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A stable, minimum physiological health status is required for patients to qualify for transplant or artificial organ support eligibility to ensure the recipient has enough reserve to survive the perioperative transplant period. Herein, we present a novel strategy to stabilize and improve patient clinical status through extracorporeal immunomodulation of systemic hyperinflammation with impact on multiple organ systems to increase eligibility and feasibility for transplant/device implantation. This involves treatment with the selective cytopheretic device (SCD), a cell-directed extracorporeal therapy shown to adhere and immunomodulate activated neutrophils and monocytes toward resolution of systemic inflammation. In this overview, we describe a case series of successful transition of pediatric and adult patients with multiorgan failure to successful transplant/device implantation procedures by treatment with the SCD in the following clinical situations: pediatric hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, and adult hepatorenal and cardiorenal syndromes. Application of the SCD in these cases may represent a novel paradigm in increasing clinical eligibility of patients to successful transplant outcomes.

Abstract Background Mosquito-borne diseases exert a huge impact on both animal and human populations, posing substantial health risks. The behavioural and fitness traits of mosquitoes, such as locomotion and fecundity, are crucial factors that influence the spread of diseases. In existing egg-counting tools, each image requires separate processing with adjustments to various parameters such as intensity threshold and egg area size. Furthermore, accuracy decreases significantly when dealing with clustered or overlapping eggs. To overcome these issues, we have developed EggCountAI, a Mask Region-based Convolutional Neural Network (RCNN)-based free automatic egg-counting tool for Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Methods The study design involves developing EggCountAI for counting mosquito eggs and comparing its performance with two commonly employed tools—ICount and MECVision—using 10 microscopic and 10 macroscopic images of eggs laid by females on a paper strip. The results were validated through manual egg counting on the strips using ImageJ software. Two different models were trained on macroscopic and microscopic images to enhance egg detection accuracy, achieving mean average precision, mean average recall, and F1-scores of 0.92, 0.90, and 0.91 for the microscopic model, and 0.91, 0.90, and 0.90 for the macroscopic model, respectively. EggCountAI automatically counts eggs in a folder containing egg strip images, offering adaptable filtration for handling impurities of varying sizes. Results The results obtained from EggCountAI highlight its remarkable performance, achieving overall accuracy of 98.88% for micro images and 96.06% for macro images. EggCountAI significantly outperformed ICount and MECVision, with ICount achieving 81.71% accuracy for micro images and 82.22% for macro images, while MECVision achieved 68.01% accuracy for micro images and 51.71% for macro images. EggCountAI also excelled in other statistical parameters, with mean absolute error of 1.90 eggs for micro, 74.30 eggs for macro, and a strong correlation and R-squared value (0.99) for both micro and macro. The superior performance of EggCountAI was most evident when handling overlapping or clustered eggs. Conclusion Accurate detection and counting of mosquito eggs enables the identification of preferred egg-laying sites and facilitates optimal placement of oviposition traps, enhancing targeted vector control efforts and disease transmission prevention. In future research, the tool holds the potential to extend its application to monitor mosquito feeding preferences. Graphical Abstract

Mosquitoes of the Culex genus are responsible for a large burden of zoonotic virus transmission globally. Collectively, they play a significant role in the transmission of medically significant diseases such as Japanese encephalitis virus and West Nile virus. Climate change, global trade, habitat transformation and increased urbanisation are leading to the establishment of Culex mosquitoes in new geographical regions. These novel mosquito incursions are intensifying concerns about the emergence of Culex-transmitted diseases and outbreaks in previously unaffected areas. New mosquito control methods are currently being developed and deployed globally. Understanding the complex interaction between pathogens and mosquitoes is essential for developing new control strategies for Culex species mosquitoes. This article reviews the role of Culex mosquitos as vectors of zoonotic disease, discussing the transmission of viruses across different species, and the potential use of Wolbachia technologies to control disease spread. By leveraging the insights gained from recent successful field trials of Wolbachia against Aedes-borne diseases, we comprehensively discuss the feasibility of using this technique to control Culex mosquitoes and the potential for the development of next generational Wolbachia-based control methods.

