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Objectives: The developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) hypothesis describes how early childhood stress affects morbidity and mortality later in life. The role of early childhood stress in mortality from infectious disease is understudied. Stressors in early childhood that weaken the immune system may result in increased susceptibility to infectious disease in adulthood. Weaning is one of the earliest potential periods of significant stress in early childhood. This research investigates the effect of weaning after ~6 months of age on cholera mortality among 18th-19th-century Italian populations by determining if earlier breastfeeding cessation is associated with earlier mortality, analyzing childhood dietary variation and physiological stress markers, and determining if age-at-weaning completion differs between catastrophic and attritional populations., Methods: Serial dentin stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analyses from canines are compared between catastrophic (n = 45) and attritional groups (n = 23). Canines are sectioned serially from crown to apex, and the increment's δ 15 N and δ 13 C are used to estimate age-at-weaning completion., Results: Catastrophic and attritional groups exhibit similar age-at-weaning completion (~2.8 years). Seventy-four percent of individuals lack elevated δ 15 N values in dentin that formed during infancy., Conclusions: Age-at-weaning completion was not a predisposing factor in cholera mortality in adulthood in this sample. Age-at-weaning completion may not be significantly associated with infectious disease mortality because weaning completion likely occurred after infants had adapted to consuming contaminated weanling foods. Individuals without detectable weaning curves may represent infants who received supplementary foods since birth or were weaned before the age of 6-9 months., (© 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

The paper argues that historic events in the western Irish town of Sligo were more substantial in shaping Bram Stoker's novel Dracula (1897) than previously thought. Biographers of Stoker have credited his mother, Charlotte Thornley Stoker, for influencing her son's gothic imagination during his childhood by sharing tales of the Sligo cholera epidemic she had witnessed in 1832. While Charlotte Stoker's written account of Sligo's epidemic Experiences of the Cholera in Ireland (1873) influenced Bram Stoker, it is argued that as a voracious library researcher he is likely to have cross-referenced it with other historical accounts. Furthermore, by viewing the text of Dracula through the lens of Charlotte Stoker's account and the historical reportage of the epidemic, clear parallels emerge. Ultimately, the striking similarities between Sligo's cholera are marshaled to argue that Count Dracula may be read as the personification of Sligo's cholera., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Purpose: Waterborne pathogens pose a significant threat to public health, emphasizing the continuous necessity for advancing robust detection techniques, particularly in preventing outbreaks associated with these pathogens. This study focuses on cholera, an infectious disease caused by Vibrio cholerae, serogroups O1 and O139, often transmitted through contaminated water and food, raising significant public health concerns in areas with poor sanitation and limited access to clean water. Methods: We developed a colorimetric biosensor using aptamer-functionalized gold nanoparticles to identify Vibrio cholerae O139 and address this issue. The detection mechanism relies on the color change of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) from red to blue-purple induced by NaCl after the pathogen incubation and aptamer-target binding. Initial steps involved synthesizing and characterizing AuNPs, then exploring the impact of aptamer and NaCl concentrations on AuNP agglomeration. Optimization procedures for aptamer concentration and salt addition identified the optimal conditions for detection as 120 pM aptamers and 1 M NaCl. Results: The aptasensor demonstrated a robust linear relationship, detecting V. cholerae concentrations from 103 to 108 CFU/mL, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 587 CFU/mL. Specificity tests and accurate sample analyses confirmed the efficiency of the AuNPs aptasensor, showcasing its reliability and speed compared to traditional culture examination methods. Moreover, we extended the aptasensor to a paper-based sensing platform with similar detection principles. Conclusion: The change in color upon target binding was captured with a smartphone and analyzed using image processing software. The paper-based device detected the target in less than 2 min, demonstrating its convenience for on-field applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the remarkable contributions and achievements of Dr. Azar Andami (1926-1984), a renowned physician and specialist at the Pasteur Institute of Iran. Dr. Andami conducted extensive research on infectious diseases, particularly cholera, utilizing her knowledge in medicine, bacteriology, and laboratory sciences. She played a crucial role in the mass production of the cholera vaccine at the Pasteur Institute of Iran and in controlling the spread of communicable diseases both locally and globally. This paper aims to highlight her remarkable works and accomplishments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cholera is responsible for 1.3 to 4.0 million cholera cases globally and poses a significant threat, with Zambia reporting 17,169 cases as of 4th February 2024. Recognizing the crucial link between natural cholera infections and vaccine protection, this study aimed to assess immune responses post cholera infection and vaccination. This was a comparative study consisting of 50 participants enrolled during a cholera outbreak in Zambia's Eastern Province and an additional 56 participants who received oral cholera vaccinations in Zambia's Central Province. Vibriocidal antibodies were plotted as geometric mean titres in the naturally infected and vaccinated individuals. A significant difference (p < 0.047) emerged when comparing naturally infected to fully vaccinated individuals (2 doses) on day 28 against V. cholerae Ogawa. Those who received two doses of the oral cholera vaccine had higher antibody titres than those who were naturally infected. Notably, the lowest titres occurred between 0-9 days post onset, contrasting with peak responses at 10-19 days. This study addresses a critical knowledge gap in understanding cholera immunity dynamics, emphasizing the potential superiority of vaccination-induced immune responses. We recommend post infection vaccination after 40 days for sustained immunity and prolonged protection, especially in cholera hotspots., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Diverse modelling techniques in cholera epidemiology have been developed and used to (1) study its transmission dynamics, (2) predict and manage cholera outbreaks, and (3) assess the impact of various control and mitigation measures. In this study, we carry out a critical and systematic review of various approaches used for modelling the dynamics of cholera. Also, we discuss the strengths and weaknesses of each modelling approach. A systematic search of articles was conducted in Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, and Taylor & Francis. Eligible studies were those concerned with the dynamics of cholera excluding studies focused on models for cholera transmission in animals, socio-economic factors, and genetic & molecular related studies. A total of 476 peer-reviewed articles met the inclusion criteria, with about 40% (32%) of the studies carried out in Asia (Africa). About 52%, 21%, and 9%, of the studies, were based on compartmental (e.g., SIRB), statistical (time series and regression), and spatial (spatiotemporal clustering) models, respectively, while the rest of the analysed