24 results on '"Cargnelutti, Bruno"'
Search Results
2. Boldness-mediated habitat use tactics and reproductive success in a wild large herbivore
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Bonnot, Nadège C., Goulard, Michel, Hewison, A.J. Mark, Cargnelutti, Bruno, Lourtet, Bruno, Chaval, Yannick, and Morellet, Nicolas
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- 2018
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3. Temporal shifts in landscape connectivity for an ecosystem engineer, the roe deer, across a multiple-use landscape
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Martin, Jodie, Vourc’h, Gwenaël, Bonnot, Nadège, Cargnelutti, Bruno, Chaval, Yannick, Lourtet, Bruno, Goulard, Michel, Hoch, Thierry, Plantard, Olivier, Hewison, A. J. Mark, and Morellet, Nicolas
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- 2018
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4. Reproductive tactics, birth timing and the risk-resource trade-off in an income breeder.
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Benoit, Laura, Morellet, Nicolas, Bonnot, Nadège C., Cargnelutti, Bruno, Chaval, Yannick, Gaillard, Jean-Michel, Loison, Anne, Lourtet, Bruno, Marchand, Pascal, Coulon, Aurélie, and Hewison, A. J. Mark
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BIRTH intervals ,INCOME ,ROE deer ,RISK aversion ,TIME management ,REPRODUCTION ,PARTURITION - Abstract
In variable environments, habitats that are rich in resources often carry a higher risk of predation. As a result, natural selection should favour individuals that balance allocation of time to foraging versus avoiding predation through an optimal decision-making process that maximizes fitness. The behavioural trade-off between resource acquisition and risk avoidance is expected to be particularly acute during gestation and lactation, when the energetic demands of reproduction peak. Here, we investigated how reproductive female roe deer adjust their foraging activity and habitat use during the birth period to manage this trade-off compared with non-reproductive juveniles, and how parturition date constrains individual tactics of risk-resource management. Activity of reproductive females more than doubled immediately following parturition, when energy demand is highest. Furthermore, compared with non-reproductive juveniles, they increased their exposure to risk by using open habitat more during daytime and ranging closer to roads. However, these post-partum modifications in behaviour were particularly pronounced in late-parturient females who adopted a more risk-prone tactic, presumably to compensate for the growth handicap of their late-born offspring. In income breeders, individuals that give birth late may be constrained to trade risk avoidance for foraging during peak allocation to reproduction, with probable consequences for individual fitness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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5. Reduced microsatellite heterozygosity does not affect natal dispersal in three contrasting roe deer populations
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Vanpé, Cécile, Debeffe, Lucie, Hewison, A. J. Mark, Quéméré, Erwan, Lemaître, Jean-François, Galan, Maxime, Amblard, Britany, Klein, François, Cargnelutti, Bruno, Capron, Gilles, Merlet, Joël, Warnant, Claude, and Gaillard, Jean-Michel
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- 2015
6. Time to leave? Immediate response of roe deer to experimental disturbances using playbacks
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Padié, Sophie, Morellet, Nicolas, Cargnelutti, Bruno, Hewison, A. J. Mark, Martin, Jean-Louis, and Chamaillé-Jammes, Simon
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- 2015
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7. Roe deer at risk: teasing apart habitat selection and landscape constraints in risk exposure at multiple scales
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Padié, Sophie, Morellet, Nicolas, Hewison, A. J. Mark, Martin, Jean-Louis, Bonnot, Nadège, Cargnelutti, Bruno, and Chamaillé-Jammes, Simon
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- 2015
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8. Is a proactive mum a good mum? A mother’s coping style influences early fawn survival in roe deer
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Monestier, Chloé, Morellet, Nicolas, Gaillard, Jean-Michel, Cargnelutti, Bruno, Vanpé, Cécile, and Hewison, A.J. Mark
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- 2015
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9. Interindividual variability in habitat use: evidence for a risk management syndrome in roe deer?
