 2015, all UN member states enacted the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as part of the 2030 Agenda. It is a universal call to acion to end poverty, protect the planet and improve the lives and prospects of people around the world. This paper aims to determine the most relevant characterisics of the discourse around this plan, which has been offered by the seven digital newspapers with the highest readership in Spain during the eight years following the enactment of the iniiaive. On the one hand, a staisical analysis has been carried out of the number of pieces of informaion disseminated, as well as of the eniies, industries, regions, themes and people or public agents most menioned. On the other hand, a computerised linguisic corpus analysis was carried out, showing the main word associaions made by each newspaper masthead and the length of the respecive journalisic pieces. The main results reveal a generalised increase in the number of news items, especially from 2020 onwards. Furthermore, there is a clear prominence of the social dimension of sustainability and sustainable development, in contrast to the scarce relevance of the ecological and environmental aspect in most of the digital newspapers. It is concluded that the Spanish press discourse on the SDGs and the 2030 Agenda is heterogeneous and, furthermore, that there is currently no example that fully complies with the values of sustainable journalism. Also, that the coverage of this roadmap does not have long-format journalisic pieces that allow the desirable depth for an adequate explanaion of the plan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Travel section of a newspaper is composed of texts which purport to at least partly comply with the ethical value of journalistic objectivity, yet the border between this type of writing and the overtly promotional texts produced in the tourism sector is somewhat blurred. This paper compares linguistic features in samples of text from Tourist Board websites and the Travel section and nine other sections of The Guardian to determine whether Travel Journalism can be categorised as a type of journalism, or whether it bears distinct similarities to Tourism Discourse. The results suggest that Travel Journalism differs from the other newspaper sections and is quite similar to the Language of Tourism on the basis of some features. However, in relation to others, it is decidedly different, thereby suggesting that Travel Journalism can be cleared of the allegation of being unduly influenced by the texts produced by the tourism industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 2017, the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette (PG) has faced multiple disruptions, including a bitter labor conflict and various public controversies, that have threatened the credibility of this long-standing metropolitan newspaper. To understand how PG journalists and its union have navigated such pressures, this study uses the concept of compounding precarity to capture the multiple, overlapping parts of journalistic precarity that together effect the lives and work of journalists. By interviewing current and past PG journalists, the analysis reveals the individual- and collective-level tactics workers used to navigate these conditions. The study finds that, though journalists individualized precarity at times, union logics largely structured how they responded to compounding precarity. While this illustrates the union's influence at the paper, its inability to sway upper management in numerous disputes reveals the limits of collective organizing at the PG. Given that these issues are not exclusive to the PG, this study highlights the need for cross-coalitional building and structural changes across the news industry in order to spare journalists and journalism from the toxic effects of precarity in late-stage capitalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is a central policy of the Chinese government. This paper analyses the evolution of BRI narratives from 2013 to 2020 in Australian newspaper journalism. In the field of media and communications, there has been a lack of analysis regarding the BRI narratives in Australia. By employing frame analysis, this paper fills in the gap to record the evolution of the BRI narratives in Australian journalism. This paper selects six representative journalists' works from four Australian mainstream newspapers: The Sydney Morning Herald (SMH), The Age, The Australian and The Australian Financial Review (AFR). It shows how the BRI has been gradually politicized and the BRI narratives in Australian journalism shifted in tone from mostly positive to highly critical. More concretely, this paper elucidates that from 2013 to 2020, the BRI has been gradually related to allying with like-minded countries to stand up against China, human rights violations of the Chinese government in Xinjiang and Tibet, Australia's sovereignty, Australia's global order choice between China-led authoritarianism and liberal democracy, and the debt trap strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper makes an important contribution to comparative research by examining data journalism in Spain and Austria. This paper examines the practice of data journalism from a triple perspective: (a) the common features of day-to-day work, (b) the organizational structure and the role of the teams in newsrooms, and (c) the obstacles to and the future of data-driven reporting. Results from content analysis of data-driven news stories in El país and Der standard (N = 136) show differences and similarities in the covered topics, sources, narrative style, visualizations, interactive functions, and