OBJECTIVES:. Acute kidney injury (AKI) requiring continuous kidney replacement therapy is a significant complication in ICU patients with mortality rates exceeding 50%. A dysregulated immune response can lead to systemic inflammation caused by hyperactivity of pro-inflammatory neutrophils and monocytes leading to tissue damage. The selective cytopheretic device (SCD) is an investigational medical device in a new class of cell-directed extracorporeal therapies distinct from cytokine adsorbers or filters, as it targets activated leukocytes. These leukocytes are the cellular sources driving this hyperinflammatory process. The objective of this report is to summarize the safety experience from clinical studies of the SCD in ICU patients with AKI or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multiple organ dysfunction (MOD). DATA SOURCES AND STUDY SELECTION:. The studies included in this report represent all relevant trials of the SCD conducted in patients with AKI or ARDS and MOD. Adverse event data, clinical laboratory data and mortality rates were described and summarized in this report. DATA EXTRACTION AND DATA SYNTHESIS:. Five clinical studies were included in this report, including four adult studies of AKI and/or ARDS and one pediatric AKI study, which involved 151 patients treated with the SCD in an ICU setting. Over 800 SCD sessions were deployed with an estimated 19,000 exposure hours with no device-related infections or attributable serious adverse events. Furthermore, there were no safety signals of leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, or other indications of immunodepletion or immunosuppression. CONCLUSIONS:. The SCD has shown to be a promising extracorporeal therapy with promising clinical results and a favorable safety profile. These studies support that the SCD can be added as a therapeutic intervention in critically ill AKI patient populations with multiple organ failure without adding additional safety risks.

Aedes aegypti mosquitoes carrying self-spreading, virus-blocking Wolbachia bacteria are being deployed to suppress dengue transmission. However, there are challenges in applying this technology in extreme environments. We introduced two Wolbachia strains into Ae. aegypti from Saudi Arabia for a release program in the hot coastal city of Jeddah. Wolbachia reduced infection and dissemination of dengue virus (DENV2) in Saudi Arabian mosquitoes and showed complete maternal transmission and cytoplasmic incompatibility. Wolbachia reduced egg hatch under a range of environmental conditions, with the Wolbachia strains showing differential thermal stability. Wolbachia effects were similar across mosquito genetic backgrounds but we found evidence of local adaptation, with Saudi Arabian mosquitoes having lower egg viability but higher adult desiccation tolerance than Australian mosquitoes. Genetic background effects will influence Wolbachia invasion dynamics, reinforcing the need to use local genotypes for mosquito release programs, particularly in extreme environments like Jeddah. Our comprehensive characterization of Wolbachia strains provides a foundation for Wolbachia-based disease interventions in harsh climates.

Objective Patient monitoring in general wards primarily involves intermittent observation of temperature, heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR) and blood pressure performed by the nursing staff. Several hours can lapse between such measurements, and the patient may go unobserved. Despite the growing widespread use of sensors to monitor vital signs and physical activities of healthy individuals, most acutely ill hospitalised patients remain unmonitored, leaving them at an increased risk. We investigated whether a contactless monitoring system could measure vital parameters, such as HR and RR, in a real-world hospital setting.Design A cross-sectional prospective study.Setting and participants We examined the suitability of employing a non-contact monitoring system in a low-acuity setup at a tertiary care hospital in India. Measurements were performed on 158 subjects, with data acquired through contactless monitoring from the general ward and dialysis unit.Outcome measures Vital parameters (RR and HR) were measured using a video camera in a non-acuity setting.Results Three distinct combinations of contactless monitoring afforded excellent accuracy. Contactless RR monitoring was linearly correlated with Alice NightOne and manual counts, presenting coefficients of determination of 0.88 and 0.90, respectively. Contactless HR monitoring presented a coefficient of determination of 0.91. The mean absolute errors were 0.84 and 2.15 beats per minute for RR and HR, respectively.Conclusions Compared with existing Food and Drug Administration-approved monitors, the findings of the present study revealed that contactless monitoring of RR and HR accurately represented study populations in non-acuity settings. Contactless video monitoring is an unobtrusive and dependable method for monitoring and recording RR and HR. Further research is needed to validate its dependability and utility in other settings, including acute care.Trial registration number CTRI/2018/11/016246.