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Bonnot, Nadège, Verheyden, Hélène, Blanchard, Pierrick, Cote, Julien, Debeffe, Lucie, Cargnelutti, Bruno, Klein, François, Hewison, Mark A.J., and Morellet, Nicolas
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- 2015
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10. Quantifying heritability and estimating evolutionary potential in the wild when individuals that share genes also share environments.
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Gervais, Laura, Morellet, Nicolas, David, Ingrid, Hewison, Mark, Réale, Denis, Goulard, Michel, Chaval, Yannick, Lourtet, Bruno, Cargnelutti, Bruno, Merlet, Joel, Quéméré, Erwan, and Pujol, Benoit
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HERITABILITY ,HABITAT selection ,GENETIC models ,GENETIC variation ,ROE deer ,PHENOTYPIC plasticity - Abstract
Accurate heritability estimates for fitness‐related traits are required to predict an organism's ability to respond to global change. Heritability estimates are theoretically expected to be inflated if, due to limited dispersal, individuals that share genes are also likely to share similar environments. However, if relatives occupy similar environments due, at least partly, to genetic variation for habitat selection, then accounting for environmental similarity in quantitative genetic models may result in diminished heritability estimates in wild populations. This potential issue has been pointed out in the literature, but has not been evaluated by empirical studies.Here, we investigate whether environmental similarity among individuals can be partly explained by genetic variation for habitat selection, and how this link potentially blurs estimates for heritability in fitness‐related traits.Using intensive GPS monitoring, we quantified home‐range habitat composition for 293 roe deer inhabiting a heterogeneous landscape to assess environmental similarity. To investigate if environmental similarity might harbour genetic variation, we combined genome‐wide data in a quantitative genetic framework to evaluate genetic variation for home‐range habitat composition, which is partly the result of habitat selection at settlement. Finally, we explored how environmental similarity affects heritability estimates for behaviours related to the risk avoidance–resource acquisition trade‐off (i.e. being in open habitat and distance to roads) and proxies of individual performance (i.e. body mass and hind foot length). We found substantial heritability for home‐range habitat composition, with estimates ranging from 0.40 (proportion of meadows) to 0.85 (proportion of refuge habitat). Accounting for similarity in habitat composition between relatives decreased the heritability estimates for both behavioural and morphological traits (reduction ranging from 55% to 100% and from 22% to 41% respectively). As a consequence, only half of these heritability estimates remained significantly different from zero.Our results show that similar genotypes occupy similar environments, which could lead to heritable variation being incorrectly attributed to environmental effects. To accurately distinguish the sources of phenotypic variation and predict the ability of organisms to respond to global change, it is necessary to develop quantitative genetic studies investigating the mechanisms underpinning environmental similarity among relatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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11. Under cover of the night: context-dependency of anthropogenic disturbance on stress levels of wild roe deer Capreolus capreolus
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Carbillet, Jeffrey, Rey, Benjamin, Palme, Rupert, Morellet, Nicolas, Bonnot, Nadège, Chaval, Yannick, Cargnelutti, Bruno, Hewison, A., Gilot-Fromont, Emmanuelle, Verheyden, Hélène, Unité de recherche Comportement et Ecologie de la Faune Sauvage (CEFS), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Veterinary Medicine [Vienna] (Vetmeduni), Ecosystèmes forestiers (UR EFNO), LABEX ECOFECT (ANR-11LABX-0048), Investissements d'Avenir (ANR-11-IDEX-0007)., VetAgro Sup, ONCFS, and ANR-16-CE02-0010,Mov-It,Le mouvement des ongulés au sein de paysages hétérogènes: identification des processus comportementaux reliant les changements globaux aux performances démographiques et à la gestion spatialement explicite(2016)
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human disturbance ,stress hormones ,space use ,[SDV.BA.ZV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Vertebrate Zoology ,[SHS.ANTHRO-BIO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Biological anthropology ,Faecal glucocorticoid metabolites ,[SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology - Abstract