levels of transparency. Interestingly, only 36.8% of the analyzed news stories correspond to the normative expectations of transparency by incorporating both sources and methodological details. While the Spanish newspaper shows significantly higher levels of transparency compared with the Austrian newspaper, both newspapers perform very similarly when it comes to providing access to raw data, which was the case in only every fifth news story analyzed. Findings from focused interviews with the heads of data journalism teams deliver interesting insights into specific challenges that each news outlet is facing when creating day-to-day data-driven news stories. This research confirms the relevance that data journalism has achieved in countries such as Spain and demonstrates the effort of journalists in countries without access to information and transparency laws to create data-driven stories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines code-switching as a language style of Yoruba newspapers, within the larger context of the day-to-day speech mannerisms of Nigerians. This linguistic mode is a result of culture mix and has encroached on the indigenous languages of the peoples, and the style (of the writings) of indigenous language media. The paper analyses the texts of Alaroye newspaper to demonstrate the phenomenon. Questions raised concerned the purpose of code-switching, as well as its effects on Yoruba language and influence on respondents' interest in reading Alaroye. Survey and content analysis were the research designs used, while purposive sampling was preferred for the selection of seventy-five respondents to the questionnaire and six who were interviewed. Findings show that code-switching simplifies, aids comprehension, increases interest in indigenous language newspapers and accommodates the bilingualism of readers. Respondents agree that code-switching contributes to the linguistic half-caste mode of journalism and society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines how journalists addressed Kobe Bryant's 2003 rape case as they constructed the basketball star's memory through coverage of his death. Bryant, who died in a helicopter crash on Jan. 26, 2020, was accused of raping a hotel clerk in Colorado; charges were dropped when the woman refused to testify, but the parties reached a civil settlement. This textual analysis examines 488 news stories about Bryant's death, content produced by 18 U.S. news organizations (12 newspapers, two magazines, three online-only publications and a cable broadcast outlet) between Jan. 26 and Oct. 31, 2020. It finds that coverage created a field of discourse that mainly celebrated Bryant for his athletic greatness, as a family man, cultural icon and supporter of women's basketball. The paper argues that, despite the influence of social media and the #MeToo movement, journalists continue to oversimplify and cleanse the narratives of famous men with problematic pasts. The paper calls on journalists to draw from feminist theory and utilize triangulated reporting methods to incorporate marginalized viewpoints when memorializing famous men with problematic pasts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Søren Kierkegaard was engaged with the press in a variety of ways throughout his authorship. Although studies of Kierkegaard's interactions with the public press of his time have largely focused on his dispute with the satirical newspaper, Corsaren, in this paper I examine his first engagement with the press—a mostly anonymous newspaper dispute with the Danish social activist, Orla Lehmann, about the freedom of the press in Denmark—as a lens through which to understand his thoughts on the press in general, on anonymous authorship in the newspapers and otherwise, and the ethical and religious significance Kierkegaard sees in the methods we employ, including anonymity, when we engage one another in public writings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Can people efficiently navigate the modern communication environment, and if yes, how? We hypothesize that in addition to psychological capacities of epistemic vigilance, which evaluate the epistemic value of communicated information, some social institutions have evolved for the same function. Certain newspapers for instance, implement processes, distributed among several experts and tools, whose function is to curate information. We analyze how information curation is done at the institutional level and what challenges it meets. We also investigate what factors favor the cultural evolution of institutions of epistemic vigilance: these include people's preference for accurate and reliable information and their ability to assess communicated information in view of the source's epistemic authority; but also contingent historical factors that make it worth – or not – to contribute to the maintenance of institutions of epistemic vigilance. We conclude the paper by considering the challenges and vulnerabilities of these institutions in the Digital Age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amid concerns of 'market failure' in the U.S. commercial news industry, this paper explores more than a decade's worth of scholarly arguments that government intervention and investment is the best solution to what many deem a crisis in American journalism. Through the lenses of First Amendment theory and political economy, the analysis examines a range of ideas and proposals that, in many ways, began with Robert W. McChesney and John Nichols' The Death and Life of American Journalism in 2010 and continue up through Victor Pickard's Democracy Without Journalism: Confronting the Misinformation Society in 2020. The