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This paper presents data from two international projects focused on the interaction between changemaking and digital making in university students. The data is drawn from the contributions of 63 university students located in the United States, Romania, Spain, Belgium, Norway, Denmark and England. Using a design thinking methodology and a thematic analysis of student responses, the aim was to understand how the creative use of immersive technologies, such as augmented and virtual reality, might create an environment for changemaking practices in an international context. Findings suggest that students demonstrated not only enhanced digital skills and student engagement but increased cultural competence and global mindfulness. International digital collaboration can create conditions for students to develop changemaker attributes and identify as changemakers within the spheres of entrepreneurship and education, preparing them to be a force for change in the world.

This paper looks in more depth at an analysis of MOOC students' social entrepreneurial intentions, their profiles and motivations, especially as regards the tensions between internal and external motivations and the influence of the environment on the decision to set up a social enterprise. It also offers insights into online education for social entrepreneurs, as we believe that a better understanding of such training and its participants may help to stimulate social entrepreneurship from the educational sphere. Using a large sample obtained from a survey of 1457 respondents, our study offers a new perspective on distance learning social entrepreneurship students' socio-demographic characteristics and the importance of both their desire for self-fulfilment and the influence of their environment.

Purpose: The present research focuses on an understudied field in the entrepreneurial process: the events that transform intention into effective entrepreneurial behavior. Design/methodology/approach: In this paper a comparative analysis, using the t-test on related samples, is made of the perceptions of these triggering events of a group of graduates who showed entrepreneurial intention in higher education but, up to now, had not taken the decision to start a business with those of a group who had started a business. To do this, a sample of 227 graduates from a medium-sized European University located in Spain, with manifest entrepreneurial intention was used. Findings: The results show that there are important differences between perceptions of entrepreneurship triggering events of potential entrepreneurs who have yet to start a company compared to entrepreneurs who have actually started a company. In this sense, the overevaluation by those who have not yet become entrepreneurs of events related to access to finance and the greater relevance for those with entrepreneurial experience of having a good team and contacts consisting of other entrepreneurs, mentors and advisers stand out. Research limitations/implications: Some of the limitations observed in this work are related to the size of the sample analyzed. In the future, the study should be broadened, and different entrepreneurial behavior by academic specialization, gender, sector and/or type of activities should be investigated. Originality/value: Our study focuses on the phase of the entrepreneurship process in which intention becomes action and, more specifically, on those events that favor this change in behavior.

Entrepreneurship has been emphasized as a way of boosting economic growth. However, there is a lack of knowledge about whether changes in economic context influence entrepreneurial activity. This paper analyzes the influence that such economic changes may have on entrepreneurial intention and its antecedents from individuals' cognitive perspectives. With this aim, an empirical study is conducted using the Partial Least Squares technique on a sample of 7454 Spanish university students, who had participated in the Global University Entrepreneurial Spirit Student Survey 2013 and 2018 editions. The results indicate that in times of optimistic job prospects arising from a period of economic growth, individuals reduce their entrepreneurial intentions as a professional option for the future. Despite this, improvements in the economic situation can intensify the perception of support from those closest to potential young entrepreneurs, as well as the confidence that these people have in themselves to start a new business. Moreover, our findings suggest that better economic expectations negatively influence the relationship between social support perceived and young people's motivations (attitude and self-efficacy) towards the decision to become an entrepreneur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on university education and its role in developing personality traits essential to achieving success in entrepreneurship is required because of the significance of entrepreneurship for advancements in the economic, social, technological, and environmental spheres. Additionally, the value of a university education in shaping an individual's personality, and the necessity of emphasizing entrepreneurship in higher education for students to achieve real success, should be a priority in our society. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to explore how university education influences personality traits that are key to success in entrepreneurship in Spain. To achieve this objective, a qualitative methodology based on the study of 11 cases has been adopted. The results allow us to conclude that university education has a decisive influence on the development of the personality traits that integrally determine entrepreneurial success as the culmination of the final stage of the maturation process; however, a university education is not fundamental to the development of these traits. Nevertheless, entrepreneurs emphasized that the personality traits analyzed need to be reinforced explicitly in university education since they effectively positively impact the success of entrepreneurial initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The present research focuses on an understudied field in the entrepreneurial process: the events that transform intention into effective entrepreneurial behavior. Design/methodology/approach: In this paper a comparative analysis, using