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Created six years apart, Scrooge and Pickwick exhibit extraordinary similarities in their backgrounds and plot trajectories. Scrooge and Pickwick start out as relatively isolated businessmen who make journeys of discovery and learn lessons in compassion. Their metamorphoses are deepened through their relationships with loyal employees. This article explores the scant details about the two men's business lives, including Scrooge's role as a creditor and his connection to the Second Royal Exchange in London, which burned down in January 1838. It also contextualizes Pickwick's ties to the South American sugar trade and the enslaved labor that contributes to his great wealth. The article speculates on the parallelisms between Scrooge and Pickwick and the effects of seeing them both within the scope of their identified business practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As we all know day by day the technology is getting better and better, the production of counterfeit currency has been rapidly increasing. The counterfeit currency problem is faced by almost all countries. Since the real economy is affected, it has affected the economy of the country. Even when the drastic step of demonetization was taken in 2016 to overcome counterfeit currency, this problem did not end. The only one solution for this problem for a common man is to detect the fake currency, by using the fake currency detector machine. These machines are used in banks and large scale business, but for small scale businesses or for a common man these machines are not affordable. There are lot of researches taking place on this matter by using deep learning, image processing and machine learning techniques. This paper gives the complete methodology of fake note detector machine, which is affordable even for a common man. By implementing the applications of image processing techniques we can find out whether the currency notes are fake or not. Image processing technique consists of a number of operations that can be performed on an image, some of which include image segmentation, edge detection, gray scale conversion, preprocessing etc. The proposed system will detect the counterfeit currency of new denominations by distinguishing each denomination based on its size and depending on the features of each currency the comparison takes place. Based on the features matched, it detects whether the currency is counterfeit or not. The system have advantages like simplicity, reliability and cost effective. Which is affordable by a common man since the common man is the one who will be effected most, when the counterfeit currency are circulated in the market because he has to pay the real value of that currency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term electronic word of mouth has witnessed a constant evolution due to the technological advancements and increased internet mediated consumer conversations. The topic has become a subject of interest for both business professionals and academic scholars with its growing importance in business research. Past studies mostly discussed the dynamic nature of eWOM under the strong influence of emerging concepts and technological innovations. However, very few research studies have viewed its extensive evolution in the context of a basic model of communication. In this research paper, a theoretical review was conducted to systematically organize the literature findings to develop an eWOM communication model. From participants' classification and motivation to generate eWOM to its influence on receivers, the model elaborates all the basic elements of communication process which also include content type and transmitting platform. This paper significantly contributes to elaborate the basic eWOM communication process by the extensive analyzation of the existing body of knowledge which will help in building a strong foundation of the topic for future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has struck businesses across the globe with unprecedented impacts. The world economy has been hit hard and firms have experienced a myriad of challenges, but these challenges have been heterogeneous across firms. This paper examines one important dimension of this heterogeneity: the differential effect of the pandemic on women-led and men-led businesses. The paper exploits a unique sample of close to 40,000 mainly formal businesses from 49 countries covering the months between April and September 2020. The findings show that women-led micro-businesses, women-led businesses in the hospitality industry, and women-led businesses in countries more severely affected by the COVID-19 shock were disproportionately hit compared with businesses led by men. At the same time, women-led micro-firms were markedly more likely to report increasing the use of digital platforms, but less likely to invest in software, equipment, or digital solutions. Finally, the findings also show that women-led businesses were less likely to have received some form of public support although they have been hit harder in some domains. In a crisis of the magnitude of the COVID-19 pandemic, evidence tracing the impact of the shock in a timely fashion is desperately needed to help inform the design of policy interventions. This real-time glimpse into women-led businesses fills this need for robust and policy-relevant evidence, and due to the large country coverage of the data, it is possible to identify patterns that extend beyond any one country, region, or sector, but at the cost of some granularity for testing more complex economic theories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pursuit of increasing the efficiency of internal combustion