paper concludes that, while a 'positive' interpretation of the First Amendment would seem to demand such intervention, the window of opportunity has closed due to a range of political and economic forces that have either developed or become further entrenched over the past decade. To that end, it calls on journalists and journalism scholars to work to shift the discourse of journalism, to characterise it as an essential, nonpartisan public good – one no different than education. It argues that such a shift, along with enough evidence of further market failure, could someday help inspire the necessary political and economic will to help rescue the floundering news industry on a wider scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a response to a research paper which analyses how US newspapers represent young people and parents in their response to climate crisis, this commentary observes that the newspapers achieve some advantage in selecting frames, which privilege adult behaviour at the expense of actions taken by young people. It suggests that one effect of newspapers' choice to frame teens' awareness and activities surrounding climate change in disparaging terms may be to increase any eco‐anxiety by devaluing it. It argues that this is done to benefit the newspapers by supporting rather than challenging the schema of their adult readers, following a commercial rather than societal agenda. A subsidiary effect may be to drive younger people away from mainstream media, which fails to represent their viewpoint and towards misinformation and disinformation from unreliable sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although research on the provision of ideologically slanted news has focused on consumers' demands or news ownership's profit margins and political agendas, little focus has been paid to those individuals who create the news content: the political journalists. We use a new measure of newspaper ideology derived from a large scale survey of journalists to estimate the ideology of almost 700 newsrooms, a substantial increase over previous efforts. By estimating newsroom ideology independent of content we show that newsroom ideology influences the responsiveness of newspapers to the demands of readers. We find that newsroom ideology has an effect on the ideological slant of news content even after controlling for consumer preferences. While consumer demand influences the ideological content of the news, the ideology of the newsroom that produces the news skews the responsiveness to the demands of readership and ultimately affects the production of ideological slant in the news. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the implementation process of digital audience metrics as a key strategy in Swedish legacy news production during the last three decades. The historical adoption of metrics in the newsroom is not new but has grown fast (from analogue audience measurements in the 1950s and monthly statistics of unique visitors in the 1990s to a wide range of real-time data). This trend is important because Swedish news organisations have invested heavily in data analytics, which involves integrating metrics-driven journalism into a particularly strong and homogenous tradition of professional autonomy. Based on interviews with key senior managers and supported by the analysis of trade publications, as well as published interviews, the findings reveal three chronologically overlapping periods: the naïve stage of 'getting online', the destructive period of 'social media prominence', and the end of the 'paywall hesitation'. This trend has led to a new equilibrium in which audience metrics are perceived as better aligned with the professional values of news selection. More importantly, the industry-wide embrace of metrics as guidance for more relevant and rational news production revolves around two main factors: First, although metrics are tied to organisational targets, they remain under editorial control. Second, the degree of granularity and diversification of metrics allow for wider support of their use for strategic purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Due to the visual turn in journalism and the emergence of mobile journalism, many newspaper journalists have had to change the way they work and learn to use new tools. To face these changes, traditional news organizations apply different strategies to increase staff competencies in using new production tools and creating innovative content in new formats. In this paper, we investigate how a specific training arrangement was experienced by a group of 40 print editors and journalists in a German regional publishing house. The journalists were introduced to audio-visual storytelling and reporting with smartphones in a 2-week training course. The training arrangements were studied using participant observation and in-depth interviews, followed by a thematic analysis of the data. The study indicates that for print journalists and editors, the transition from the print to the mojo mindset depends on three dimensions: (i) mastering mojo skills, (ii) adopting visual thinking and (iii) integrating ethical and legal awareness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Newspapers are so much more than news content. However, the history of journalism is typically told through studies of news genres or news epochs. In this article, we test the theory of three epochs of Danish press history in an explorative study of non-news genres, as exemplified by letters to the editor, editorials, and “celebratory items” on birthdays and deaths. Through an investigation of newspapers from 1918 to 2018, we demonstrate how these non-news forms were established