the t-test on related samples, is made of the perceptions of these triggering events of a group of graduates who showed entrepreneurial intention in higher education but, up to now, had not taken the decision to start a business with those of a group who had started a business. To do this, a sample of 227 graduates from a medium-sized European University located in Spain, with manifest entrepreneurial intention was used. Findings: The results show that there are important differences between perceptions of entrepreneurship triggering events of potential entrepreneurs who have yet to start a company compared to entrepreneurs who have actually started a company. In this sense, the overevaluation by those who have not yet become entrepreneurs of events related to access to finance and the greater relevance for those with entrepreneurial experience of having a good team and contacts consisting of other entrepreneurs, mentors and advisers stand out. Research limitations/implications: Some of the limitations observed in this work are related to the size of the sample analyzed. In the future, the study should be broadened, and different entrepreneurial behavior by academic specialization, gender, sector and/or type of activities should be investigated. Originality/value: Our study focuses on the phase of the entrepreneurship process in which intention becomes action and, more specifically, on those events that favor this change in behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to present a bibliometric analysis of the literature on an entrepreneurial intention that considers different topics to enhance starting a business. Using the Core collection of the Web of Science, 1,549 papers are found from 1900 to December 2020 to be analyzed. The analysis is focused on documents, authors, journals, countries, and keywords to detect areas and trends in this field of study. Likewise, bibliographic couplings, co-citation, and co-occurrences are analyzed. Findings show that the field has started to grow since 2010; the most influential authors and universities are in Spain and Taiwan, such as the case of Liñan, Liang, Ip, and Moriano. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the scope for system-level agency in new path creation. We identify the roles and challenges for state-led path creation and illustrate them through a case study of a novel and ongoing set of institutional entrepreneurship and system-building activities in the Galicia region of Spain, looking at the practices, relational processes, multilevel lobbying and regulatory change associated with an ambitious initiative to grow a new industry around uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs) through anchoring knowledge and legitimacy-building. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Erasmus programme represents one of the most popular policy measures of the European Union among its citizens. The aim of this paper is to explore the causal effect of this mobility action on labour market outcomes and skills' development in Spain. In order to do so, this research exploits the Spanish University Students Employability Survey 2014 an employs and instrumental variables strategy, based on the supply of Erasmus scholarships by area of studies and region of residence, to address the potential endogeneity of the participation in the programme. On the one hand, the empirical results suggest that studying abroad has a positive effect on the probability of becoming an entrepreneur, working in a foreign country and the formation of Information Communication and Communication skills. On the other hand, they do not reveal any significant impact of participating in this programme on the likelihood of employment and several working conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The senior tourism segment has acquired vital importance in the tourism industry and is characterized by longer stays, less seasonality and greater spending than other segments. There are, therefore, unexploited business opportunities with this kind of visitor. The purpose of this paper is to identify the link between the business opportunities within the framework of senior tourism and several factors linked to the hotel and catering and services industry. This research focuses on the Region of Murcia on the Spanish Mediterranean coast and analyses the factors that affect greater entrepreneurship level in this region. The results confirm that the environment, social and commercial networks and sustainability have significant effects on the recognition of opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to show how innovation, implemented as servitization activities, can facilitate retail organizations to generate, capture, and deliver value in the long run throughout their value chain. On the one hand, it offers a new perspective on servitization in the retail industry, an area where there is scarce published literature. On the other hand, it offers a new outlook of innovation servitization in the retail supply chain. Again, this is a research gap in the body of knowledge. For this purpose, we study an interesting case study of a relevant grocery retail store in Spain and Portugal. We adopt a multi-actor approach, analysing how a leading retail company in the grocery sector, Mercadona, has based its growth, international expansion, and competitiveness on developing servitization by introducing innovative services into its value chain. This development, conducted with its suppliers, employees, and customers, signifies an exceptional case of worldwide co-innovation with customers and suppliers. Mercadona has forged a co-innovation program based on a robust, total-quality culture that has transformed its value chain and expanded its business internationally. Its strategy is based on its customers' emotional loyalty, underpinned by social media networks and a strong brand image. Its approach has enabled the development and growth of numerous SME suppliers, creating an excellent capacity for innovation. We conclude how this process drives a significant driver effect which affects the entire supply chain, given that these SME suppliers frequently outsource their innovation activities. In parallel, there is scarce literature on servitization in the retail sector, especially in the food and supermarket sector, and how a retailer can push the manufacturer to add value to its servitization process through