Background: In this COVID era, it's critical to promote nonaerosol procedures. Atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) is one of them, and it's particularly effective in children for lowering anxiety, enhancing dental health, and giving restorative care. Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the survival rate of ART compared with conventional treatment procedures in primary dentition. Materials and Methods: The review was done in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-analysis statement and is been registered in PROSPERO (CRD42021213729). The studies included comprised clinical investigations with randomized controlled trials (RCTs) which compared the survival rate of ART and conventional restorative treatments using the same or different restorative materials to treat carious lesion. RCTs in which ART was compared with conventional treatment on patients in the age group of 6–10 years with minimum follow-up of 6 months. Studies available as open access and free full text in PubMed, DOAJ, and Google Scholar databases, and published in English Language only were included in the study. Cochrane's collaboration tool for RCTs was used for the assessment of risk of bias. Results: The survival rate of single surface and multiple surface in primary dentition treated according to the ART compared with conventional treatment was found to be similar. Conclusion: The ART approach is equally helpful in managing dental caries in children and this method may be considered a useful intervention in clinical practice to enhance the dental health of children.

This paper focuses on a grid-incorporated solar electric vehicle (EV) charging station that maximizes the acceptance of EVs in agricultural areas and reduces the over-reliance on the grid of urban cities. Since photovoltaic (PV) systems are widely available and easy to install, they are an excellent choice for EV charging applications. Hence, the aim of this work is to combine PV and EV, in order to achieve the objectives of both decarbonized energy generation and transportation. A Modified Zeta Integrated Luo Converter (MZILC), which provides a large conversion range combined with lower voltage stress, is proposed intending to increase the voltage level of the PV system. Furthermore, the converter generates a stable output devoid of fluctuations with the usage of the Grey Wolf–Grasshopper Optimized Proportional Integral (GW-GOPI) controller. Electricity for BLDC motors is generated by PV power during the day and supplied by a single-phase grid at night. The efficiency of the suggested grid-connected PV-based EV charging station is examined in MATLAB environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mosquitoes of the Culex genus are responsible for a large burden of zoonotic virus transmission globally. Collectively, they play a significant role in the transmission of medically significant diseases such as Japanese encephalitis virus and West Nile virus. Climate change, global trade, habitat transformation and increased urbanisation are leading to the establishment of Culex mosquitoes in new geographical regions. These novel mosquito incursions are intensifying concerns about the emergence of Culex-transmitted diseases and outbreaks in previously unaffected areas. New mosquito control methods are currently being developed and deployed globally. Understanding the complex interaction between pathogens and mosquitoes is essential for developing new control strategies for Culex species mosquitoes. This article reviews the role of Culex mosquitos as vectors of zoonotic disease, discussing the transmission of viruses across different species, and the potential use of Wolbachia technologies to control disease spread. By leveraging the insights gained from recent successful field trials of Wolbachia against Aedes-borne diseases, we comprehensively discuss the feasibility of using this technique to control Culex mosquitoes and the potential for the development of next generational Wolbachia-based control methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The nanobiotechnology era has sparked interest in the green synthesis of stable silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) without hazardous chemicals. As a result, the current study used chitosan-salicylaldehyde Schiff base (CSB) as a non-toxic, reducing and stabilizing agent to prepare stable silver nanoparticles. Methods: The characterization of Ag-NPs impregnated chitosan-salicylaldehyde Schiff base was fulfilled using UV-Vis, FTIR, XRD and TEM studies. Results: The absorption band present around 425 nm in UV-Vis spectra indicated the formation of Ag-NPs. The appearance of a new band for the CN bond, deduction in the intensity of the CO group of salicylaldehyde and NH group of chitosan confirmed the formation of Schiff base and Ag-NPs in FTIR analysis. XRD pattern revealed the orientation and crystalline nature of Ag-NPs with 2θ at 38°, 46° and 54° related to Ag-NPs (JCPDS No. 04-0783), whereas the peak at 2θ = 27° associated with CSB. The total porosity of 53.24% was determined using the liquid displacement method. The CSB-Ag-NPs have good scavenging activity (46.25% and 49.35% activity in DPPH assay and H2O2 assay), great antibacterial (zone of inhibition 17 mm and 19 mm for E-Coli and Pseudomonas sp.), antifungal (18 mm for P. notatum), and anti-larvicidal activity, according to biological assessments. Conclusions: The synthesised Ag-NPs were non-toxic to marine ecosystems in a safety bioassay test.