in the first half of the twentieth century, were institutionalised during the period after World War II, and have been transitioning over the past two decades. This confirms the theory of the partisan press epoch, the omnibus press epoch, and the segment press epoch in Danish press history. At the same time, this study expands our understanding of these three press epochs by showing how the non-news genres provided in printed newspapers are important in the construction of readers as a class in the partisan press period; as a population in the omnibus press period; and, most recently, as elites in the segment press period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is an analysis of four Nigerian newspaper editorials' (the Guardian, Vanguard, Independent and Leadership) coverage of the 2015 general elections in Nigeria. Peace and solution journalism perspectives provided the theoretical insights through which the examination is made. This qualitative study, located within an interpretivist tradition, identified 101 election-related editorials for the study. Using a purposive sampling technique, 25 editorials that were illustrative of the three themes: violence-free polls, rational voting, and credible electoral process, which emerged from reading and re-reading of the editorials, were selected for analysis. The research showed that the editorials sought to a. redirect the attention of the electorate caught up in the personalisation of issues by politicians towards key issues affecting the nation, to guide their electoral decisions, b. appeal to political actors to stem the spate of violence in the polity and c. advocate for a credible electoral process to produce leadership that would be truly reflective of the wishes and aspirations of the people. The editorials made moral and ethical appeals urging "supra-national" and patriotic attitudes as well as more detailed process interventions. This study highlights the role of editorials in peacebuilding efforts at such times as elections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to expand peace journalism scholarship by proposing a new peace journalism model for analyzing media representations of immigration. By employing framing and content analysis, the paper takes a closer look at the ways in which four Greek newspapers portrayed immigration in crisis-stricken Greece between 2011 and 2014. Results indicate that a conflict frame prevailed in the majority of all newspaper articles analyzed. In this context, immigration was portrayed (1) as an issue that generated conflict among different political and social groups, (2) through stereotypical portrayals of immigrants as a threat to public health and security, (3) as a mass of people in extreme conditions of exception, and (4) as a problem to almost every aspect of the Greek society: for tourism, trade, the economy or even Greece's relationship with the EU. A peace frame, conversely, was identified in around one fourth of all news stories. At the same time, findings lead us to conclusions that transcend the peace and conflict journalism dualism revealing five distinct subframes that provide a more nuanced understanding of the peace journalism concept; (1) a 'direct conflict subframe' enhancing division and dispute over immigration, (2) a 'journalism of conventions subframe' following well-established journalistic conventions with important consequences on the quality of information, (3) a 'journalism of values subframe' being closer to the traditional values of journalism, (4) a 'diversity journalism subframe', including all elements referring to a pro-immigrant approach, and (5) a 'positive peace subframe', closer to Galtung's notion of positive peace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reporting on crime and the courts are among the classic functions of journalism. In the UK, journalists and others must abide by the Contempt of Court Act 1981, the main piece of primary legislation aimed at ensuring coverage of legal matters is fair to the participants. The restrictions are generally tighter in practice than in jurisdictions such as the US, where the media has a much freer hand to engage in pre-trial reporting. This paper argues that media coverage of the arrest of the so-called 'Yorkshire Ripper' serial killer, Peter Sutcliffe, in 1981 while Parliament was considering the question of contempt, has made the UK regime tougher than it might otherwise have been. Excessive reporting was influenced by an unusually celebratory police news conference. This news coverage coloured the contemporary debate around contempt, and any opportunity for a more relaxed approach to contempt in the UK's jurisdictions was lost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The women's pages of a newspaper have often been dismissed as fluff, playing at most a subsidiary role, while the real news of a paper is in the malestream pages: the domestic news or leader pages. Yet historically, these pages are often key in constructing women, and men, politically, socially and economically; in terms of generating revenue within the paper; and in terms of how the paper constructs itself in relation to its readers. Further, they have been important in bringing women into newsrooms, and allowing them to construct themselves as journalists with specialist expertise and independence from the male editorial hierarchy. In Malaysia, however, the women's pages of the Malay-language press played a key role in the 1996 campaign for a Domestic Violence Act. Informed both by feminist critical discourse analysis and oral histories with female journalists working at the time, this article sheds light on the gendered nature of Malaysian newsrooms, with