co-innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research in teaching innovation encourages leveraging the evolution of digital technologies from using the device to learning with the device, which means a change from using information and communicational technologies to learning and knowledge technologies. Nevertheless, although the feasibility of implementing active and interactive methodologies to improve education is widely recognised, more research is needed to obtain evidence on the subjects and contents with the most significant potential for success. In addition, the most recent literature claims greater attention to the improvement of transversal skills, as they are critical in the student's professional future. Thus, the main objective of this study is to contribute to the development of immersive learning aimed at improving the cross-cutting skills of university students. Developing a teaching activity where the student acts as an entrepreneur in electronic distribution channels faces the research question. The student-company-university collaboration is the basis for enhancing the transversal skills of the Degree in Marketing and Market Research at the University of Zaragoza (Spain). The student participates in each step of the program as an active agent. The teacher tutors the work teams in each process step, and the Palbin Company provides the necessary technical support. The students give the information to analyse the success of the experience through two surveys -pre and post-workshop, following the methodology used in previous literature. While the activity planning is complex, the students show an excellent mood during the experience. The comparison between expectations and performance offers significant success from the student's point of view. As a result, the student improves cross-cutting competencies and gains confidence, satisfaction with their learning at university, and professional experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our research studies the influence of positive affect on entrepreneurs' evaluations of opportunities (i.e. novelty assessments and entrepreneurial selection) as well as how this influence may be different for entrepreneurs belonging to cultural and creative industries. Drawing on arguments on the role of affect in cognition and considering the particular situational and individual‐level factors of entrepreneurship in cultural and creative industries, we hypothesize that positive affect influences entrepreneurs' opportunity evaluation. We also hypothesize that this effect of positive affect is barely present for cultural and creative entrepreneurs. We test our hypotheses in a sample of nascent entrepreneurs who took part in entrepreneurship training programmes in six incubators in Spain, who we asked to evaluate their own opportunity. Our results show that positive affect positively impacts the perceived novelty and entrepreneurial selection of non‐creative entrepreneurs though this impact is limited for cultural and creative entrepreneurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I assess the macroeconomic and redistributive effects of tax reforms aimed at increasing tax revenue in Spain. To this end, I develop a theory of entrepreneurship that mimics key facts on the wealth and income distribution in Spain. I find two reforms that raise fiscal pressure in Spain to the average value among countries in the Euro area. The first reform involves doubling the average effective tax rate on labor and business income for all individuals whose income is above a threshold level. I find that this reform reduces the inequality in after-tax income, wealth, and consumption. However, it implies a substantial GDP reduction. The second reform increases the flat tax rate on consumption by fifteen percentage points. While this reform does not reduce long-run output, it does not decrease household inequality. All in all, the desirability of the two reforms depends on the government's preferences for reducing inequality at the expense of aggregate output losses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entrepreneurship is a feasible option for people with disabilities as it allows room for flexibility. This study investigates the factors that influence the entrepreneurial intentions of people with disabilities in Spain. The data were obtained from nine focus groups, one interview, and seven questionnaires. The analysis was performed using NVivo software. The results showed that self-realisation, the search for autonomy, freedom, and independence are critical factors that affect the decision of people with disabilities to become entrepreneurs. The results also highlight the lack of business culture in Spain, the need for support from family and friends, and the necessity to create a network of contacts for people with disabilities to feel included. Education plays a key role in overcoming the differences with respect to people without disabilities. The findings also suggest that specific legislation or action plans are needed in Spain to promote entrepreneurship among people with disabilities. This study shows the personal and contextual factors that influence the entrepreneurial intentions of people with disabilities in Spain. Nine focus group discussions and one interview were conducted through Zoom, a video conferencing platform. This shows the role played by digital tools in the inclusion of people with disabilities. This research concludes that entrepreneurship makes people with disabilities feel free and independent and increase their self-fulfilment when they see their contribution to economic development. There is a lack of entrepreneurial culture in Spain, and institutions should undertake measures to promote not only the entrepreneurial spirit but also the full integration of people with disabilities. Such studies are important in order to boost entrepreneurship among people with disabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is the first attempt to validate the Entrepreneurial Intention Questionnaire (EIQ) in secondary education students. It is based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and includes its constructs: attitude towards entrepreneurship, subjective norm, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, and entrepreneurial intention. The promotion of entrepreneurship in early education requires valid and reliable measures to