engines is an ongoing engineering task that requires numerous research efforts. New concepts of injection or combustion systems require preliminary investigation work using research engines. These engines, usually single-cylinder, make it possible to isolate a single variable in a complex combustion mixture preparation process, thus enabling analysis of the changes being made. However, these engines are relatively expensive and their designs are offered by a limited number of manufacturers. The authors of this paper have successfully undertaken the engineering task of modifying an existing research engine cylinder head in such a way as to implement an electronically controlled variable valve timing system of the intake system. The process of reverse engineering, together with design assumptions that finally contributed to the construction of the assumed solution has been described in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Serbian Journal of Management is the property of Serbian Journal of Management and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to continue and extend the ongoing conversation about greatness in American business. Design/methodology/approach: This survey, conducted in 2021, replicates and extends McCormick and Folsom's 2001 and 2011 rankings of the greatest entrepreneurs and businesspeople in American history. The authors' pool surveyed 51 experts to develop an updated ranking and explore factors of greatness. Findings: Henry Ford topped the ranking followed by John D. Rockefeller and Steve Jobs. Business scholars ranked Oprah Winfrey the greatest female and minority businessperson. Originality/value: The authors extend previous research by surveying the authors' expert pool about factors of greatness in American business history. "Ability to imagine or envision the future" ranked highest with "created wealth for shareholders" in last place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gender roles demand that women devote more time to non-market labor such as childcare and household responsibilities. Therefore, the labor market hinders women's ability to compete with their male counterparts, whose time is less subject to the demands of non-market work. The result is a performance gap between men and women. To obtain the flexibility to more efficiently perform both their market and non-market work, many women choose to be self-employed and operate their businesses from home. Using a large sample of US firms, we find that women who choose to operate their own businesses from home are able to narrow the performance gap between men and women entrepreneurs. Plain English Summary Women partially overcome societal disadvantages by running businesses from home. Women business owners achieve significant synergies by working from home that enable them to narrow the gap in performance relative to men. An analysis of over 600,000 small businesses reveals that there is a significant gap in performance between businesses run by men versus those run by women. Prior research shows that men enjoy structural advantages over women due to society's demands on women's time to perform household duties or provide childcare. We find that women are able to narrow the resulting performance gap by operating their businesses from home, providing them increased flexibility to manage their time. Our paper indicates that supporting women-owned businesses with policies that grant greater flexibility or more equitably or efficiently distribute household work can improve economic efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using manually collected data in Chinese-listed firms from year 2008 to 2018, this paper studies that how does teacher-turned businessperson curb or improve accrual-based earning management and real activities manipulation. Results show that top management team (TMTs) with academic experience manage earning less through accruals and manipulating real operating activities. Further studies show that when firms with no-big4 auditors or less analysts tracking, TMTs with (out) foreign experience or political connection, the inhibition of academic experience on the earning management is more pronounced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the Chinese central government's anti-corruption policies and restrictions on Chinese Communist Party (CCP) cadres' conduct, many rural cadres still hold or join lavish banquets, but in secret. Why do cadres take such risks? Why is banqueting so important for them? This ethnographic study in one rural county shows how instrumental banqueting (fanju) and associated interactions enhance exchange among rural cadres and businessmen, which can be understood as a process of relational work. This relational work exaggerates and adorns participants' personal relationships and constructs a moral basis for corruption. This style of relational work uses the Confucian notion of li as an excuse to show benevolence(ren), creating "ritualized relational work." This paper contributes to an understanding of the resilience of guanxi practices during President Xi Jinping's anti-corruption campaign. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A growing trend towards computerization and competition in supply chains results in uncertainty and quick variability that make the decisions difficult for both levels of retailers and manufacturers. In this paper, two Bi-Level Stackelberg Models (BLSMs) are developed under non- and agile conditions in the presence of strategic customers. Our main novelty approach in this paper is to consider both levels competing with each other in a sequential game to determine the optimal production and order quantities and prices with and without agile abilities. In addition, both proposed models are simplified singlelevel using the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) approach. Then, they are remodeled by a Robust Optimization (RO) technique due to existing uncertain parameters. To have a better assessment of the models' efficiency and applicability, they have been implemented in a real case and finally, the results are compared and analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the scientific names of many cultivated and well-known medicinal fungal species have been changed. However, the results of taxonomic and nomenclature works on these economically important fungi are often overlooked or ignored in applied researches. The incorrect use of scientific names may cause uncertainty in research and in the global medicinal mushroom market. In this paper, we briefly review the current taxonomy and nomenclature of "Fuling" medicinal mushroom and make a proposal for biochemists, pharmacists and businessmen on the correct use of scientific names related to this species. Based on the recent taxonomic results and nomenclatural proposals, the use of the names Wolfiporia extensa, W. cocos and especially Poria cocos for the "Fuling" mushroom are incorrect and misleading; therefore, the acceptance of the names Pachyma hoelen or Wolfiporia hoelen is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the role of mental health in self-employment decisions. We find evidence of a relationship between psychological distress and self-employment for men that depends on type of self-employment and severity of psychological distress. Specifically, there is suggestive evidence of a causal link from moderate psychological distress to self-employment in an unincorporated business as a main job for men. Additionally, we find evidence that long term mental illness can significantly increase the probability of self-employment in an unincorporated business for both men and women. Our results suggest that individual difficulty in wage-and-salary employment is the likely mechanism for this connection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The literature on entrepreneurship has developed a huge body of fruitful research to explain why women do not engage in business as often as men. However, relatively little is known about the role that different business models may play in driving women's entrepreneurial activity, which is examined in this study. In this paper we develop a model to empirically test the relationship between women's motivations to become entrepreneurs and their willingness to embark on business through cooperatives, a particular organizational model. We find that the fit between women's needs and expectations and the guiding principles of cooperatives is decisive for the materialization of female entrepreneurship. Furthermore, we explore the role that institutions can play in fostering this link. In doing so, we extend the literature on women's entrepreneurship by highlighting key factors to better channel the development of this potential resource for economic development. Our confirmatory model highlights the role of cooperatives as a type of organization particularly suited to the interests and needs of women entrepreneurs. Thus, the promotion of this business model can be useful to improve the number of women entrepreneurs and, in turn, enhance economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective of this study described the present condition and improvement of Library collection in the central coastal districts, of Andhra Pradesh. This paper discussed here enhancement of library collection on user demands with the user interest that is, information requirement groups are like house wives, business men, employed users, unemployed users, retired persons and children. Collecting data through the structured questionnaire, interview and observations in the library in the month of December, 2020 to January 2021, respectively. Total number of questionnaires distributed 100 each of each district central library that is 300 distributed out of the response is 90.33%(271). This survey limited to conduct in district central libraries in central coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh that is three districts such as Krishna, West Godavari, and East Godavari districts. This study found that there is an importance of increase document collection in both aspects that electronic documents and conventional documents. There is a need to allocate to more funds to the district central libraries in central coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the shift in education policy from public decision-making to corporate market exchanges. Topics include the control of schools by wealthy businessmenthe influence of organizations like the Confederation of School Trusts; and examples illustrate a trend of depoliticization and the privatization of education, with decisions being made outside the realm of public accountability.