implications for how feminist media activists can negotiate feminist coverage, even in an environment hostile to feminism. There are further implications for the importance of understanding processes of both negotiation within newsrooms and identity formation as journalists, both of which impact upon the news produced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with one of the manifestations of current innovative processes in phraseology, i.e. structural-semantic transformations of phraseological units in Russian and Slovak newspaper articles. The aim of this paper is to present an overview of structural-semantic transformations followed by a comparative Russian-Slovak analysis of creative modifications from selected journalistic sources and to summarize certain national-specific features of phraseological transformations in the given languages. Structural-semantic transformations include a spectrum of various types of modifications that affect both the structural and semantic levels of phraseological units. They are popular among journalists because they are an effective means to attract the recipient's attention, to increase the overall expressiveness of the newspaper articles, and to add semantic richness and imagery to transformed phraseological units. We will focus on insertion, substitution of components, phraseological paronomasia, contamination, and phraseological ellipsis. Each type of transformation is distinguished by its characteristic features and fulfils different functions in journalistic style, which we aim to determine throughout the analysis. Incorrect (or inappropriate) transformations of phraseological units are included in the material as well, even though they are not so frequent in journalistic practice. Structural-semantic transformations of phraseological units are widely used in both analysed Slavic languages; however, they appear to be more productive and richer in the Russian language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"The Times: How the Newspaper of Record Survived Scandal, Scorn, and the Transformation of Journalism" by Adam Nagourney is a comprehensive history of the New York Times from 1977 to 2017. Nagourney, a reporter for the Times, explores the paper's business strategies, journalistic missteps, and internal politics. The book highlights the Times' record on race, gender, and sexuality, revealing instances of discrimination and bias. It also delves into notable controversies, such as the Jayson Blair scandal and Judith Miller's reporting on the threat posed by Saddam Hussein. Additionally, Nagourney examines the Times' efforts to adapt to the digital age and the challenges it faced. Overall, the book provides a detailed and balanced account of the newspaper's history. [Extracted from the article]

This paper analyzes the information that was disseminated in the Netherlands and Spain—and other territories connected to the latter such as Portugal and Flanders under Habsburg rule—about the taking by the Dutch of the city of San Salvador de Bahia in Brazil, and his subsequent recovery by a Spanish-Portuguese expedition (1624–1625). Despite the different communicative structures, these national journalisms shared professional strategies to inform about the conflicts that occurred in the distant Brazilian lands. Given the difficulty of informing promptly and truthfully, the discourse of the Dutch and Spanish newspapers about their colonies alternates between the information explosion and silence, depending on the alternation between victories and defeats in American territory. News was as connected as were the empires that controlled vast territories in Europe and America, despite the ideological and religious differences of the era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Election coverage is often assumed to be different to everyday political coverage. We argue that this depends on political institutions. In majoritarian countries, where elections choose governments, election coverage should decisively move towards political competition and away from policy. In consensual countries, where coalitions are based on policy negotiations, there should be a less pronounced shift towards political competition and away from policy. To test this argument, we use an automatic coding system to study 0.9 billion words in Die Welt for 12 years and in the Financial Times for 30 years. The results support our institutional hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzes slum journalism in the British provincial press and reveals that it continued to be a major theme until well into the twentieth century. Instead of the rather moralizing reporting of the earlier nineteenth century, this journalism used the device of civic shame to pressurize local government into taking action on slums as a matter of public health. It examines the discourses that resulted from civic shame in two newspapers—the Manchester Guardian and the Birmingham Daily Gazette —and challenges the idea that interest in reporting local political matters decreased during this period. Civic shame is shown to work in two ways—offering detailed vignettes of aspects of slum life based on personal observation and showing (some) slum-dwellers as worthy of better living conditions, and blaming the local authority directly for failing to address the problem. In this way, later slum writing sought to appeal directly to the reader not just to impart facts but to stimulate empathy and to develop a desire for action. Such in-depth studies of a particular social issue sought to address the local authorities directly, to apportion blame and to use slum writing as a tool for social action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The