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A warming Arctic is expected to exacerbate wildfires in Siberia, potentially creating a critical feedback to the Arctic climate change. However, our understanding of these fire-climate interactions remains limited. This study investigated changes in East Siberian wildfires and their influence on fire emissions, aerosol optical depth (AOD), and the surface clear-sky insolation across the Siberian Arctic from 2000 to 2020 using satellite observations. Our analysis reveals a substantial increase in wildfires, with fire counts doubling (a 114% increase) and fire radiative power surging by 8.4 × 106 MW compared to the early 21st century. Over 93% of this increase occurred during the boreal summer months. These intensified wildfires led to a significant rise in aerosol emission (organic carbon, PM2.5, and black carbon) exceeding 75% in East Siberia. Consequently, fire-season AOD in the Siberian Arctic increased by 33% (6.0 × 10−2), with 85% (5.1 × 10−2) attributable to wildfire changes. The wildfire-associated increase in AOD resulted in enhanced clear-sky dimming of 4.1 ± 3.2 W m−2 across the Siberian Arctic from 2000 to 2020. These findings suggest a critical feedback mechanism: a warming Arctic drives increased wildfires in Siberia, which in turn significantly impact the Arctic surface radiative budget through enhanced clear-sky dimming. Future simulations and projections for the Arctic should prioritize incorporating the feedback effects of intensifying wildfires. • Active fire points in East Siberia increased by 114% from 2000 to 2020, nearly doubled. • Fire-season AOD in the Siberian Arctic increased by 33% during the study period. • Wildfires increase could explain 85% of the elevated AOD in the Siberian Arctic. • Wildfire-induced AOD increase led to a 4.1 W m−2 clear-sky dimming in the Siberian Arctic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Arctic is severely affected by climate change and various forms of environmental pollution. Enriched with nutrients and light-absorbing compounds, the wildfire plume has the potential to affect biological carbon fixation and sequestration within the Arctic Ocean. In this study, we utilized satellite-derived oceanic data (phytoplankton and sea ice) and atmospheric reanalysis products (black carbon, BC, indicative of wildfire impact) to evaluate the effect of the pronounced increase in wildfires from 2019 to 2021 on the East Siberian Sea. During these years, chlorophyll- a levels rose by ∼213 % compared to the previous decadal average, which had notably lower wildfire activities. This increase in chlorophyll- a is attributable to the deposition of nitrogen from the wildfire plume. Concurrently, the period required for sea ice concentration to decrease by 25 % was on average ∼ 10 days shorter than usual. This suggests that BC-induced acceleration of sea ice melting might extend the growing season for phytoplankton. • The inflow of Eurasian wildfire plumes moving into the Arctic has recently increased. • This phenomenon was prominent in the East Siberian Sea (ESS) during the years 2019–2021. • During this period, chlorophyll- a in the ESS increased by ∼213 % compared to the past average. • Faster melting of sea ice was observed, probably influenced by the accumulation of black carbon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black carbon (BC) emissions from Arctic shipping are accelerating the melting of local glaciers, affecting the Arctic's fragile natural and ecological environment, and posing potential hazards to local public health. The issue of BC emissions from Arctic shipping has attracted the attention of all countries and internationals, and a relevant international governance system is gradually being established, but progress is plodding. This study analyses the status and framework of international governance of Arctic shipping BC emissions. Subsequently, current impediments to governance progress and potential countermeasures to advance governance are discussed. The study finds that the global governance of Arctic shipping BC emissions is still in the monitoring and evaluation stage, and there is a lack of substantive governance and supervision at multiple levels. The current governance is not enough to deal with the huge challenge of increasing BC emissions from ships in the Arctic, and fragmentation, contradiction, ambiguity, limitation, and immaturity hinder the advancement of governance. This study suggests that shipping BC should be more integrated into relevant international regulations on climate change and air pollutant governance, and should enhance the role of BC in climate change mitigation strategies. At the same time, Arctic countries and ports can also take the lead in adopting strict fuel and emissions controls measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The circum-Arctic region experienced serious fires in 2019 and 2020. Biomass burning is considered a primary source of black carbon (BC) aerosols. BC contributes to Arctic warming and impacts snow/ice