There has been extensive research and examination dedicated to the advantages and disadvantages of entrepreneurship, both in general and specifically for African Americans. Significant research has been devoted to understanding the economic outcomes of African American men, and there is an area of opportunity to study how African American men, specifically, can leverage entrepreneurship to increase the probability of successful economic outcomes for themselves and their families. Entrepreneurial research has the potential to be leveraged to combat waning labor force participation rates and heightened unemployment rates among African American men. Leveraging the theories of Trust, Goal-Orientation, Logotherapy, and Social Identity Theory, a study was conducted among United States-based business owners. The sample size was forty-one African American male business owners. The results demonstrate how these African American men have leveraged entrepreneurship to build social capital and wealth, while improving their standard of living, as well as highlight the hurdles and barriers they have endured during the process of business ownership. The majority of African American owned business are owned by African American men, and this study provides insights into the phenomenology of African American male entrepreneurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Systems diagrams allow one to model the way in which complex systems work. They support thinking through the way in which the factors within a system interact and feedback upon themselves. Leadership, followers' engagement and performance are depicted via Systems diagram approach. Current survey examines leadership behaviour toward followers, i.e. transformational and transactional styles. Full Range Leadership Model is employed to explore leader behavior with respect to Contingency reward. Objective of the paper is to examine Contingency reward within a framework of two surveys. The first one is conducted in 2017 in leading manufacturers in the light industry located in Northeastern Bulgaria. The second study was conducted in 2015 in public administrations located in the North central and Northeastern region in Bulgaria. Respondents in both are first line managers. Average values and validity analysis are performed. As a result, Contingency reward is consistent with transformational leadership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Picasso twice quoted the name of Dufayel, once in relation with the name of the Louvre and once for the same period of his career, between 1910 and 1914. This essay explores the universe created by the businessman Georges Dufayel in order to understand the role it played in Picasso's evolving cubism from that of analytic to synthetic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines research on the ethos and image of the businessman in Portugal and Poland, using comparative and diachronic analysis, resorting to secondary sources and critical literature analysis. The purpose of the research determined the descriptive character of the work. After defining the concept of ethos, its functions, and models, the article briefly describes the milestones in the contemporary history of both countries, characterizes the national/organizational cultures and presents the image and ethos of the businessman in each country. In conclusion, attention was drawn to the common and differentiating elements of the ethos and image of the businessman in both countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Like the oft quoted Shakespearean adage, 'To be or not to be', the safety conundrum always poses a dilemma - to adhere or not to adhere to the safety norms - as Indian culture is not basically safety-oriented and safety is not in our mindset. This gets further complicated by the eternal question that a businessman faces - safety first or business first - which greatly impacts the way the corporates drive their Zero-Harm objectives. There are differentials in definition of safety observations and safety culture among managers, directors, contractors, and engineers. For an employer, the safety consideration should be an incident-free environment; but for the employees, it should be injury-free. This makes a vast difference in what we look for while being on a field visit in plants. If our outlook is injury-free, we observe at-risk behaviour and spot-correct it, whereas an incident-free bent of mind would focus not necessarily on the person but on the targets, profit, plant, production etc. Safety culture in any corporate needs to be adopted as procedures that are communicated, demonstrated, reinforced and celebrated, not merely raising messages of safety-first by managers or directors. The present qualitative study comprised of field visits to 10 site locations from where 250 managers and 235 contractor staff were sampled across diverse Indian locations. It concludes that safety culture is a big turning point for corporate businesses; behaviour is not only a science but also a collective wisdom, and companies are increasingly embracing safety culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term "celebrity" is neutral and designates people with both admirable and intimidating histories. The media tend to overlook the moral dimension of celebrities and frame them by their own rules. This study describes the media framing of a toxic celebrity in Slovakia: the controversial businessman Marián Kočner, currently on trial for ordering the murder of investigative journalist Ján Kuciak in 2018. Long before the killing, Kočner had become well-known to the broader public and appeared as exerting influence on political events. The authors have analysed media texts related to Kočner from 1998 to 2017 and identified 12 generalising frames which could be applied to frame any toxic celebrity. These frames have been aptly titled (Chichikov, mafioso, key player, toxic person, tycoon, Black Peter, Richman, spin doctor, Robin Hood, narcissist, showman, innovator), defined and related to the tonality of the texts (positive, negative, neutral) and to the timeline of Kočner's media image. The study refers to the only gradually increasing negativity of his media framing along with the overall weak sensitivity of the media to his moral character and highlights the difference between serious and tabloid media, with the framing in the latter focused on luxury and gossip reporting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ibiza is very dependent on the tourism sector and is a highly recognized