publicity of journalism has long been central to anti-corruption politics in the United States. This article explores relations between journalism and corruption in early twentieth-century Chicago and shows how newspapers could be used by corrupt politicians to consolidate and even constitute their power. By examining the three-term mayoralty of William Hale 'Big Bill' Thompson, the article considers a range of media strategies, from press-baiting to propaganda and boosterism, that fuelled public controversies about press hypocrisy and limited journalism's anti-corruption potential. Thompson's Chicago sheds light on broader debates about the politics of journalism in capitalist societies with commercial media environments; it also helps illuminate wider histories of corruption in America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the adoption of cross-border collaboration practices by introducing the concept of 'intermediaries of change': individual journalists who drive the adoption and gradual normalisation of pioneering cross-border practices. We ask how they implement cross-border practices, integrate them into existing working routines, and how this influences their working conditions using a case study on Europe's Far Right, a network of seven newspapers that investigated far-right parties ahead of the European Parliament election 2019. We found that the network expanded journalists' research capacity and entails a 'domino effect' since journalists gain experience and establish cross-national ties, which enable them to better establish follow-up collaborations. While this might help to normalize cross-border practices, organisational structures and contexts of transnational journalism shape the degree of participation by different network members. Moreover, we found that cross-border collaborations might foster precarious working conditions and competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The competition to attract audiences has led to an increase in sensational or misleading headlines and content, with the aim of garnering user clicks in the news media. This dynamic alters the journalistic manner in which news is presented, and it does so by reducing informative quality and eroding the trust of the audience. This study examines the proliferation of clickbait strategies on the front pages of reputable international 'serious' press and how it manifests in readers' consumption and sharing habits. We carried out a comparative content analysis of digital news articles from four international media sources (N = 1680): The Guardian (UK), The New York Times (USA), El País (Spain) and Público (Portugal). Our results confirm the existence of clickbait (N = 516) on the front pages, the most read content and the articles most shared on social media. Most clickbait titles resort to headline strategies of containing incomplete information that affect both hard and soft news topics. This particular finding highlights the inclusion of clickbait in the agenda of 'serious' journalism, despite the negative implications on information quality and trust. Associated with irrelevant content, this 'hook' captures the attention of the online audience more than the social media audience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the prevailing conflict framings of national (El País and El Mundo) and Catalan (La Vanguardia and El Periódico de Cataluña) newspapers in response to the management of the regional independence conflict (2010-2014). For this, a new conflict framing typology was developed, based on level of substantivity. The study has verified that territorial origin affects, but does not determine, the media's definition of the conflict and its preference for specific territorial models. The alignment between parties and the media appears to be the variable that best explains the orientation (pro-independence, constitutionalist, or federalist) of each newspaper. We have also verified the media's action as a polarizing agent based on territorial model preferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the USA, for the first time in the 1960s, and in a very systematic manner from 1976 onwards, pre-election debates (televised presidential debates) have become a fundamental and integral method of communication for political parties, as well as an institution of American democracy that contributes significantly to shaping a culture of public political dialogue at a relatively high level, through which citizens accumulate knowledge about political figures and their parties' positions within a very short period of time before the elections. In Greece, on the contrary, these television programs have not sparked significant interest to date. The subject of this study is the television debates in Greece, evaluated through a brief historical overview and commentary on their structure, culminating in the two televised confrontations that took place within a five-month period during two electoral contests in 2023. Firstly, the reactions to and reception of the two televised debates by citizens on platform X and, secondly, the commentary on the two debates by journalists, columnists, and renowned analysts, reveal the differing interests of both sides. The research results confirm that, in addition to the performance of politicians, citizens are also interested in the conditions and form in which these pre-election televised debates are staged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large language models (LLMs) have the ability to generate text by stringing together words from their extensive training data. The leading AI text generation tool built on LLMs, ChatGPT, has quickly grown a