Wildlife populations are increasingly exposed to human-induced modifications of their habitats. To cope with anthropogenicstressors, animals can adjust their behaviour—for example, by shifting their activity to more sheltered habitats, or becomingmore nocturnal.However, whether use of spatial and temporal adjustments in behaviourmay regulate the endocrine responseis poorly documented. Here, we analyzed faecal cortisol metabolites (FCMs) of wild roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) living in ahuman-dominated agro-ecosystem. Using Global Positioning Systemmonitoring of 116 individuals, we assessed their spatialbehaviour and tested whether proximity to anthropogenic structures (linear distance to built-up areas) and the use of refugehabitats (woodland and hedges) influenced FCM levels. In accordance with our predictions, individuals ranging closer toanthropogenic structures during daytime had higher FCM levels, but this relationship was buffered as use of refuge habitatincreased. In addition, this link between proximity to anthropogenic structures andFCMlevels disappeared whenwe analyzedspatial behaviour at night. Finally, FCM levels were higher when the ambient temperature was lower, and during years of lowresource availability. Our results demonstrate that the stress levels of large mammals may be strongly influenced by theirproximity to anthropogenic activities, but that these effects may be buffered by behavioural adjustments in terms of spaceuse and circadian rhythm.Whereas most studies have focused on the influence of environmental heterogeneity, our analysishighlights the need to also consider the fine-scale spatial response of individuals when studying the hormonal response ofwild animals to human disturbance. We emphasize the potential to mitigate this hormonal stress response, and its potentialnegative consequences on population dynamics, through the preservation or restoration of patches of refuge habitat in closeproximity to human infrastructure.
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- 2020
12. How heterogeneous natal dispersal can be? The case of a roe deer population inhabiting a heterogeneous landscape
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Debeffe, Lucie, Ducros, Delphine, Morellet, Nicolas, Coulon, Aurélie, Cargnelutti, Bruno, Chaval, Yannick, Hewison, A. J. Mark, Unité de recherche Comportement et Ecologie de la Faune Sauvage (CEFS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la COnservation (CESCO), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
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[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio] ,[SDV.BA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology ,[SDV.BA.ZV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Vertebrate Zoology ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS - Abstract
International audience
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- 2019
13. A standardised biologging approach to infer parturition: An application in large herbivores across the hider‐follower continuum.
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Marchand, Pascal, Garel, Mathieu, Morellet, Nicolas, Benoit, Laura, Chaval, Yannick, Itty, Christian, Petit, Elodie, Cargnelutti, Bruno, Hewison, Aidan J. M., and Loison, Anne
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MOUFLON ,BIOLOGICAL fitness ,PARTURITION ,ROE deer ,BIRTH intervals ,INFORMATION resources - Abstract
The timing of birth has a predominant influence on both the reproductive success of the mother and the life‐history trajectory of her offspring. Because early growth and survival are key drivers of population dynamics, there is an urgent need to understand how global change is affecting reproductive phenology and performance. However, identifying when and where birth occurs is often difficult in the wild due to the cryptic behaviour of females around parturition, although this information may also help managers to protect reproductive females and newborn against human disturbance. While several approaches to identify parturition based on movement metrics derived from GPS monitoring have previously been proposed, their performance has not been evaluated over a range of species with contrasted movement characteristics.Here, we present a novel approach to detect parturition by combining data on animal movements, activity rate and habitat use. Using machine learning approaches, we evaluated the relative and combined performance of each category of metrics in predicting parturition for three large herbivores with contrasted life histories: a hider‐type species, the roe deer Capreolus capreolus and two follower‐type species, the Mediterranean mouflon Ovis gmelini musimon × Ovis sp. and the Alpine ibex Capra ibex.We first showed that detection of parturition was much improved when birth‐related modifications in the habitat use and activity rate of the mother were considered, rather than relying on movement metrics only. We then demonstrated that our approach was highly successful (76%–100% of events correctly identified) in detecting parturition in both follower and hider species. Furthermore, our approach generated estimates for peak birth date and the proportion of parturient females that were comparable with those based on direct observations at the population scale. Finally, our approach outperformed the most commonly employed methods in the literature which generally failed to identify non‐reproductive females for the three studied species, and provided birth timing estimates that only poorly match the true parturition date.We suggest that by combining sources of information, we have developed a standardised methodological approach for inferring parturition in the wild, not only for large herbivores but also for any species where parturition induces marked behavioural changes in the mother. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
