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Objectives Pain affects all children and youth, yet acute and procedural pain remains undertreated in Canadian hospitals. To improve pain management practices in paediatric hospitals, it is necessary to understand how healthcare professionals (HCPs) wish for educational interventions to be designed to improve their pain management practice. Methods Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 18 HCPs between October and December 2020. Snowball sampling was used to first recruit interested members from the hospital's Pediatric Pain Management Committee. Interviews were conducted per participant preference and included Zoom, telephone, and in-person interviews. Recruitment ceased when data were determined sufficiently rich. A thematic analysis of verbatim transcripts and reflexive field notes were used to create a data set focused on knowledge mobilization and clinical education. Results Three core themes were identified: (a) the necessity for just-in-time education for HCPs; (b) the availability of clinical pain champions to educate staff; and (c) the provision of resources to educate children and their families about available pain management interventions. Just-in-time education included suggestions for in-service training, hands-on training, and regular updates on the latest research. Pain champions, including clinical nurse educators, were stressed as being important in motivating staff to improve their pain management practices. Participants noted the lack of resources for patient and family education on pain management and suggested providing more multimodal resources and educational opportunities. Conclusion Having local champions introduce pain management initiatives and just-in-time education positively impacts the implementation climate, which also helps HCPs provide evidence-based education and resources to patients and families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The release of a Canadian Indigenous Early Learning and Child Care Framework highlights the importance of recent, Indigenous-specific information to describe the landscape of child care among Indigenous children in Canada; however, there has been a gap in identity-specific, national data on child care for Indigenous children. The purpose of the current study was to address data gaps on participation in child care for First Nations children living off reserve, Métis, and Inuit children. Furthermore, two years of data are examined which provide information on child care use both prior to and during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2019, First Nations children living off reserve (49%) and Inuit children (42E %)1 were significantly less likely to participate in child care compared with non-Indigenous children (60%), although Métis children (60%) were equally likely to participate in child care compared with non-Indigenous children. Only First Nations children living off reserve (40%) were significantly less likely than non-Indigenous children (53%) to participate in child care in 2020. In terms of the type of child care used, Inuit children were more likely to be in a daycare centre (70%) compared with non-Indigenous children (52%) in 2019, although Inuit children's participation in a daycare centre dropped to 46E% in 2020. This is likely due to public health restrictions which closed many child care centres during the pandemic, as over one-third of child care in the territories is centre-based. The findings provide important information about patterns of child care use for Indigenous children both before and during the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Specificities regarding the quality and quantity of sleep of preterm infants and their parents following discharge of the preterm infant from the hospital are not well known. Given this lack of knowledge, the links between the sleep characteristics of these parents, family functioning, and their psychological well-being are also unclear. Objectives: The purpose of this article is to summarize the research protocol of a cross-sectional, mixed-methods, convergent design study, which aims to evaluate the sleep patterns of preterm infants and both their parents and document the associations between sleep quality, parents' psychological well-being, and family functioning during the posthospitalization period. Methods: A convenience sample is used to recruit 30 families. For quantitative data collection, a questionnaire booklet consisting of validated questionnaires is used to measure sleep quality of each family member, parental psychological well-being, and family functioning completed by each parent. An actigraph and a sleep diary measure sleep quantity of each parent and the preterm infant. Afterward, semistructured interviews are carried out with each parent to explore their perceptions and needs concerning their infant's and their own sleep quality. For data analysis, qualitative and quantitative data are analyzed separately and then merged to allow for an integrative interpretation of the results. Results: The research project is ongoing; 25 of 30 families have completed the data collection. Data analysis is underway. Discussion: This research will provide a global portrait of the families' sleep 1 month after the preterm infant is discharged from the hospital, which is not well known to date. The results will help healthcare providers involved with preterm infants and their families after discharge from the hospital to increase their comprehension of the families' reality and adapt their interventions to meet these needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Children who are refugees and who live with disabilities are among the most at-risk groups for marginalization due to compounded disadvantages from the intersection of risk factors such as refugee status and disability status. Despite their high risk, there is no systematic data collected on this group and scant literature on the topic contributing to a feeling of invisibility. The purpose of this study is to better understand the experiences of Syrian refugee families with children living with disabilities. Design/methodology/approach: The authors conducted a narrative inquiry into the experiences of two Syrian refugee families with children living with disabilities. Narrative inquiry is a way to understand experience as a storied phenomenon. Findings: In attending to the families' stories of their experiences across time, place and social contexts, two narrative threads resonated across their experiences including waiting and a struggle for agency as well as disruption and continuity. Research limitations/implications: Narrative inquiry does not produce generalizable results but, rather, gives insight into the unique experiences of individuals. Originality/value: To understand the complexities of the experience of a refugee family with a child living with disabilities, attending to their lived and told stories is essential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Upon arrival in Canada, immigrants are thrust into a new food environment, which is at an advanced stage of the nutrition transition continuum, encompassing reduced physical activity, sedentary lifestyles, and energy dense diets. In addition to the influence of readily available energy dense foods, immigrant children's food environments may also be impacted by limited availability of traditional