In the present work, we have synthesized rare-earth ion modified Bi4−xRExTi2Fe0.7Co0.3O12−δ (RE = Dy, Sm, La) multiferroic compounds by the conventional solid-state route. Analysis of X-ray diffraction by Rietveld refinement confirmed the formation of a polycrystalline orthorhombic phase. The morphological features revealed a non-uniform, randomly oriented, plate-like grain structure. The peaks evident in the Raman spectra closely corresponded to those of orthorhombic Aurivillius phases. Dielectric studies and impedance measurements were carried out. Asymmetric complex impedance spectra suggested the relaxation of charge carriers belonging to the non-Debye type and controlled by a thermally activated process. Temperature-dependent AC conductivity data showed a change of slope in the vicinity of the phase transition temperature of both magnetic and electrical coupling natures. Based on the universal law and its exponent nature, one can suppose that the conduction process is governed by a small polaron hopping mechanism but significant distortion of TiO6 octahedral. The doping of the A-sites with rare-earth element ions and changes in the concentrations of Fe and Co ions located on the B-sites manifested themselves in saturated magnetic hysteresis loops, indicating competitive interactions between ferroelectric and canted antiferromagnetic spins. The magnetic order in the samples is attributed to pair-wise interactions between adjacent Fe3+–O–Fe3+, Co2+/3+–O–Co3+/2+, and Co2+/3+–O–Fe3+ ions or Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interactions among magnetic ions in the adjacent sub-lattices. As a result, enhanced magnetoelectric coefficients of 42.4 mV/cm-Oe, 30.3 mV/cm-Oe, and 21.6 mV/cm-Oe for Bi4−xDyxTi2Fe0.7Co0.3O12−δ (DBTFC), Bi4−xLaxTi2Fe0.7Co0.3O12−δ (LBTFC), and Bi4−xSmxTi2Fe0.7Co0.3O12−δ (SBTFC), respectively, have been obtained at lower magnetic fields (<3 kOe). The strong coupling of the Aurivillius compounds observed in this study is beneficial to future multiferroic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The All of Us (AoU) initiative aims to sequence the genomes of over one million Americans from diverse ethnic backgrounds to improve personalized medical care. In a recent technical pilot, we compare the performance of traditional short-read sequencing with long-read sequencing in a small cohort of samples from the HapMap project and two AoU control samples representing eight datasets. Our analysis reveals substantial differences in the ability of these technologies to accurately sequence complex medically relevant genes, particularly in terms of gene coverage and pathogenic variant identification. We also consider the advantages and challenges of using low coverage sequencing to increase sample numbers in large cohort analysis. Our results show that HiFi reads produce the most accurate results for both small and large variants. Further, we present a cloud-based pipeline to optimize SNV, indel and SV calling at scale for long-reads analysis. These results lead to widespread improvements across AoU. Using All of Us pilot data, the authors compared short- and long-read performance across medically relevant genes and showcased the utility of long reads to improve variant detection and phasing in easy and hard to resolve medically relevant genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Near-infrared (NIR)-emitting phosphors are in high demand owing to their application in areas of high importance, such as security, night-surveillance, imaging, storage, and optoelectronics. However, to achieve high success in these applications, wide broadband NIR emissions are needed and, in that context, the crystalline field of the host matrix plays a very important role. In this work, we have achieved a broad NIR emission in the range of 700–1000 nm in hydrothermally synthesized SrHfO3:Cr3+ (SHOC). SHO assumes a microcrystalline cube morphology, and chromium doping make it more and more symmetric, and the particle size increases with doping. Broadband NIR emissions have been ascribed to the stabilization of Cr3+ in a strong crystalline field of HfO6 octahedra. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy supported this by confirming the formation of oxygen vacancies in all the samples. The shorter lifetime (~13–44 µs) is attributed to chromium ions situated in close vicinity to oxygen vacancies at distance X, whereas the longer-lived (~56–127 µs) originate from chromium ions situated at a long distance from oxygen vacancies at distance Y, and Y is greater than X. Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy suggested an increase in defect concentration with doping, which causes concentration quenching beyond 2.0 mol% endowed by multipolar interactions. This work culminates the very important role of defects, local site, and doping on efficient NIR light emissions from a perovskite lattice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy storage and energy-storage devices have been a buzzword for long time as it is one of the essential needs in human life. These devices include mechanical systems, thermal systems, and batteries. These systems embedded with software can monitor the charging and discharging phenomena of energy. In this context, the role of rechargeable batteries needs to be reviewed. Even though novel types of rechargeable batteries are being continuously developed for storage of electricity, more attention and research towards supercapacitors is on the way. Huge number of researchers around the globe is involved in developing supercapacitors with improved performance making them more and more useful. The main aim is to improve their efficiency, energy density, operating voltage, miniaturization, optimization, economy, and environmental acceptance. For the last few years, lightweight and carbon-based novel wearable supercapacitors are developed. High durability, eco-friendliness, being non-volatile and electrostatic mechanism of supercapacitors make them advantageous than conventional batteries. In this regard, advances in microelectronics demand microsupercapacitors (MSCs). The selection of electrode in microsupercapacitor plays significant role in the fabrication. In this selection, MXenes as a family of 2D material play a vital role. Very high conductivity and high capacity of charge storage makes MXenes as one of the potential materials for electrodes in microsupercapacitors. This prompts us to review the role of MXenes in microsupercapacitors. This article reviews the recent advances of MXenes-based MSCs with emphasis on their fabrication techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liquid detection has been one of the buzzwords that refer to sensing of various liquids, which include water, chemicals, oils, etc. This detection gains more significance with the advent of metamaterials. Metamaterials are proved well suited in antenna designing, cloaking devices, solar cells, and sensors. Many papers reported metamaterial sensors, which can detect liquid chemicals, oils, etc. through shift in resonance frequency. Very few papers reported the applications of metamaterial sensors in water treatment. Water purification is one of the prime essentials for the existence of healthy humankind. It can be used to remove unwanted chemicals, contaminants and gases from water. The process of water purification can be done with various methods such as thermal, adsorption, distillation, desalination, reverse osmosis, etc. The main aim is to produce water required for specific purpose. In this context, role of metamaterials in water purification is of prime significance. Keeping this in view, an attempt is made to review the importance of metamaterial sensors in liquid detection along with water purification and its importance in comparison with earlier techniques already available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the potential for targeting systemic inflammation in patients with heart failure through leucocyte immunomodulation. It highlights the high incidence of cardiovascular mortality and hospitalizations for heart failure despite current therapies. The role of inflammation in heart failure is explored, with a focus on the involvement of proinflammatory cytokines and biomarkers. The article introduces a novel approach using a selective cytopheretic device (SCD) to target activated neutrophils and monocytes, which has shown promise in reducing systemic inflammation and improving outcomes in other acute conditions. A case report is presented to demonstrate the potential effectiveness of the SCD in bridging patients to left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation. The article concludes by suggesting that further studies are needed to evaluate the use of the SCD and its potential to reduce cardiovascular mortality and hospitalizations in heart failure patients. [Extracted from the article]

With increasing urbanisation, the dengue disease burden is on the rise in India, especially in large cities such as Mumbai. Current dengue surveillance in Mumbai includes municipal corporation carrying out specific activities to reduce mosquito breeding sites and the use of insecticides to suppress the adult mosquito populations. Clinical cases remain either underreported or misreported due to the restriction to government clinics, missing the large private health care sector. There is a need for an integrated approach to manage dengue outbreaks in Mumbai. There are various novel strategies available for use that can be utilised to improve disease detection, mosquito surveillance, and control of mosquito-borne diseases. These novel technologies are discussed in this manuscript. Given the complex ecosystem of mosquito-borne diseases in Mumbai, integrating data obtained from these technologies would support the ongoing mosquito control measures in Mumbai.

