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This paper aims to define the way Egyptians perceived the boundaries of their land and reassesses the impact of Egyptian colonialism during the Ramesside period (c. 1292–1069 BCE). During this era, expansive wars, diplomatic action and land administration/governance reforms led Egypt to control a large part of modern Israel, Palestine, Lebanon and Syria. To refer to this period, historians often use the terms Egyptian "empire" and Egyptian "imperialism", extending terminology coined in the 19th century to describe modern cases of political dominance to Late Bronze Age Egypt. Furthermore, traditional scholarship also presents Egypt's borders in such a way that Egypt appears as a solid territory with fixed borders, despite evidence pointing to a different model of geographical division. Seeking to explore whether the use of modern terms on ancient Egypt may be an anachronism, this paper reviews the scholarship on (a) Egyptian records documenting conquests and (b) contextual archaeological evidence from the southern Near East itself. This review highlights differences between modern and ancient conceptions of land domination. Finally, Egyptian border-related terms are used in a strictly local symbolic cultural context but not in the one of international diplomacy. As for Egypt's boundary, it was mostly formed as a buffer zone rather than a borderline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keywords: stone working; Country; Egypt; Israel; border EN stone working Country Egypt Israel border Scarabs are beetle-shaped seals originating in Egypt during the third millennium BC. Archaeological experiments: Although no experiments involving the production of steatite scarabs have previously been published, some scholars have engaged in the production of similar artefacts. As was expected, this phase is the most crucial in the production of steatite scarabs due to the fragility of the steatite, as the perforation process often led to the breakage of the unfinished item. [Extracted from the article]

The fine detailing of sistra handles and capitals suggestsproduction via the lost wax casting process, longrecognized in Egyptology, and practiced in Egypt by atleast the Second Dynasty (ca. 2890 BC) if not earlier(Garland and Bannister, 1927, p.35). This study used compositionsA, B, C and the phosphor bronze standard listed in Table 2.These alloys are three out of 84 bronze or copper alloysistra that we studied, and of these three, only one,composition A, was obtained from sistra disks (Soles andGiumlia-Mair, 2011, p.138). The silverbronze alloy followed a chemical composition of soundingdisks from a sistrum while the leaded alloy was based on achemical composition from a handle only, suggesting thatdifferent parts could be made with different alloys asnecessary. Reviewed Article Keywords: Keywords: metallurgy; copper; music & musical instruments; religion; Country; Egypt; border EN metallurgy copper music & musical instruments religion Country Egypt border Our research represents a case study in ancientmetalworking to illuminate the challenges, processes, andboth human and material agency behind these objects. [Extracted from the article]