foods, economic-constraints, time-constraints, parents' cooking skills, parents' child feeding styles, and school food environments. The study involved in-depth interviews with 22 immigrant parents regarding their family experiences of the food and nutrition environment, along with 22 participants from settlement agencies, community schools, English-as-a-second-language programmes, and healthcare organizations. Many newcomers shared experiences that highlighted drastic changes to their food environment upon arrival, including reduced access to open air fresh produce markets, increased access to large supermarkets, fast-paced lifestyles, and the pervasive presence of fast foods and snack foods. Some parents indicated that food purchase decisions were impacted by children's demands and that their children's school environments affected the types of foods their children would eat. A few service providers mentioned negative impacts on breastfeeding, and the change in physical environment as part of the nutrition environment due to association with vitamin D status. The early years are a pivotal time in the development of eating patterns; so supportive food and nutrition environments in homes, communities, and schools can ensure that children develop healthy eating habits to support long-term health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined the categorization of relationships between child complainants and accused perpetrators in cases of child sexual abuse (CSA). Researchers that have focused on complainant-accused relationships and other case variables, often combining two extrafamilial complainant-accused relationship categories: Relationships where the accused is connected to the child through their position in the community (i.e. community connections) and relationships where the non-relative accused is known to the child through a connection to the child's family (i.e. non-relative family connections). Using a database of 4,237 Canadian judicial decisions in cases of CSA, we reviewed a subset of 1,515 judicial decisions to explore differences between these two relationship categories. Compared to cases involving non-relative family connections, cases involving community connections had more male complainants, more multiple complainants, older complainants, higher frequencies of abuse, longer durations, and longer delays. We conclude that community and non-relative family connections are distinct relationships that should be separated for analyses in future research. Practical implications of recognizing the distinctiveness of non-relative family and community connection relationship categories in the context of abuse prevention and treatment are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Refugees living with disabilities are among the most vulnerable, isolated and marginalized populations, and, of this group, children are particularly vulnerable. The purpose of this study is to identify current knowledge and research gaps specific to the experiences of refugee families who have children with disabilities. The authors assess the quality of evidence and describe the theoretical underpinnings of research that focuses on refugee families who have children with disabilities. Design/methodology/approach: The authors searched nine electronic databases from database inception for English language, peer-reviewed publications. The authors identified themes from the included studies. Findings: The authors identified 10 studies that fit their inclusion criteria and shown key findings in the form of six themes. Families who have children with disabilities experience structural barriers; their experiences are impacted by family factors and the degree and kind of support received, as well as the knowledge of parents about their rights. Gender differences made visible the precarious situations experienced by girls with disabilities. Gaps in educational standards and the capacity of schools, particularly in refugee camps, were highlighted. Research limitations/implications: The authors show that there is a lack of evidence-based research focusing on refugee children's own experiences of living with disabilities. Children's experiences that were visible were, for the most part, attended to through other's accounts of their experiences. Many studies that the authors found (the current knowledge to date) describe children with disabilities through third-party accounts, including parents, caregivers and those who provided services to this population. There is an urgent need to explore the experiences of children who have disabilities and are displaced from their home country. Originality/value: This systematic review focuses on refugee children experiences that has not been conducted before and identifies the research gaps for this group. Attention to how disabilities are understood philosophically and who are defined as refugees are needed in order for the research to accrue in ways that build a consistent body of literature. Without some consistency, it is not possible for studies to build on one another. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To examine household income trajectories of children with and without neurodisability over a period of 6 years. We used four cycles of the Canadian National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth, a longitudinal study of the development and well-being of Canadian children from birth into adulthood. While household income increased over time for both groups, families of children with neurodisability had consistently lower household income compared to families of children without neurodisability even after controlling for child and family socio-demographic characteristics. The presence of an interaction effect between parent work status and child with neurodisability at baseline indicated that among children whose parent(s) were not working at baseline, household incomes did not differ between children with and without neurodisability. The association between child with neurodisability and lower household income may not hold for all types of parents', working status is an important consideration. Findings support the health selection hypothesis that health status shapes diverging economic conditions over time: children with a ND have lower household incomes than children without a ND child across all waves of the Canadian National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. Income gaps did not increase or decrease over time; rehabilitation services and policies must consider the lower average incomes associated with raising a child with a ND. Social assistance support likely plays a key role in closing the gap, especially for non-working families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Migration is stressful and potentially detrimental to the mental health of immigrant children. However, they may draw tremendous mental health benefits by participating in group-based arts programs. In this literature review, we aimed to answer the question: how does participation in group-based arts programs impact the mental health of immigrant children in Canada? Findings indicated that factors at personal, interpersonal, and structural levels affect the mental health of these populations. Arts classes and programs at schools or communities would promote these children's mental health through both the direct impact of artworks and the facilitation of social support within groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]