studies used other modelling approaches such as network, machine learning and artificial intelligence, Bayesian, and agent-based approaches. Cholera modelling studies that incorporate vector/housefly transmission of the pathogen are scarce and a small portion of researchers (3.99%) considers the estimation of key epidemiological parameters. Vaccination only platform was utilized as a control measure in more than half (58%) of the studies. Research productivity in cholera epidemiological modelling studies have increased in recent years, but authors used diverse range of models. Future models should consider incorporating vector/housefly transmission of the pathogen and on the estimation of key epidemiological parameters for the transmission of cholera dynamics., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The outbreak of cholera in Istanbul in the autumn of 1871 has long been considered something of a historical non-event. Although responsible for several thousand deaths, in the historiography of the city it remains almost entirely obscured. Yet the 1871 outbreak briefly highlighted the social tensions in the burgeoning Istanbulite public sphere, and threatened to fracture the formerly "unified" Istanbulite medical establishment along spatial, colonial, and racialized lines. This article examines the reportage of four newspapers which circulated in Istanbul during the outbreak, each of which claimed to speak for a generalized public, albeit through very different methods. Three of these newspapers—the English-language The Levant Herald , the French-language La Turquie , and the Ottoman Turkish Basiret —were dailies with circulations in the thousands. The fourth paper, the French-language Gazette Médicale d'Orient , was instead the press organ of the city's emergent sanitary establishment. The responses of these papers to this sudden crisis revealed the underlying assumptions which animated Istanbulite social and medical discourse in the late Ottoman Empire, and the tensions inherent in claims to speak for public opinion or to act on behalf of global public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Cholera is a severe gastrointestinal disease that manifests with rapid onset of diarrhea, vomiting, and high mortality rates. Due to its widespread occurrence in impoverished communities with poor water sanitation, there is an urgent demand for a cost-effective and highly efficient vaccine. Multi-epitope vaccines containing dominant immunological epitopes and adjuvant compounds have demonstrated potential in boosting the immune response., Material and Methods: B and T epitopes of OMPU, OMPW, TCPA, CTXA, and CTXB proteins were predicted using bioinformatics methods. Subsequently, highly antigenic multi-epitopes that are non-allergenic and non-toxic were synthesized. These multi-epitopes were then cloned into the pCOMB phagemid. A plasmid M13KO7ΔpIII containing all helper phage proteins except pIII was created to produce the recombinant phage. Female Balb/c mice were divided into three groups and immunized accordingly. The mice received the helper phage, recombinant phage or PBS via gavage feeding thrice within two weeks. Serum samples were collected before and after immunization for the ELISA test as well as evaluating immune system induction through ELISpot testing of spleen lymphocytes., Results: The titer of the recombinant phage was determined to be 10 11 PFU/ml. The presence of the recombinant phage was confirmed through differences in optical density between sample and control groups in the ELISA phage technique, as well as by observing transduction activity, which demonstrated successful production of a recombinant phage displaying the Vibrio multi-epitope on M13 phage pIII. ELISA results revealed significant differences in phage antibodies before and after inoculation, particularly notable in the negative control mice. Mice treated with multi-epitope phages exhibited antibodies against Vibrio cholerae lysate. Additionally, ELISpot results indicated activation of cellular immunity in mice receiving both Vibrio and helper phage., Conclusion: This study emphasizes the potential of multi-epitope on phage to enhance both cellular and humoral immunity in mice, demonstrating how phages can be used as adjuvants to stimulate mucosal immunity and act as promising candidates for oral vaccination., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The recurring cholera outbreaks in sub-Saharan Africa are of growing concern, especially considering the potential acceleration in the global trend of larger and more lethal cholera outbreaks due to the impacts of climate change. However, there is a scarcity of evidence-based research addressing the environmental and infrastructure factors that sustain cholera recurrence in Africa. This study adopts a statistical approach to investigate over two decades of endemic cholera outbreaks and their relationship with five environmental factors: water provision, sanitation provision, raising temperatures, increased rainfall and GDP. The analysis covers thirteen of the forty-two countries in the mainland sub-Saharan region, collectively representing one-third of the region's territory and half of its population. This breadth enables the findings to be generalised at a regional level. Results from all analyses consistently associate water provision with cholera reduction. The stratified model links increased water provision with a reduction in cholera risk that ranged from 4.2 % to 84.1 % among eight countries (out of 13 countries) as well as a reduction of such risk that ranged from 9.8 % to 68.9 % when there is increased sanitation provision, which was observed in nine countries (out of 13). These results indicate that the population's limited access to water and sanitation, as well as the rise in temperatures, are critical infrastructure and environmental factors contributing to endemic cholera and the heightened risk of outbreaks across the sub-Saharan region. Therefore, these are key areas for targeted interventions and cross-border collaboration to enhance resilience to outbreaks and lead to the end of endemic cholera in the region. However, it is important to interpret the results of this study with caution; hence, further investigation is recommended to conduct a more detailed analysis of the impact of infrastructure and environmental factors on reducing cholera risk., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Despite being a preventable and treatable disease, cholera remains a public health problem in Sudan. The objective of the outbreak investigation was to identify associated risk factors that would help institute appropriate control measures., Material and Methods: A case control study design was chosen to identify the risk factors for cholera in Gadarif State., Results: Multi-variate analysis of identified two risk factors and three preventive factors for cholera in Gadarif City., Risk Factors: Buying foods or drinks from street vendors (OR = 71.36), 95 % CI: 16.58-307.14), living in an urban setting (Gadarif City) (OR = 5.38), 95 % CI: 2.10-13.81); and the preventive factors were: Washing hands with water after defecation but without soap (OR = 0.16), 95 % CI: 0.04-0.63) or with soap (OR = 0.01), 95 % CI: 0.00-0.03), washing hands before eating (OR = 0.15), 95 % CI: 0.05-0.51) and taking Oral Cholera Vaccine (OCV) (OR = 0.19, 95 % CI: 0.08-0.44). The effectiveness of OCV (VE) was (Unadjusted VE: 80 %, 95 % CI: 69 %-87 %) or (Adjusted VE = 81.0 %, 95 % CI: 56.0 %-92.0 %)., Discussion: Cholera outbreaks, especially in the setting of a complex humanitarian crises, can spread rapidly, resulting in many deaths, and quickly become a public health crisis. Implementation of a community-wide vaccination campaign using OCV as early as possible during the outbreak while implementing other control measures to target hotspots and at-risk populations would expedite halting outbreaks of cholera and save lives., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier India Pvt Ltd.)