international brand. However, before the tourist boom, the situation was different, since it was an economically underdeveloped and almost unknown island. In the 1950s, an eminently endogenous tourism development began thanks to local entrepreneurship, usually workers and modest traders who dared to invest in the new sector. The development was not homogeneous throughout the island, with Sant Antoni de Portmany being the pioneer town in the post-Spanish Civil War recovery (1939–1959), the example from which the rest of the island learned and the starting point of the current image of Ibiza. This article seeks to delve into the social context of Sant Antoni in its tourist beginnings, especially in the mentality and way of being of the workers and businessmen of that time. It is an economic history paper that analyzes bibliography and testimonies of that time to provide a vision of what society, tourism and pioneering entrepreneurs were like. The peculiarities of the society, workers and entrepreneurs from the beginnings of the tourism sector have generated many of the positive and negative elements of current society and tourism in Ibiza, highlighting the survival of a mentality, way of doing and vital approach based on networking, irregularities and improvisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Training and mentoring are carried out for businessmen Jam'iyyah (Persis Banjaran) Bandung district. Financial management, through financial recording and reporting, is one of the main problems faced by these businessmen, which is still done minimally. This is due to the lack of knowledge about the importance of financial reporting in optimizing businesses decision-making and improving financial performance. Appropriate training and mentoring can be a solution to the problems faced by businessmen Jam'iyyah (Persis Banjaran). This activity is carried out offline in the form of face-to-face training for 2 meetings while still paying attention to health protocols on Saturday, November 13, 2021 and March 26, 2022. After training and offline assistance, our team provided time for participants to consult online through social media. Based on discussions held with businessmen and the head of the social and economic field of PC Persis Banjara (as partners), this partnership can be continued with programs that reach the wider community. This training and assistance is expected to raise the enthusiasm and consistency of businessmen in carrying out financial recording and reporting in the simplest way, but still being accountable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The image of a country conveyed by the international media is increasingly important in a globalised and interdependent world. Some of these international outlets have a special role to play in this process, and the British weekly The Economist is certainly one of them. For more than a century and a half, the publication founded by James Wilson in 1843 has been a reference for politicians, opinion leaders and businessmen around the world. For this reason, it is of particular interest to understand the magazine's special way of contextualising news events in different latitudes from the perspective of each country's 'national character.' From this perspective, we analyze the image of Spain offered by The Economist throughout its history from the understanding of the interest that has always had for the professionals of the British weekly the interpretation of current affairs in the context of the so-called 'national character' of a country. After the thematic analysis of nine supplements on Spain published by the weekly between 1972 and 2018, six features have been highlighted that would consistently configure the 'national character' of this country for the weekly. These six traits are: a country in transition; a diverse country; a festive, hospitable and tolerant country; a country with an inefficient administration; a country with a weak economy; and an artistic and unscientific country. A better understanding of these stable features can be of great importance for better managing a country's international projection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Southeast University (English Edition) is the property of Journal of Southeast University Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The poor collaboration among the main actors in the construction has become a challenge for the low performance of the design-construction efficiency (DCE). This study investigated and quantitatively evaluated the influence of network relationships in stakeholders’ collaborative management (SCM) and their effect on the performance of the DCE of industrialized construction projects. Hypotheses were proposed and tested. Based on multiple empirical cases, semistructured interviews and questionnaire surveys were conducted. Social network analysis (SNA) was adopted as a research technique for graphical analysis and quantitative evaluation of the SCM. The study’s findings revealed that the different sets and modes of collaboration directly impacted the performance of the DCE of industrialized construction. Further findings showed that strong collaboration among the contractors, designers, and manufacturers significantly impacts achieving better efficiency. Meanwhile, DCE was the most important driving factor for the SCM. The network relationships had a positive impact on the DCE. The study contributes knowledge in demonstrating the application of network relationships in industrialized construction research and helps practitioners establish a strong SCM to improve the efficiency of industrialized construction in a wider global context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Visual Review is the property