vast user base since its release, but the domains in which it is being heavily leveraged are not yet known to the public. To understand how generative AI is reshaping print media and the extent to which it is being implemented already, methods to distinguish human-generated text from that generated by AI are required. Since college students have been early adopters of ChatGPT, we sought to study the presence of generative AI in newspaper articles written by collegiate journalists. To achieve this objective, an accurate AI detection model is needed. Herein, we analyzed university newspaper articles from different universities to determine whether ChatGPT was used to write or edit the news articles. We developed a detection model using classical machine learning and used the model to detect AI usage in the news articles. The detection model showcased a 93% accuracy in the training data and had a similar performance in the test set, demonstrating effectiveness in AI detection above existing state-of-the-art detection tools. Finally, the model was applied to the task of searching for generative AI usage in 2023, and we found that ChatGPT was not used to revise articles to any appreciable measure to write university news articles at the schools we studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the function of data journalism in a UK newsroom using Bourdieu's field theory. The collection of study data was conducted through in-depth interviews, utilising a qualitative research methodology. The data obtained revealed that data journalism, a sub-field of journalism, continues to develop in an interdisciplinary structure and creates a new type of habitus (data habitus) within the field of journalism. This study also shows that the data journalism team in the newspaper has moved from being niche to being established as one of the most active and effective main sections of the newsroom, and that data-driven journalism has the potential to influence other teams. Lastly, this study suggested that the newsroom is undergoing a process of datafication by indicating the newspaper's intention to develop data skills beyond the data journalism team. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent terrorism research has explored jihadist groups' discourse surrounding different countries by exploring the content of various magazines. We build on existing literature by examining al-Masra, an Arabic-language newspaper linked to Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP). We created an original dataset from 1,250 articles in fifty-eight al-Masra editions, utilizing content analysis to code for each article's main country of focus. Overall, we found that fifty-four countries formed the central focus of at least one al-Masra article. Although the United States was the most covered country, the combined coverage provided to countries in the Middle East and North Africa, South Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa far outweighed al-Masra's concentration on "the West." Despite al-Masra's stated commitment to covering global Muslim affairs, however, a number of countries with large Muslim populations, including Bangladesh, Indonesia, and Nigeria, received little attention. Interestingly, al-Masra's focus on certain countries varied over time. While coverage of Libya, Somalia, and Syria decreased during 2017, al-Masra's concentration on the United States increased over time, especially following Donald Trump's electoral victory. This article contributes to research on terrorist media campaigns and framing strategies by examining an understudied Arabic-language jihadist publication and its propaganda related to dozens of countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Critical reporting (piping-baodao) has long been considered one of the most important journalistic tools in China, exhibiting great democratic potential. However, the media environment for such reporting has become precarious over the past decade, raising the questions of how much space is left for critical reporting and how it is related to the media–state dynamics. Drawing on a 15-year longitudinal content analysis of how The Beijing News—an outspoken newspaper—reported corruption, this study explored the evolution of critical reporting in China. The results revealed that critical reporting is still a small-scale, non-routine journalistic practice. A detailed analysis was conducted to determine how media resources and power relations shaped critical reporting. The results showed that critical reporting has tended to take a resource-intense format and require non-official sources. Furthermore, critical reporting was more pronounced with respect to the coverage of low-ranking officials and officials outside the newspaper's parent region. Broader implications of these findings have been discussed. Overall, the present study advances the understanding of critical journalism in an authoritarian context and explores its relations with the state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article studies the role of the typewriter in the Algerian War of Independence (1954–1962). When a printing press was unavailable during the war, women militants used the typewriter to process articles for El Moudjahid, the designated newspaper of the anticolonial revolutionaries. Providing a media history and theory of this event, the article argues that the typewriter—both woman and machine—was an active militant who cut texts and bodies to advance the revolutionary cause. The typewriter denaturalized assumptions about the newspaper's colonial appearance, thus bringing forth a new form for anticolonial journalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]