assess the desired outcomes and evaluate the effectiveness of the interventions. The EIQ presents good psychometric qualities in a Spanish sample of high school students (N = 226): (a) The four-factor structure fits the data with factor loadings ranging between.378 and.862; (b) Each dimension presents satisfactory reliability results (above.7); and (c) The dimensions reproduce expected relationships with entrepreneurial attitudes. Additionally, competing models of the TPB have been tested to provide evidence to support a modified version of the original TPB model. Consequently, the EIQ is adequate for secondary education in Spain, being especially useful for longitudinal studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Worker cooperatives as an entrepreneurial activity that values collective benefits have raised increasing interest in recent years. This prioritisation clearly distinguishes this business model from other entrepreneurial forms. Nevertheless, entrepreneurship research to date has rarely focused on worker cooperatives. This study draws on this gap by examining the main factors decisive for people preferring this business model. The results suggest five factors that can act as drivers for improving entrepreneurial creation through worker cooperatives and conforming to an entrepreneurship path aimed at improving social cohesion. These factors are related to several key points: cooperative principles and the governance model of these organisations; the perception of this model as especially suited for favouring equality; the individual's social orientation; and the influence of external aids provided to the constitution of worker cooperatives. The findings also suggest the need for effective public policies that favour the cooperative model since it promotes a more responsive and sustainable economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Notwithstanding the emergence of FinTech startups in the financial services industry, most of these companies face significant difficulties in breaking even and surviving. This study examines the main managerial, institutional, and financial drivers of FinTech profitability and the time it takes for these firms to break even. The database includes relevant qualitative factors, such as foundational characteristics, the technological profile of the startup, and its funding structure. Using the full population of FinTech startups operating in Spain from 2005 to 2017, we observe that most of these firms are unprofitable within three years of their inception. Combining panel data and survival analyses, we empirically find that large and solvent FinTech firms founded by single entrepreneurs in an incubator or accelerator program are more likely to be profitable and prevail. FinTech firms reach their break-even points faster if they receive funding through seed capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aims to characterise the phenomenon of depopulation in the rural environment from the point of view of the opportunities offered by technology-based rural entrepreneurship as a lever that promotes population fixation and the economic dynamisation of the most depressed territories subject to the economic and social imbalances generated by depopulation. Research Design & Methods: The research approach is based on the application of case studies as an empirical research technique. In particular, the strategy for the promotion of rural start-ups in CyL - the largest European region and one of the Spanish regions most affected by the negative consequences of depopulation - is analysed. Findings: Empirical evidence has shown that economic conditions have impacted the extent and duration of migration flows from rural areas to a more industrialised urban environment. Thus, in recent decades, the spatial distribution of the population has taken shape characterised by strong concentrations in large cities as opposed to the dispersion and low density of the population in large areas of the territory. Implications / Recommendations: The promotion of rural entrepreneurship through the development of specific actions to encourage the creation of start-up companies could be a solution to the demographic challenge. Contribution / Value Added: The creation of a regional entrepreneurial ecosystem has been possible owing to the financing, growth, scaling, and business internationalisation programmes promoted by the regional government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entrepreneurship is widely argued to be an important solution to poverty. While there is a growing volume of work on poverty and entrepreneurial action in developing nations, empirical work in developed countries is more scarce. Drawing on the entrepreneurial intentions and motivations literature together with personal values theory, we explore changes in the economic status and job status of 83 individuals from low-income contexts in Spain. Based on a series of multiple correspondence analysis and cluster analyses of data collected in two periods in time, three profiles of entrepreneurial intentions, motivations, and personal values associated with pathways into and out of poverty through entrepreneurship are identified. Implications are drawn for theory, practice and public policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims at analysing the influence of a holistic configuration of factors related to industry and the characteristics of the entrepreneur and the business, on the survival of social and commercial entrepreneurial initiatives in both, new and consolidated companies. The sample ranges from 2,851 to 2,109 firms, according to the period considered, and has been obtained from the reports of the projects submitted to the Assistance Programme to Young Entrepreneurs, promoted by the Valencian Institute of Youth. Other sources of information have been the Institute's own reports and the Chambers of Commerce. A configurational analysis is performed using the Fuzzy-Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis. The results obtained show that there is no necessary condition by itself and that there are several sufficient solutions that explain a considerable percentage of survival cases. They also show how the solutions vary significantly and, consequently, the relevance of the different causal antecedents, when the company acquires greater maturity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]