Cholera continues to inflict high rates of morbidity and mortality. Prompt identification of cholera cases facilitates rapid outbreak responses in the short term while providing reliable surveillance data to guide long-term policies and interventions. Microbiological stool culture, the current recognized gold standard for diagnosing cholera, has significant limitations. Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) represent promising alternatives for diagnosing cholera in areas with limited laboratory infrastructure. However, studies conducted with the current cholera RDTs demonstrated wide variations in sensitivity and specificity. To address this gap in the diagnosis of cholera, we developed a simple, rapid, and sensitive diagnostic assay, "Rapid LAMP based Diagnostic Test (RLDT)." With a novel, simple sample preparation method directly from the fecal samples along with lyophilized reaction strips and using established Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) platform, cholera toxin gene (ctxA) and O1 (O1rfb) gene could be detected in less than an hour. Cholera RLDT assay is cold chain and electricity-free. To avoid any end-user bias, a battery-operated, handheld reader was used to read the RLDT results. The performance specifications of the cholera RLDT assay, including analytical sensitivity and specificity, were evaluated using direct fecal samples, dried fecal samples on filter paper, and environmental water samples spiked with cholera strain. The limit of detection (LOD) was ~104 CFU/gm of stool for both ctxA and O1 genes, corresponding to about 1 CFU of Vibrio cholerae per reaction within 40 minutes. The LOD was 10 bacteria per ml of environmental water when tested with RLDT directly, without enrichment. Being simple, RLDT has the potential to be applied in resource-poor endemic settings for rapid, sensitive, and reliable diagnosis of cholera. Author summary: Cholera is an acute diarrheal infection caused by Vibrio cholerae. Cholera continues to severely threaten the health of the impoverished and vulnerable populations in the endemic regions. The present laboratory-based cholera detection methods take time and require well-equipped facilities and well-trained staff that are often not available in the resource-poor settings. The available rapid diagnostic tests have a wide range of sensitivity and specificity. A rapid, simple, sensitive, and reliable diagnostic for cholera is required, which would identify cholera cases early on in outbreaks to facilitate a rapid response and provide reliable surveillance data. We developed a simple, rapid, and sensitive diagnostic assay, "Rapid LAMP based Diagnostic Test (RLDT)," to detect cholera in low-resource settings. Using RLDT, cholera could be detected directly from stool, dried stool on filter paper, and environmental water in less than one hour with minimum hands-on time. The RLDT assay does not require maintaining a cold chain and is electricity-free, facilitating point-of-care testing. The RLDT assay is sensitive, simple to use, and can be scaled up for rapid detection of cholera and surveillance in low-resource endemic settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bacterial agent that causes fowl cholera, Pasteurella multocida, was isolated from two deceased wild waterbirds in Victoria, Australia, in 2013. Whole genome sequence analysis placed the isolates into ST20, a subtype described in farmed chickens from Queensland, Australia and more recently in feedlot cattle and in pigs across a broader area of the continent. This study also found ST20 between 2009 and 2022 on three chicken farms and two turkey farms located in four Australian states. The sequences of 25 of these ST20 isolates were compared to 280 P. multocida genomes from 23 countries and to 94 ST20 Illumina datasets from Queensland that have been deposited in public databases. The ST20 isolates formed a single phylogenetic clade and were clustered into four sub-groups with highly similar genomes, possessing either LPS type 1 or type 3 loci. Various repertoires of mobile genetic elements were present in isolates from farmed, but not wild birds, suggesting complex histories of spill-over between avian populations and gene acquisition within farm environments. No major antimicrobial resistance was predicted in any of the ST20 isolates by the genomic analysis. The closest relative of these isolates was a ST394 bovine respiratory tract isolate from Queensland, which differed from ST20 by only one allele and carried beta-lactam and tetracycline resistance genes. These findings underline the importance of understanding the role of wild and commercial birds in the maintenance of fowl cholera, and of implementing regular epidemiological surveillance and biosecurity management programmes in wildlife, as well as free-range poultry farms., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

John Snow, the London doctor who studied cholera in the 1840s and 1850s, argued in Snow (1856) that water exerted an "overwhelming influence" on mortality in a region of south London during the 1854 outbreak. In a paper re-assessing Snow's analysis, Koch and Denike (2006) claim that "Snow made not merely minor arithmetic errors but more importantly critical, conceptual mistakes that adversely affected his results." The claim of errors and mistakes is incorrect and due to a misreading or misunderstanding of Snow's data and analysis. Koch and Denike apply an inappropriate statistical test to Snow's original data (and do so incorrectly). More importantly, due to the misreading of the historical record they alter the underlying primary-source data, rendering their results invalid. Analysis of the data following Snow's approach but with modern statistical tools strongly supports Snow's claim for the primacy of water in accounting for variation in cholera mortality., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Cholera, caused by Vibrio cholerae, is a severe diarrheal disease that necessitates prompt diagnosis and effective treatment. This review comprehensively examines various diagnostic methods, from traditional microscopy and culture to advanced nucleic acid testing like polymerase spiral reaction and rapid diagnostic tests, highlighting their advantages and limitations. Additionally, we explore evolving treatment strategies, with a focus on the challenges posed by antibiotic resistance due to the activation of the SOS response pathway in V. cholerae. We discuss promising alternative treatments, including low-pressure plasma sterilization, bacteriophages, and selenium nanoparticles. The paper emphasizes the importance of multidisciplinary approaches combining novel diagnostics and treatments in managing and preventing cholera, a persistent global health challenge. The current re-emergent 7th pandemic of cholera commenced in 1961 and shows no signs of abeyance. This is probably due to the changing genetic profile of V. cholerae concerning bacterial pathogenic toxins. Given this factor, we argue that the disease is effectively re-emergent, particularly in Eastern Mediterranean countries such as Lebanon, Syria, etc. This review considers the history of the current pandemic, the genetics of the causal agent, and current treatment regimes. In conclusion, cholera remains a significant global health challenge that requires prompt diagnosis and effective treatment. Understanding the history, genetics, and current treatments is crucial in effectively addressing this persistent and re-emergent disease., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Applied Microbiology International.)