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14. Influence de la spécificité d’hôte, de l’expositon et des modalités de sur-infection sur la distribution des génotypes d’Anaplasma phagocytophilum dans les tiques et les chevreuils d’un paysage fragmenté
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Chastagner, Amélie, Pion, Angélique, Verheyden, Hélène, Lourtet, Bruno, Cargnelutti, Bruno, Picot, Denis, Poux, Valerie, BARD, Emilie, Plantard, Olivier, Mccoy, Karen D., Leblond, Agnès, Vourc'h, Gwenaël, Bailly, Xavier, ProdInra, Migration, Evolutionary Ecology Group, University of Antwerp (UA), Unité Mixte de Recherche d'Épidémiologie des maladies Animales et zoonotiques (UMR EPIA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), Unité de recherche Comportement et Ecologie de la Faune Sauvage (CEFS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Biologie, Epidémiologie et analyse de risque en Santé Animale (BIOEPAR), Evolution of host-microbe communities (MIVEGEC-EVCO), Processus Écologiques et Évolutifs au sein des Communautés (PEEC), Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), and Université de Montpellier (UM)
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[SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio] ,Diversity ,Ticks ,[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio] ,parasitic diseases ,Tick‐borne infections ,Meta‐communities ,Reservoir - Abstract
National audience; In a context of emerging or re‐emerging tick‐borne diseases, many studies have measured the prevalence of zoonotic agents in hosts and vectors, using cross‐sectional protocols at different spatial scales. Surprisingly, a frequent contrast occurs between a high prevalence in the vertebrate hosts and a low prevalence in questing ticks. Furthermore, investigations on the species of the genera Anaplasma, Babesia and Borrelia have shown that several taxa co‐circulate and are maintained in vertebrate host populations. Indeed, the co‐infection of the individual vertebrate host by several taxa and genetic variants is the rule, rather than the exception. Based on a review of recent papers on ticks and tick‐borne diseases, we hypothesize that high and repeated exposure to ticks under natural conditions causes the frequent re‐infection of vertebrates with a diversity of tick‐transmitted taxa, leading to a high overall prevalence of infections and co‐infections. However, the immunity induced by this frequent exposure could keep the intensity of co‐infections by different strains of the same taxa at a low level within individual hosts, which in turn could lead to a low frequency of acquisition by the ticks during bloodmeals. Furthermore, in order to complete their life‐cycle, the tick‐transmitted organisms need also to resist the tick innate immunity, to compete with its microbiote and to be able to colonize the salivary glands of the vector. Facing these successive selective pressures, the maintenance of the infections in the host populations can be achieved only if ticks are abundant, to compensate for a low prevalence in tick populations. We argue that a meta‐community approach taking into account the functional traits of the different pathogen taxa and their intra‐taxa diversity is required to fully understand the dynamic interplay between the actors of the pathosystem and the potential emergence of pathogenic strains
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- 2018
15. Individual consistency in flight response to human-disturbance: The case of a roe deer population inhabiting a heterogeneous landscape
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Debeffe, Lucie, Bonnot, Nadège, Cargnelutti, Bruno, Chaval, Yannick, Couriot, Ophélie, Tureau, Manon, Hewison, Mark, ProdInra, Migration, Unité de recherche Comportement et Ecologie de la Faune Sauvage (CEFS), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)
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[SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio] ,[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio] ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS - Abstract
International audience
- Published
- 2018
16. Distribution of ticks, tick-borne pathogens and the associated local environmental factors including small mammals and livestock, in two French agricultural sites: the OSCAR database.