of Eagora Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article studies lobbying efforts by the actors that investment treaties protect – namely, foreign investors. It uses a legal-historical approach to analyse the activities of the International Association for the Promotion and Protection of Private Foreign Investments (Association internationale pour la promotion et la protection des investissements privés en territoires étrangers or APPI), a transnational business interest association that lobbied for better protection of private foreign investment under international law. The article considers the role of this group in lobbying for three multilateral investment treaties (an investment code, investor-state arbitration and investment insurance) during the 1950s and 1960s, using unexplored archival sources. The article makes three substantive contributions to the literature. First, it shows that the key actors involved in APPI were a transnational advocacy network of businessmen and lawyers at multinational companies, mainly in the oil and banking sector. Second, it shows how these two types of actors (businessmen and lawyers) acted symbiotically. The businessmen provided access to policy-makers and introduced company lawyers into the policy-making cycle. The company lawyers provided expertise and specific legal texts with which civil servants could work. Third, it argues that, despite the group members' common goal to improve foreign investment security, competing individual initiatives and institutional competition, next to state preferences, often impeded more effective lobbying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article historicizes an effort by South Texas businessmen in the late 1840s to secede from the state of Texas and to create a new federal territory to protect their landholdings between the Nueces River and the Rio Grande. Their pursuit centered on the trans-Nueces region, as the land between the two rivers was called, but it also tapped into broader political hostilities in the antebellum United States. In particular, the South Texans' territorial petition arrived in Congress as slavery's proponents and opponents fought bitterly over the institution's role in national life. Further, calls for a trans-Nueces territory represented a crisis for the United States and Texas in the immediate aftermath of the U.S.-Mexico War. In effect, the South Texas separatists pitted both powers against each other, warning Congress that the Texas legislature was on the verge of confiscating their lands and pleading with the federal government to step in. By simultaneously introducing the territory issue in Congress and agitating state lawmakers in Austin, the trans-Nueces entrepreneurs forced open a new path toward resolution that provoked the Texas government to act, eventually creating a commission that swiftly endorsed the men's land titles in the region. The territorial campaign was a borderlands response to the post-1848 land tenure arrangement that the businessmen saw as a threat to their economic power. Overall, the episode reveals the dimensions and lasting power of local negotiations in national histories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Masyarakat, Kebudayaan & Politik is the property of Universitas Airlangga and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Women's entrepreneurship has been widely identified as a driver of economic and social development worldwide. However, literature in women entrepreneurship argues that women entrepreneurs lag behind men and women business operators are constrained. Despite numerous constraints faced by Sri Lankan women business operators, some have overcome such barriers and become successful, and also have achieved provincial and national level recognitions through winning awards. Women business operators who have earned such recognitions warrant investigations to unravel the entrepreneurial decision-making approaches they have adopted to overcome various challenges in constrained environments. Therefore, this research aims to study the entrepreneurial decision-making approaches of award-winning women business operators in the Kandy district of Sri Lanka using theoretical lenses of Effectuation and Causation. A qualitative multiple case study design was adopted and 30 in-depth interviews were conducted with successful women business operators who have been awarded in "Star Awards". The analysis revealed that entrepreneurial decision-making approach of the respondents does not change with the sector (i.e. manufacturing and service) they operate. Women business operators have become more effectual when starting up their businesses and have combined the causation approach with effectuation when growing their businesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the usage of the German term Handelsvolk (trading-people) by Karl Marx and other Marxists in relation to Jewish history. The question is: what can we learn from the different interpretations of this term on the evolution of the relationship between Marxism and the so-called Jewish question? This exploration sheds new light on shifts in the definition of the Jews, both by Marx in the mid-19th century and by Jewish Marxists of various political parties in the mid-20th century. These shifts reflect changing social and political circumstances. In Marx's case, it was mainly his own migration that exposed him to different social environments and thus influenced his theoretical understanding. In the case of the Jewish Marxists, active during the period of the Third Reich, the term served as a means to qualify Jewish nationalism vis-à-vis the persecution and destruction of European Jewry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]