melting. However, the impacts of biomass burning on BC in the Arctic during these recent serious fires have not been quantified in detail. In this study, based on numerical simulations using the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem), we calculated the contribution ratios of biomass burning to Arctic BC and revealed its transport pathways. Affected by biomass burning emissions, the near-surface BC concentrations over the terrestrial areas within the Arctic Circle were highest in summer, and declined in spring and autumn. Spatially, high-concentration levels of BC were distributed in the Russian central and eastern areas. Biomass burning accounted for 63.72% and 45.18% of the summer BC in the Arctic near-surface and middle troposphere, respectively. In the near-surface, the contributions from local Arctic sources were comparable to those from sources outside the Arctic Circle in summer. In the middle troposphere, contributions from sources outside the Arctic Circle were dominant. In summer, BC originating from biomass burning in Siberia was transported a short distance by southwesterly winds to the central Arctic near-surface, while the enhanced southwesterly winds in the middle troposphere transported BC from Siberia, Alaska and northern Canada to the central Arctic and Greenland. In spring and autumn, most BC originating from biomass burning in the near-surface of Eurasia was transported eastward by westerly winds and then transported northward over the North Pacific Ocean, and the long distance may have resulted in fewer effects on the Arctic. These results highlight the important role of biomass burning in the Arctic environment under a warming climate. [Display omitted] • Affected by biomass burning, the near-surface BC concentrations over the terrestrial areas within the Arctic Circle were highest in summer. • The biomass burning contributions from local sources to Arctic BC in the near-surface in summer were obvious. • BC from biomass burning in the near-surface of Siberia were transported by southwesterly winds to the central Arctic. • The enhanced southwesterly winds in the middle troposphere transported BC from Siberia, Alaska, and northern Canada to the central Arctic and Greenland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 and subsequent spread of the disease COVID-19 became classified as a pandemic in March of 2020, leading to global safety measures introduced to limit the impact of the virus. This combination of safety measures has become commonly referred to as "lockdown". The associated industry and lifestyle changes led to reductions in the anthropogenic emission of atmospheric pollutants such as black carbon (BC), which is transported from the mid-latitudes into the Arctic during the winter and spring. Measurements of BC and other anthropogenic pollutants are of increasing importance in the Arctic due to the rapid warming observed there in the past few decades. It is believed that BC has a significant role in this warming, and so understanding the Arctic's response to reduced BC emissions at lower latitudes will provide insight into how future changes might mitigate further warming. Reductions in BC have been reported worldwide, and so in this study, the impact of these reductions on BC concentrations at the High Arctic site Villum Research Station was investigated. The effect was examined from March 2020, around when global lockdowns began, to June 2020, when the Arctic haze period ended and BC levels were once again low. Firstly, the Danish Eulerian Hemispheric Model (DEHM) was used to assess this impact on BC concentrations by adjusting global anthropogenic pollution emission inventories to simulate those observed during the lockdown period and comparing the results to a similar model run with standard emission inventories. Secondly, equivalent BC data from an aethalometer at Villum Research Station were analysed, comparing the concentrations during the lockdown period to both aethalometer data from previous years and DEHM results from the lockdown period. It was found that when adjusted DEHM emission inventories were introduced from the 1st of March, the model predicted a reduction in BC concentrations beginning on the 10th of March and reached a 10% reduction by the 1st of April. This reduction fluctuated around 10% until the end of the Arctic haze period. Aethalometer data did not show any significant change from previous years, and no concentration reduction could be concluded from its comparison with DEHM results. This is likely because the predicted reduction of 10% is smaller than both the inter-annual and intra-annual variability of measured BC concentrations at Villum. • DEHM model and aethalometer used to assess effect of lockdown on Villum BC levels. • DEHM model simulated a 10% reduction in BC at Villum during April–May 2020. • Similar reductions are expected throughout the Arctic region (between 7% and 11%). • The aethalometer showed no response to the lockdown due to inherent BC variability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]