Globally, there has been a significant rise in cholera cases and deaths, with an increase in the number of low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) reporting outbreaks. In parallel, plastic pollution in LMICs is increasing, and has become a major constituent of urban dump sites. The surfaces of environmental plastic pollution can provide a habitat for complex microbial biofilm communities; this so-called 'plastisphere' can also include human pathogens. Under conditions simulating a peri-urban environmental waste pile, we determine whether toxigenic Vibrio cholerae (O1 classical; O1 El Tor; O139) can colonise and persist on plastic following a simulated flooding event. Toxigenic V. cholerae colonized and persisted on plastic and organic waste for at least 14 days before subsequent transfer to either fresh or brackish floodwater, where they can further persist at concentrations sufficient to cause human infection. Taken together, this study suggests that plastics in the environment can act as significant reservoirs for V. cholerae, whilst subsequent transfer to floodwaters demonstrates the potential for the wider dissemination of cholera. Further understanding of how diseases interact with plastic waste will be central for combating infection, educating communities, and diminishing the public health risk of plastics in the environment., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Cholera is an acute diarrheal disease caused by Vibrio cholera, its prevalence occurs in almost all the continents of the world, annually there are about 1.3 to 4.0 million cases of cholera and 21, 000 to 143, 000 deaths worldwide. In this paper, we propose a deterministic model for the transmission dynamics of cholera to assess the impact of vaccines in decreasing the spread of cholera infection in Nigeria. Moreover, we develop an optimal control strategy, in which we consider personal hygiene a control strategy on infection class, with u(t) as the control function. The best values of the fitting parameters have been obtained using least square minimization to validate the model with the help of experimental data obtained from Nigeria. We perform sensitivity analysis to determine the key parameters that have impacts on the control of the spread of cholera infections in the population. In addition, the numerical simulation of the model reveals that the use of vaccines and personal hygiene will effectively control the spread of cholera infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a metapopulation model has been developed and analysed to describe the transmission dynamics of cholera between two communities linked by migration, in the presence of an imperfect vaccine and a varying media awareness impact. Stability analysis shows that the disease-free equilibrium is both locally and globally asymptotically stable when the vaccine reproduction number is less than unity. The endemic equilibria have also been shown to be locally asymptotically stable when the vaccine reproduction number is greater than unity. The simulation results show that with an imperfect vaccine and efficient media awareness, cholera transmission is reduced. The transmission rates have also been shown to be nonidentical in the two communities. It is therefore advisable, that health practitioners embrace the use of both vaccination and media awareness when designing and implementing community-specific cholera intervention strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines (i) the state of environmental conditions in two low-income urban communities in Accra, Ghana, using a Participatory Rapid Assessment (PRA) method, and (ii) changes in the environmental conditions in the two low-income communities over the years using the PRA method. The PRA was augmented with qualitative interviews with selected heads of household and other stakeholders from the study communities. The results showed that environmental conditions in the two study communities were poor as indicated by the computed average scores for the environmental problem areas. However, conditions were poorer in Chorkor compared to La. The paper recommends that local governments units in Ghana must prioritise sustained, improved, and reliable funding for Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) to ensure undisruptive implementation of environmental health programs and policies. This must be accompanied with improved community education and sensitization on proper sanitary practices, which have the potential to mitigate the effects of disease epidemics such as cholera in the two communities. The study also provides important perspectives on differentials in environmental conditions in low-income communities in urban Ghana. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cholera remains a major public health problem that threatens human health worldwide and its severity is continuing. In this paper, an edge-based model for cholera transmission on random networks is proposed and investigated. The model assumes that two communities share a common water source and includes three transmission routes, namely intra- and inter-community human-to-human transmission as well as water-to-human transmission. Intra-community human-to-human contacts are modeled through a random contact network, while both inter-community and water-to-human transmission are modeled through external nodes that reach each individual in the network to the same extent. The basic reproduction number and the equations of the final epidemic size are obtained. In addition, our study considers the cholera situation in Banadir, which is one of the most severely infected regions in Somalia, during the period (2019-2021). According to the geographical location, two adjacent districts are selected and our model fits well with the real data on the monthly cumulative cholera cases of these two districts during the above-mentioned period. From the perspective of network topology, cutting off high-risk contacts by supervising, isolating, quarantining and closing places with high-degree cholera-infected individuals to reduce degree heterogeneity is an effective measure to control cholera transmission. Our findings might offer some useful insights on cholera control., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest We declare that we have no financial and personal relationships with other people or organizations that can inappropriately influence our work, there is no professional or other personal interest of any nature or kind in any product, service and/or company that could be construed as influencing the position presented in, or the review of, the manuscript entitled. The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: According to data from the World Health Organization (WHO), in the last year cholera has re-emerged in various areas of the planet, particularly in Africa. The resurgence of this disease is closely linked to poor hygiene, which is sometimes the result of wars or environmental disasters, as in Lebanon and Syria since autumn 2022 and today in Libya., Discussion: The spread of cholera is chiefly caused by the presence of contaminated water, in environments with inadequate hygiene and sanitation. Another cause, however, is the lack of access to adequate vaccination and treatment campaigns., Method: In this short paper, the authors highlight the possibility of a resurgence of epidemic cholera in Libya, especially in light of the consequences of the devastating cyclone Daniel and the simultaneous collapse of two dams upstream of the city of Derna. They also highlight the concern that cholera and other infectious diseases may also spread in Morocco, which was hit by a severe earthquake on 8 September last. The focus of the paper is the awareness that the spread of epidemic diseases is very often linked to human actions, which may trigger or exacerbate the effects of natural disasters., Conclusions: Since these events have devastating effects both on the environment and on people and their psychophysical balance, it is evident that we need to devote greater attention to the health of the planet, to which the health and survival of the human species is strictly and inextricably linked. Indeed, disasters related to phenomena of anthropization facilitate the spread of infectious diseases, placing a heavy burden on local and global health organizations and the health of entire populations. A change of course is therefore essential, in that human actions must be aimed at limiting rather than aggravating the spread of diseases., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (©2023 Pacini Editore SRL, Pisa, Italy.)