Vector behavioural traits, such as fitness, host-seeking, and host-feeding, are key determinants of vectorial capacity, pathogen transmission, and epidemiology of the vector-borne disease. Several studies have shown that infection with pathogens can alter these behavioural traits of the arthropod vector. Here, we review relevant publications to assess how pathogens modulate the behaviour of mosquitoes and ticks, major vectors for human diseases. The research has shown that infection with pathogens alter the mosquito’s flight activity, mating, fecundity, host-seeking, blood-feeding, and adaptations to insecticide bed nets, and similarly modify the tick’s locomotion, questing heights, vertical and horizontal walks, tendency to overcome obstacles, and host-seeking ability. Although some of these behavioural changes may theoretically increase transmission potential of the pathogens, their effect on the disease epidemiology remains to be verified. This study will not only help in understanding virus–vector interactions but will also benefit in establishing role of these behavioural changes in improved epidemiological models and in devising new vector management strategies.

MXenes are a class of 2D material produced from the MAX phase structure, e.g., 3D atomic laminate Ti3AlC2 ; they have a combination of layered carbides and nitrides. They belong to a distinctive type of structured materials with better conductivity than metals, increased ionic conductivity, flexible mechanical properties, and being hydrophilic. MXenes can be structured to form nanoparticles, multi- and single-layered nanosheets, which exhibit large specific surface areas enhancing their efficiency of sensing in MXene sensors. In addition, they are capable of forming composites with other materials with ease. Their morphology enhances their mechanical flexibility and stretchability enabling them to have wide applications in energy-storage devices, wearable sensors, and for electromagnetic shielding. Considering this, an attempt is made to review the recent advances in MXenes with emphasis on their applications in the area of wearable sensors that include pressure, strain, biochemical, temperature and gas sensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we have fabricated hybrid heterojunction solar cells with structure ITO/ZnO/P3HT:PCBM:CTSe NCs (optimized weight percentage 10 wt%)/MoO3/Ag (device SM10). A thin layer of molybdenum oxide MoO3 prepared by peroxomolybdic acid organosol as the precursor was used as hole transport layers (HTLs). The performance of the device was compared with ITO/ZnO/P3HT:PCBM:CTSe NCs/Ag(device S10). The important parameters such as global charge carrier mobility (µ), effective charge carriers lifetime (τn) and charge diffusion time (τd) have been extracted from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) performed at the bias of 0.1 V in the dark. The Nyquist plot obtained from EIS has demonstrated effective carriers lifetime, global mobility and charge diffusion time for a device SM10 as 6.46 ms, 12.6 × 10−4 cm2 V−1 S−1 and 5.2 µs and for device S10 as 5.65 ms, 9.58 × 10−4 cm2 V−1 S−1 and 6.8 µs, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mosquito-borne diseases cause a huge burden on public health worldwide. The viruses that cause these diseases impact the behavioural traits of mosquitoes, including locomotion and feeding. Understanding these traits can help in improving existing epidemiological models and developing effective mosquito traps. However, it is difficult to understand the flight behaviour of mosquitoes due to their small sizes, complicated poses, and seemingly random moving patterns. Currently, no open-source tool is available that can detect and track resting or flying mosquitoes. Our work presented in this paper provides a detection and trajectory estimation method using the Mask RCNN algorithm and spline interpolation, which can efficiently detect mosquitoes and track their trajectories with higher accuracy. The method does not require special equipment and works excellently even with low-resolution videos. Considering the mosquito size, the proposed method's detection performance is validated using a tracker error and a custom metric that considers the mean distance between positions (estimated and ground truth), pooled standard deviation, and average accuracy. The results showed that the proposed method could successfully detect and track the flying (≈ 96% accuracy) as well as resting (100% accuracy) mosquitoes. The performance can be impacted in the case of occlusions and background clutters. Overall, this research serves as an efficient open-source tool to facilitate further examination of mosquito behavioural traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective:The aim of the present study to prepare Pulsatile release tablets of Tolterodine tartarate for the treatment of over active bladder. Methods:The drug delivery system was designed to deliver the drug at time when it could be most needful for the patient. Tolterodine Tartarate Pulsatile core-in-cup tablet was designed to deliver a rapid or transient and quantified drug after a predetermined lag period. This type of tablet was prepared by direct compression method and is used to prepare a set of corein- cup tablets with Swellable and Rupturable polymers like Pectin, Locust bean gum and HPMCK15M respectively