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Lebert, Isabelle, Agoulon, Albert, Bastian, Suzanne, Butet, Alain, Cargnelutti, Bruno, Cèbe, Nicolas, Chastagner, Amélie, Léger, Elsa, Lourtet, Bruno, Masseglia, Sébastien, McCoy, Karen D., Merlet, Joël, Noël, Valérie, Perez, Grégoire, Picot, Denis, Pion, Angélique, Poux, Valérie, Rames, Jean-Luc, Rantier, Yann, and Verheyden, Hélène
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TICKS ,PATHOGENIC microorganisms ,ANIMAL breeding ,ACAROLOGY ,VECTOR-pathogen relationships - Abstract
In Europe, ticks are major vectors of both human and livestock pathogens (e.g. Lyme disease, granulocytic anaplasmosis, bovine babesiosis). Agricultural landscapes, where animal breeding is a major activity, constitute a mosaic of habitat types of various quality for tick survival and are used at different frequencies by wild and domestic hosts across seasons. This habitat heterogeneity, in time and space, conditions the dynamics of these host-vector-pathogen systems and thus drives acarological risk (defined as the density of infected ticks). The principal objective of the OSCAR project (2011-2016) was to examine the links between this heterogeneity and acarological risk for humans and their domestic animals. Here, we present the data associated with this project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2020
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17. Pedigree‐free quantitative genetic approach provides evidence for heritability of movement tactics in wild roe deer.
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Gervais, Laura, Hewison, Aidan J. M., Morellet, Nicolas, Bernard, Maria, Merlet, Joël, Cargnelutti, Bruno, Chaval, Yannick, Pujol, Benoit, and Quéméré, Erwan
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ROE deer ,HERITABILITY ,ANIMAL populations ,FRAGMENTED landscapes ,ANIMALS - Abstract
Assessing the evolutionary potential of animal populations in the wild is crucial to understanding how they may respond to selection mediated by rapid environmental change (e.g. habitat loss and fragmentation). A growing number of studies have investigated the adaptive role of behaviour, but assessments of its genetic basis in a natural setting remain scarce. We combined intensive biologging technology with genome‐wide data and a pedigree‐free quantitative genetic approach to quantify repeatability, heritability and evolvability for a suite of behaviours related to the risk avoidance‐resource acquisition trade‐off in a wild roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) population inhabiting a heterogeneous, human‐dominated landscape. These traits, linked to the stress response, movement and space‐use behaviour, were all moderately to highly repeatable. Furthermore, the repeatable among‐individual component of variation in these traits was partly due to additive genetic variance, with heritability estimates ranging from 0.21 ± 0.08 to 0.70 ± 0.11 and evolvability ranging from 1.1% to 4.3%. Changes in the trait mean can therefore occur under hypothetical directional selection over just a few generations. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first empirical demonstration of additive genetic variation in space‐use behaviour in a free‐ranging population based on genomic relatedness data. We conclude that wild animal populations may have the potential to adjust their spatial behaviour to human‐driven environmental modifications through microevolutionary change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2020
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18. Beyond dispersal versus philopatry? Alternative behavioural tactics of juvenile roe deer in a heterogeneous landscape.