The bacteria Vibrio cholerae relies heavily upon an aquatic reservoir as a transmission route with two distinct serotypes observed in many recent outbreaks. In this paper, we extend previously studied ordinary differential equation epidemiological models to create a two-strain SIRP (susceptible-infectious-recovered-pathogen) system which incorporates both partial cross-immunity between disease strains and environmental pathogen transmission. Of particular interest are undamped anti-phase periodic solutions, as these display a type of coexistence where strains routinely switch dominance, and understanding what drives this switch can optimize the efficiency of the host population's control measures against the disease. We derive the basic reproduction number R 0 and use stability analysis to examine the disease free and single-strain equilibria. We formulate a unique coexistence equilibrium and prove uniform persistence of both strains when R 0 >1. In addition, we simulate solutions to this system, along with seasonally forced versions of the model with and without host coinfection. Cross-immunity and transmission pathways influence damped or sustained oscillatory dynamics, where the presence of seasonality can modify, amplify or synchronize the period and phase of serotypes, driving epidemic waves. Cycling of serotypes over large time intervals, similar to observed data, is found for a range of cross-immunity levels, and the inclusion of coinfection in the model contributes to sustained anti-phase periodic solutions., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors confirm that there is no financial/personal interest or belief that could affect their objectivity, or if there is, stating the source and nature of that potential conflict., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Cholera is an environmentally driven disease where the human hosts both ingest the pathogen from polluted environment and shed the pathogen to the environment, generating a two-way feedback cycle. In this paper, we propose a bidirectionally linked immuno-epidemiological model to study the interaction of within- and between-host cholera dynamics. We conduct a rigorous analysis for this multiscale model, with a focus on the stability and bifurcation properties of each feasible equilibrium. We find that the parameter that represents the bidirectional connection is a key factor in shaping the rich dynamics of the system, including the occurrence of the backward bifurcation and Hopf bifurcation. Numerical results illustrate a practical application of our model and add new insight into the prevention and intervention of cholera epidemics., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Oral cholera vaccine is one of the key interventions used in our fight to end the longest pandemic of our time, cholera. The immune response conferred by the currently available cholera vaccines, as measured by serum antibody levels, is variable amongst its recipients. We undertook a genome wide association study (GWAS) on antibody response to the cholera vaccine; globally, the first GWAS on cholera vaccine response. We identified three clusters of bi-allelic SNPs, in high within-cluster linkage disequilibrium that were moderately (p < 5 × 10 -6 ) associated with antibody response to the cholera vaccine and mapped to chromosomal regions 4p14, 4p16.1 and 6q23.3. Intronic SNPs of TBC1D1 comprised the cluster on 4p14, intronic SNPs of TBC1D14 comprised that on 4p16.1 and SNPs upstream of TNFAIP3 formed the cluster on 6q23.3. SNPs within and around these clusters have been implicated in immune cell function and immunological aspects of autoimmune or infectious diseases (e.g., diseases caused by Helicobacter pylori and malarial parasite). 6q23.3 is a prominent region harbouring many loci associated with immune related diseases, including multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus, as well as IL2 and INFα response to a smallpox vaccine. The gene clusters identified in this study play roles in vesicle-mediated pathway, autophagy and NF-κB signaling. No significant effect of O blood group on antibody response to the cholera vaccine was observed in this study., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

American colonization of the Philippines restyled local civilization's character. One notable transition prompted by American colonial rule was the adoption of new public health conventions. In spite of these practices being introduced to elevate the well-being and life expectancy of the Filipinos their implementation was met with resistance. Accordingly, this paper focuses upon the creation of the Philippines' first crematory facility, namely the San Lazaro Crematorium (opened in 1903, in Manila). The work, thus, grants an overview of how Filipinos responded to a societal modernization project initiated by the American colonial regime. The paper discusses three matters: first, what American colonial policymakers sought, with reference to public health, to accomplish; second, how the American colonial framework directly challenged Filipino culture with regard to disease prevention and death management; and, third, why the construction of the San Lazaro Crematorium offers a unique entry point to grasp the nature of America's initial governance of the Philippines. Such clarification has twofold value: it helps to deepen comprehension of the administration's operation and, in association, native opposition to it; plus, given that the crematorium is presently derelict this paper can underscore its value as a dark heritage object worthy of preservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper provides an analysis of Andrija Štampar's activities after World War II on the establishment of effective international health. Analyzed archival materials have confirmed with numerous evidence that Štampar as the president of the Interim Commission of the World Health Organization (WHO) played a crucial role in the establishment of the ideological starting points and organization of the WHO system, which remain relevant to date. Apart from the strategic foundations, it has been shown that his principles regarding the need for practical action based on the best professional knowledge and experience have no alternatives. The above is presented in the paper with the details of Štampar's activities during the cholera epidemic in Egypt and associated with the experiences of the recent global crisis caused by the COVID pandemic.

Background and Aim: Afghanistan is grappling with a severe health crisis marked by a high prevalence of infectious diseases, particularly tuberculosis, malaria, HIV, and the added strain of the COVID‐19 pandemic. The nation's healthcare system, already fragile, faces formidable challenges. Socioeconomic constraints, including limited resources and financial barriers, hinder healthcare accessibility, leading to delayed or inadequate care. Environmental factors, such as poor sanitation and crowded living conditions, exacerbate the transmission of diseases, especially waterborne illnesses. Governance issues, encompassing transparency, corruption, and political instability, disrupt healthcare efficiency and resource allocation. Addressing these multifaceted issues is vital to enhance Afghanistan's healthcare system and overall well‐being. The withdrawal of international support has exacerbated these challenges. The primary research goal is to deeply understand Afghanistan's health system, focusing on the major disease burdens: Tuberculosis, Malaria, AIDS, COVID‐19, Measles, Hepatitis, and Cholera. The study aims to assess the feasibility and effectiveness of current approaches, presenting a comprehensive view of challenges and opportunities within the Afghan healthcare system. The research concludes by highlighting policy implications, practical implementation, and offering recommendations for future endeavors. Methodology: This paper provides a thorough analysis of the literature concerning infectious diseases in Afghanistan and the enhancement of the healthcare system in the nation. A systematic exploration of the literature was conducted through PubMed and Google Scholar databases. The search terms used encompassed "Tuberculosis" OR "TB," "Malaria," "acquired immunodeficiency syndrome" OR "AIDS," "Human immunodeficiency virus" OR "HIV," "COVID‐19," "Measles," "Hepatitis virus," "Cholera," "Health system improvement," and "Afghanistan." Additionally, external sources like UNICEF, CDC, and WHO were referenced. Results: In conclusion, while improving access to vital medicines and vaccines is crucial for enhancing health outcomes in Afghanistan, significant challenges must be addressed to ensure the effectiveness and sustainability of such strategies. The Afghan health system's fragile governance, corruption, logistical complexities, and failure to address broader social and economic factors pose significant risks and obstacles to the implementation of proposed health strategies. Therefore, the strategies discussed in this analysis align with key Sustainable Development Goals, particularly SDG 3, and their successful implementation will have implications not only for the health and well‐being of Afghanistan but also for global health. Conclusion: Hence, by adopting a comprehensive approach with complementary interventions as discussed, we can address issues in the Afghan health system and reduce transmissible diseases' burden, thereby building a better world for all. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transmission of cholera, a highly infectious disease, is closely linked to inadequate access to clean water and sanitation facilities, with resource-poor communities, including refugees, rural communities and temporary displacement camps particularly vulnerable to outbreaks. Any disruption in water and sanitation systems or a sudden surge in community size owing to displacement can spark a humanitarian and health crisis, elevating the risk of cholera transmission and possibly triggering a regional epidemic. Recently, Hammanskraal in Gauteng, South Africa, experienced such an epidemic. A multifaceted approach is essential to minimise fatalities and effectively manage healthcare services in such health emergencies. This approach includes early detection, rapid response to contain outbreaks, and the effective deployment of technical support, advocacy, resource mobilisation and partnerships at local, national, and international levels. This paper explores the responsibilities of individuals, healthcare workers, communities and governments in addressing epidemics. It also delves into the concept of collective responsibility with regard to climate change and cholera, as part of the multifaceted approach for cholera prevention and control. While economic development, equal access to safe drinking water, and adequate sanitation are necessary for cholera control, major challenges persist in achieving the fundamental right to a healthy environment in the long term. We also discuss these obstacles and conclude with practical suggestions and recommendations for future cholera prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper extends the cholera human-to-human direct transmission model from a deterministic to a stochastic framework. This is expressed as mixed system of stochastic and deterministic differential equations. A Lyapunov function is created to investigate the global stability of the stochastic cholera epidemic, which shows the existence of global positivity of the solution using the theory of stopping time. We then find the threshold quantity of the extended stochastic cholera epidemic model. We derive a parametric condition eR0, and for additive white noise, we establish sufficient conditions for the extinction and the persistence of the cholera infection. Finally, for a suitable choice of the parameter of the system for eR0, we perform numerical simulations for both scenarios of extinction and persistence of the dynamic of the cholera infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cholera is a waterborne disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. Laboratory findings suggested that passage through the human host transiently increased the infection potential of the bacteria by creating a hyperinfectious bacterial state, which may contribute to the epidemic spread of cholera. In this paper, we are concerned with the global asymptotic behavior of an infection age-space structured cholera model with multiple transmission pathways, hyperinfectious and hypoinfectious vibrios, imperfect vaccination, and distinct dispersal rates for humans in a general continuous bounded domain under Neumann boundary condition. The mathematical challenges stem from the following facts: (i) the model is partially degenerate, and the solution is not compact; (ii) the imperfect vaccination is incorporated into an infection age-space structured model with multiple transmission pathways. By analyzing the corresponding characteristic equations and constructing suitable Lyapunov functionals, the basic reproduction number is determined as a threshold to predict whether the infection will persist. Numerical simulations support our theoretical results and suggest that compared with increasing the vaccination rate of susceptible humans, enhancing vaccine efficacy is more conducive to reducing the basic reproduction number and controlling cholera spread. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extent health humanities readings of Gabriel García Márquez's Love in the Time of Cholera have focused on the doctor-patient relationship, the physician-scientist as a model for aspiring practitioners, and how individuals relate to the novel's health themes of death, disease, and disability. However, such medicine-focused readings neglect the population-level public health concerns of the novel as they relate to contagion, community, and quarantine. This paper contributes to the growing field of public health humanities by using a close reading method to explore how the competing endemic and epidemic public health issues shape the plot and metaphors of the novel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper provides an introduction covering the absence of measures against the plague and other contagious diseases in the Ottoman Empire, the measures practiced in the Austrian Empire, the terminology used for measures against the spreading of the disease in the Serbian language, etc. This is followed by a section that covers the plague during the First Serbian Uprising and the remembrance of its disastrous consequences. The central part of the paper focuses on the measures against cholera and the plague taken by the Principality of Serbia, starting the 1830s. Regulations modeled after the Austrian counterparts passed in 1839 and 1841, establishing a cordon sanitaire toward the Ottoman Empire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the large number of waterborne bacteria presenting in drinking water, their rapid and accurate identification has become a global priority. The surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor with prism (BK7)-silver(Ag)-MXene(Ti 3 T 2 Cx)-graphene- affinity-sensing medium is examined in this paper, in which the sensing medium includes pure water, vibrio cholera ( V. cholera ), and escherichia coli ( E. coli ). For the Ag-affinity-sensing medium, the maximum sensitivity is obtained by E. coli , followed by V. cholera , and the minimum is pure water. Based on the fixed-parameter scanning (FPS) method, the highest sensitivity is 246.2 °/RIU by the MXene and graphene with monolayer, and with E. coli sensing medium. Therefore, the algorithm of improved differential evolution (IDE) is obtained. By the IDE algorithm, after three iterations, the maximum fitness value (sensitivity) of the SPR biosensor achieves 246.6 °/RIU by using the structure of Ag (61 nm)-MXene (monolayer)-graphene (monolayer)-affinity (4 nm)- E. coli . Compared with the FPS and differential evolution (DE) algorithm, the highest sensitivity is more accurate and efficient, and with fewer iterations. The performance optimization of multilayer SPR biosensors provides an efficient platform.

The feared diarrheal disease cholera remains an important global health problem. Use of oral cholera vaccine (OCV) from a global stockpile against both epidemic and endemic cholera is a cornerstone in the World Health Organisations (WHOs) global program for "Ending cholera by 2030". Three liquid inactivated whole-cell OCVs (Dukoral®, Shanchol TM , and Euvichol-Plus®) are WHO prequalified and have proved to be safe and effective. However, their multicomponent composition and cold-chain requirement increase manufacturing, storage and transport costs. Shanchol TM and Euvichol-Plus® OCVs used in WHOs global vaccine stockpile also lack the protective cholera toxin B-subunit (CTB) antigen present in Dukoral®, which results in suboptimal efficacy. WHOs Global Task Force on Cholera Control (GTFCC) has identified a thermostable, dry formulation vaccine as a priority for further OCV development. We describe here the development of such a vaccine, based on a lyophilized mixture of a single strain of formalin-killed Hikojima bacteria together with a low-cost, recombinantly produced CTB. The new vaccine, which is easy and inexpensive to manufacture, could be stored for at least 26 months at 25 °C and for at least 8 months at 40 °C with preservation of cell morphology and with no loss of protective Ogawa and Inaba lipopolysaccharides or CTB. It also proved to be well tolerated and to have equivalent oral immunogenicity in mice as Shanchol TM and Dukoral® OCVs with regard to both serum and intestinal-mucosal antibody responses., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Cholera and milder diarrheal disease are caused by