with different proportions with impermeable cup ethyl cellulose. Tablets were evaluated for Precompression, Post compression and in vitro dissolution studies. Results: The drug polymer interaction was studied by FTIR. The Precompression and post compression parameters are with in the limits.The Data of core-in-cup tablet were within the acceptable limit and they can be compressed directly into tablets. The hardness, friability and uniformity in weight and disintegration time results were in accordance with the standard limit. The lag time is dependent on rupturing property of Ethylcellulose and swelling property of the polymers. In the Optimized formulation the best fit model was found to be Korsmeyer peppas with exponential 'n' value is > 1 indicates the drug release follows super case II transport mechanism. The initial burst release was observed after lag time and drug release of 9was extended up to 11hrs for the optimized formulation. The in vitro drug release studies suggest that core-in-cup tablet prepared with ethyl cellulose and HPMC K 15 M shows a lag time of 4hrs due to more swelling and delayed rupturing properties of HPMC K15M and ethyl cellulose. Comparitive Dissolution studies were conducted for optimized formulation TT9 & Marketed preparation. Short Term Stability studies indicate no significant changes in Drug content and Dissolution rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world over energy resources are getting scarcer and increasingly exorbitant with time. In India bridging the ever- widening gap between energy demand and supply by increasing supply is an expensive option. The share of energy costs in total production costs can, therefore improve profit levels in all the industries. Thermal Power Plant is a major source of electricity production by coal. We will understand the overview of Thermal Power Plant i.e its parts such as boiler, turbine etc. Overview of Thermal Power Plant is very important for its better functioning and for its maintenance. The satisfactory design consist of selection of sites; estimation of cost; selection of Boiler, Turbine, Electrical Generator, Cooling System. The Transportation of electrical energy is more economical to the transportation of coal. So, we have to put greater efforts on thermal power plant as it is very economical for us. This reduction can be achieved by improving the efficiency of industrial operations and equipments. Energy plays an important role in identifying energy conservation opportunities in the industrial sector, while they do not provide the final answer to the problem; they do help to identify potential for energy conservation and induces the companies to concentrate their efforts in this area in a focused manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and sudden cardiac death (SCD), both associated with acute cardiac ischemia, are one of the leading causes of adult death in economically developed countries. The development of new approaches for the treatment and prevention of AMI and SCD remains the highest priority for medicine. A study on the cardiovascular effects of chronic hypoxia (CH) may contribute to the development of these methods. Chronic hypoxia exerts both positive and adverse effects. The positive effects are the infarct-reducing, vasoprotective, and antiarrhythmic effects, which can lead to the improvement of cardiac contractility in reperfusion. The adverse effects are pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular hypertrophy. This review presents a comprehensive overview of how CH enhances cardiac tolerance to ischemia/reperfusion. It is an indepth analysis of the published data on the underlying mechanisms, which can lead to future development of the cardioprotective effect of CH. A better understanding of the CH-activated protective signaling pathways may contribute to new therapeutic approaches in an increase of cardiac tolerance to ischemia/reperfusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: T-cell-mediated rejection (TCMR) occurs in 10%-12% of renal allografts. TCMR manifests as a rise in serum creatinine, decreased urine output, fever, and graft tenderness. It has a negative impact on long-term allograft function. Hence, we did a retrospective analysis of patients with TCMR to know the pattern, risk factors, and treatment outcome. Materials and Methods: We analyzed retrospectively clinical characteristics, laboratory data, renal biopsy reports, precipitating factors, treatment modalities, and outcomes from case records and biopsy registers of 30 patients with TCMR between July 2019 and June 2021 in our institution. Results: Out of 30 patients studied, 80% were males and 20% were females. The mean age was 29.67 ± 8.8 years. Live-related renal transplantation accounted for 80% of patients. Native kidney disease was not known in 63%. The mean duration of rejection was 21.73 ± 23.24 months. Among the various risk factors studied, low tacrolimus levels were seen in 56.7%, which was statistically significant (P < 0.05). All the patients were treated for rejection, and improvement was seen in most and 10.7% showed no improvement. Conclusion: Most patients with TCMR improved with treatment. Inadequate immunosuppression was the risk factor for TCMR in the maximum number of our patients. Compliance was good in most patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]