Vibrio cholerae and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and are still a prominent public health concern. Evaluation of suspicious isolates is essential for the rapid containment of acute diarrhea outbreaks or prevention of epidemic cholera. Existing detection techniques require expensive equipment, trained personnel and are time-consuming. Antibody-based methods are also available, but cost and stability issues can limit their applications for point-of-care testing. This study focused on the selection of single stranded DNA aptamers as simpler, more stable and more cost-effective alternatives to antibodies for the co-detection of AB 5 toxins secreted by enterobacteria causing acute diarrheal infections. Cholera toxin and Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin, the key toxigenicity biomarkers of these bacteria, were immobilized on magnetic beads and were used in a SELEX-based selection strategy. This led to the enrichment of sequences with a high % GC content and a dominant G-rich motif as revealed by Next Generation Sequencing. Enriched sequences were confirmed to fold into G-quadruplex structures and the binding of one of the most abundant candidates to the two enterotoxins was confirmed. Ongoing work is focused on the development of monitoring tools for potential environmental surveillance of epidemic cholera and milder diarrheal disease., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Cholera is a highly contagious and lethal waterborne disease induced by an infection with Vibrio cholerae (V. cholerae) secreting cholera toxin (CTx). Cholera toxin subunit B (CTxB) from the CTx specifically binds with monosialo-tetra-hexosyl-ganglioside (GM1) found on the exterior cell membrane of an enterocyte. Bioinspired by the pathological process of CTx, we developed an electrochemical biosensor with GM1-expressing Caco-2 cell membrane (CCM) on the electrode surface. Briefly, the electrode surface was functionalized with CCM using the vesicle fusion method. We determined the CTxB detection performances of Caco-2 cell membrane-coated biosensor (CCB) using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). the CCB had an excellent limit of detection of ∼11.46 nM and a detection range spanning 100 ng/mL - 1 mg/mL. In addition, the CCB showed high selectivity against various interfering molecules, including abundant constituents of intestinal fluid and various bacterial toxins. The long-term stability of the CCBs was also verified for 3 weeks using EIS. Overall, the CCB has excellent potential for practical use such as point-of-care and cost-effective testing for CTxB detection in developing countries., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The emergence of disease is one factor inhibiting the development of local chicken particularly in rural area. This paper aimed to identify the types of disease occurred in superior local chicken KUB (Kampung Unggul Balitbangtan: improved local chicken) during the Poverty Alleviation Program in Indramayu District, West Java Province. About 157.750 heads of chickens owned by 3155 households in Anjatan Subdistrict, Indramayu District were monitored weekly regarding the types of diseases occurred during the program from March to October 2019. Data gathered were analysed descriptively. The result showed that diseases diagnosed in the area mostly were chronic respiratory diseases (2.7%), while there were other diseases found in local chicken during the program such as Cholera, Choriza, Pullorum, Coccidiosis and Newcastle Disease which reached no more than one percent of total chicken population. These types of diseases mainly occurred in May, a transition month from rainy to dry season in which many chickens experienced a weakening of the immune system; and the disease decreased slowly until September. Moreover, the disease was higher for chicken at five-week age. In conclusion, it is suggested that raising local chicken should follow good farming practices particularly in the transition season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cholera also known as blue death is highly contagious bacterial disease whereas malaria is not contagious and is caused by malaria parasites. Cholera and malaria both are communicable disease. In this paper we formulate a fractional order model of malaria-cholera co-infection using definition of Caputo fractional derivative with as the order of derivative in the interval (0.1]. The coinfection is said to have four equilibrium points. Fractional order model is also constructed for two of its sub models malaria only and cholera only. Fractional order model is proved to give better results according to literature survey. Basic reproduction number for the malaria only and cholera only model is computed. Local and global stability analysis is also studied for both the sub models. Numerical simulation is carried out to show stability of the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose and analyse a mathematical model of the transmission dynamics of cholera incorporating awareness programs to study the impact of socio-media and education on cholera outbreaks. These programs induce behavioural changes in the population, which divide the susceptible class into two subclasses, aware individuals and unaware individuals. We first provide a basic study of the model. We compute the Disease-Free Equilibrium (DFE) and derive the basic reproduction number R 0 0 that determines the extinction and the persistence of the disease. We show that there exists a threshold parameter ξ such that when R 0 0 ≤ ξ < 1 , the DFE is globally asymptotically stable, but when ξ ≤ R 0 0 < 1 , the model exhibits the phenomenon of backward bifurcation on a feasible region. The model exhibits one endemic equilibrium locally stable when R 0 0 > 1 and in that condition the DFE is unstable. Various cases for awareness proportions are performed using the critical awareness rate in order to measure the effect of awareness programs on the infected individuals over time. The results we obtained show that the higher implementation of strategies combining awareness programs and therapeutic treatments increase the efficacy of control measures. The numerical simulations of the model are used to illustrate analytical results and give more precision on critical values on the controls actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current global initiative to end Cholera by 2030 emphasizes the use of oral cholera vaccine (OCV) combined with feasible household Water-Sanitation-Hygiene (WASH) interventions. However, little is known about how improved WASH practices and behaviors and OCV interact to reduce the risk of cholera. We reanalyzed two arms of a cluster-randomized trial in urban Bangladesh, to evaluate the effectiveness of OCV given as a 2-dose regimen. One arm (30 clusters, n = 94,675) was randomized to vaccination of persons aged one year and older with OCV, and the other arm (30 clusters, n = 80,056) to no intervention. We evaluated the prevention of cholera by household WASH, classified at baseline using a previously validated rule, and OCV over 2 years of follow-up. When analyzed by assignment to OCV clusters rather than receipt of OCV, in comparison to persons living in "Not Better WASH" households in the control clusters, reduction of severe cholera (the primary outcome) was similar for persons in "Not Better WASH" households in vaccine clusters (46%, 95% CI:24,62), for persons in "Better WASH" households in the control clusters (48%, 95% CI:25,64), and for persons in "Better WASH" households in the vaccine clusters (48%, 95% CI:16,67). In contrast, when analyzed by actual receipt of a complete OCV regimen, , in comparison to persons in "Not Better WASH" households in the control clusters, protection against severe cholera increased steadily from 39% (95% CI:13,58) in residents of "Better WASH" households in the control clusters to 57% (95% CI:35,72) in vaccinated persons in "Not Better WASH" households to 63% (95% CI:21,83) in vaccinated persons in "Better WASH" households. This analysis suggests that improved household WASH and OCV received may interact to provide greater protection against cholera. However, the divergence between findings related to intent to vaccinate versus those pertaining to actual receipt of OCV underscores the need for further research on this topic., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Background: On 14 August 2017, massive landslides and floods hit Freetown (Sierra Leone). More than 1,000 people lost their lives while approximately 6,000 people were displaced. The areas most affected included parts of the town with challenged access to basic water and sanitation facilities, with communal water sources likely contaminated by the disaster. To avert a possible cholera outbreak following this emergency, the Ministry of Health and Sanitation (MoHS), supported by the World Health Organization (WHO) and international partners, including Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) and UNICEF, launched a two-dose pre-emptive vaccination campaign using Euvichol™, an oral cholera vaccine (OCV)., Methods: We conducted a stratified cluster survey to estimate vaccination coverage during the OCV campaign and also monitor adverse events. The study population - subsequently stratified by age group and residence area type (urban/rural) - included all individuals aged 1 year or older, living in one of the 25 communities targeted for vaccination., Results: In total 3,115 households were visited, 7,189 individuals interviewed; 2,822 (39%) people in rural and 4,367 (61%) in urban areas. The two-dose vaccination coverage was 56% (95% confidence interval (CI): 51.0-61.5), 44% (95%CI: 35.2-53.0) in rural and 57% (95%CI: 51.6-62.8) in urban areas. Vaccination coverage with at least one dose was 82% (95%CI: 77.3-85.5), 61% (95%CI: 52.0-70.2) in rural and 83% (95%CI: 78.5-87.1) in urban areas., Conclusions: The Freetown OCV campaign exemplified a timely public health intervention to prevent a cholera outbreak, even if coverage was lower than expected. We hypothesised that vaccination coverage in Freetown was sufficient in providing at least short-term immunity to the population. However, long-term interventions to ensure access to safe water and sanitation are needed., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

It is crucial for human health that the immune system of the gastrointestinal tract works effectively. Dietary modulation is one of the factors that regulate the immune response in the gut. This study aims to develop a safe human challenge model to study gastrointestinal inflammation and immune function. This study focuses on evaluating gut stimulation induced by the oral cholera vaccine in healthy people. In addition, this paper describes the study design for assessing the efficacy and safety of a probiotic lysate, identifying whether functional ingredients in food can modulate inflammatory response induced by oral cholera vaccine. Forty-six males aged 20 to 50 with healthy bowel habits will be randomly allocated to the placebo or intervention group. Participants will consume 1 capsule of probiotic lysate or placebo twice daily for 6 weeks, take oral cholera vaccines on visit 2 (day 15) and visit 5 (day 29). The level of fecal calprotectin, a marker of gut inflammation, will be the primary outcome. The changes of cholera toxin-specific antibody levels and local/systemic inflammatory responses will be evaluated in blood. The purpose of this study is to evaluate gut stimulation of the oral cholera vaccine and investigate the effect of a probiotic lysate on improving the mild inflammatory response induced by the vaccine or supporting the immune response in healthy subjects. Trial registration: * This trial is registered in the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform of WHO (ICTRP, registration number: KCT0002589)., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2023 Park et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

This paper resists the virality of contemporary paranoia by turning to "French epistemology", a philosophical ethos that embraces uncertainty and complexity by registering the transformative impact of scientific knowledge on thought. Despite its popular uses describing phenomena of communication today, the idea of virality comes from biomedicine. This paper, therefore, investigates the extent to which an epidemiological concept of viral transmission—the disease vector—can comprehend and encourage new possibilities of thought beyond paranoia. Briefly, I attempt to analyze thought as a vector. I pursue this by examining Delaporte's important, but neglected, study of the 1832 Parisian cholera epidemic. First elucidating his reconstruction of the ways tentative epistemological progress intertwined with and supported projects of working-class and colonial control. My vectorial analysis then considers how his argument infects contemporary readers with doubts that undo the bases of paranoia. I pursue this analysis further via a methodological examination of Delaporte's study as both carrier of predecessors' methods and host in which they alter, becoming newly infectious. I conclude by reflecting on this formulation of thought as disease vector and what Delaporte's singular treatment of the problem of error reveals about an ethos committed to registering the impact of knowledge on thought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose a stochastic cholera model that incorporates media coverage and two time delays driven by Lévy noise in order to deeply understand the propagation process of cholera in the real world, generalized nonlinear incidence rates β1(M) and β2(M) are also introduced. First, we discuss the existence and uniqueness of the global positive solution of the stochastic model by using the Lyapunov method. Moreover, the dynamic properties of stochastic solution around the disease-free and endemic equilibria are demonstrated. At last, we present numerical simulation results to reveal how Lévy jumps, time delays and media coverage affect the asymptotic properties of the stochastic model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the availability of advanced computational techniques has led to a growing emphasis on fractional-order derivatives. This development has enabled researchers to explore the intricate dynamics of various biological models by employing fractional-order derivatives instead of traditional integer-order derivatives. This paper proposes a Caputo-Fabrizio fractional-order cholera epidemic model. Fixed-point theorems are utilized to investigate the existence and uniqueness of solutions. A recent and effective numerical scheme is employed to demonstrate the model's complex behaviors and highlight the advantages of fractional-order derivatives. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis is conducted to identify the most influential parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides an analysis on global dynamics of a diffusive cholera model. We formulate the model by a reaction–diffusion system with space-dependent parameters and bacterial hyperinfectivity, where susceptible and infectious humans disperse with distinct dispersal rates and the hyper-infectious and lower-infectious vibrios in contaminated water are assumed to be immobile in the domain. We first establish the well-posedness of the model. To cope with the lack of compactness of solution semiflow, we verify the asymptotic smoothness of semiflow implied with κ -contraction condition. The basic reproduction number, R 0 , is identified as a threshold, predicting whether or not the disease extinction and persistence will occur. R 0 is also equivalently characterized by some principle spectral conditions of an associated elliptic eigenvalue problem. The asymptotic profiles of the positive steady state are investigated for the cases when the dispersal rate of the susceptible humans is small and large. Our theoretical results indicate that: (1) cholera epidemics will be extinct through restricting the flow of susceptible humans within some extend; (2) the risk of infection will be underestimated if hyperinfectivity is not considered. In a homogeneous case, we also confirm the global attractivity of a unique positive equilibrium by utilizing the technique of Lyapunov function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Over 700,000 Myanmar nationals known as the 'Rohingyas' fled into Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh, in late 2017. Due to this huge displacement into unhygienic areas, these people became vulnerable to communicable diseases including cholera. Assessing the risk, the Government of Bangladesh (GoB), with the help of the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B) and other international partners, decided to take preventive measures, one of which is the execution of oral cholera vaccination (OCV) campaigns. This paper describes the implementation and delivery of OCV campaigns during humanitarian crises in Bangladesh. Methods: Seven rounds of OCV campaigns were conducted between October 2017 and December 2021. The OCV campaigns were conducted by applying different strategies. Results: Approximately 900,000 Rohingya Myanmar nationals (RMNs) and the host population (amounting to 528,297) received OCV across seven campaigns. In total, 4,661,187 doses of OCVs were administered, which included 765,499 doses for RMNs, and 895,688 doses for the host community. The vaccine was well accepted, and as a result, a high level of coverage was achieved, ranging from 87% to 108% in different campaigns. Conclusions: After successful pre-emptive campaigns in Cox's Bazar humanitarian camps, no cholera outbreaks were detected either in the RMN or host communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]