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Ducros, Delphine, Morellet, Nicolas, Patin, Rémi, Atmeh, Kamal, Debeffe, Lucie, Cargnelutti, Bruno, Chaval, Yannick, Lourtet, Bruno, Coulon, Aurélie, and Hewison, A. J. Mark
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ROE deer ,POPULATION dynamics ,DECISION trees ,DEER - Abstract
Although inter‐individual heterogeneity in many aspects of dispersal behaviour is widely reported, this key life‐history trait is predominantly modelled as a dichotomous state of philopatry versus dispersal. The increasing body of evidence for dispersal syndromes (i.e. a suite of correlated morphological, behavioural and life‐history traits associated with dispersal) implies substantial but, to date, undocumented individual heterogeneity in behavioural tactics during dispersal. Using a large sample (n = 154) of GPS monitored juvenile roe deer Capreolus capreolus, we evaluated among‐individual behavioural heterogeneity in dispersal tactics, and the individual and environmental drivers of these alternative tactics. We developed a sequential three‐stage decision tree based on space use stability, exploration events and the directionality of movement. We identified six discrete alternative behavioural tactics during the dispersal period which were characterised by different timing, amplitude and duration in movement: slightly less than half of the deer were sedentary, either 'strictly philopatric' or 'explorers', which subsequently settled on their natal range; around 40% dispersed ('classic dispersal'), of which, one in six subsequently aborted, moving back to their natal range ('aborted dispersal'); finally, around 15% expressed either a 'progressive dispersal' tactic, gradually moving away from their natal area to settle elsewhere, or a 'multi‐range' tactic. The propensity to express an alternative dispersal tactic was strongly influenced by an individual's local environment. In particular, when landscape heterogeneity, resource quality and human‐related disturbance in the natal range were low, individuals were 1) more likely to adopt the alternative tactics of either progressive dispersal or multi‐ranging, but 2) also more likely to abort their dispersal attempt. Our work indicates that natal dispersal is likely not a single uniform behaviour, but that individuals may adopt a variety of alternative movement tactics which are likely governed by different selection pressures, with potentially important impacts for population dynamics and functioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2020
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19. Accelerating across the landscape: The energetic costs of natal dispersal in a large herbivore.
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Benoit, Laura, Hewison, A. J. Mark, Coulon, Aurélie, Debeffe, Lucie, Grémillet, David, Ducros, Delphine, Cargnelutti, Bruno, Chaval, Yannick, Morellet, Nicolas, and Vander Wal, Eric
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FRAGMENTED landscapes ,ROE deer ,COST ,UNITS of time ,LARVAL dispersal ,CALORIC expenditure - Abstract
Dispersal is a key mechanism enabling species to adjust their geographic range to rapid global change. However, dispersal is costly and environmental modifications are likely to modify the cost–benefit balance of individual dispersal decisions, for example, by decreasing functional connectivity.Dispersal costs occur during departure, transience and settlement, and are levied in terms of energy, risk, time and lost opportunity, potentially influencing individual fitness. However, to the best of our knowledge, no study has yet quantified the energetic costs of dispersal across the dispersal period by comparing dispersing and philopatric individuals in the wild.Here, we employed animal‐borne biologgers on a relatively large sample (N = 105) of juvenile roe deer to estimate energy expenditure indexed using the vector of dynamic body acceleration and mobility (distance travelled) in an intensively monitored population in the south‐west of France. We predicted that energy expenditure would be higher in dispersers compared to philopatric individuals. We expected costs to be (a) particularly high during transience, (b) especially high in the more fragmented areas of the landscape and (c) concentrated during the night to avoid disturbance caused by human activity.There were no differences in energy expenditure between dispersers and philopatric individuals during the pre‐dispersal phase. However, dispersers expended around 22% more energy and travelled around 63% further per day than philopatric individuals during transience. Differences in energy expenditure were much less pronounced during the settlement phase. The costs of transience were almost uniquely confined to the dawn period, when dispersers spent 23% more energy and travelled 112% further than philopatric individuals. Finally, the energetic costs of transience per unit time and the total distance travelled to locate a suitable settlement range were higher in areas of high road density.Our results provide strong support for the hypothesis that natal dispersal is energetically costly and indicate that transience is the most costly part of the process, particularly in fragmented landscapes. Further work is required to link dispersal costs with fitness components so as to understand the likely outcome of further environmental modifications on the evolution of dispersal behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2020
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20. Immune gene variability influences roe deer natal dispersal.
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Vanpé, Cécile, Debeffe, Lucie, Galan, Maxime, Hewison, A. J. Mark, Gaillard, Jean‐Michel, Gilot‐Fromont, Emmanuelle, Morellet, Nicolas, Verheyden, Hélène, Cosson, Jean‐François, Cargnelutti, Bruno, Merlet, Joël, and Quéméré, Erwan
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DISPERSAL (Ecology) ,GLOBAL environmental change ,ROE deer ,HOST-parasite relationships ,POPULATION genetics - Abstract
Dispersal is a key life-history trait governing the response of individuals, populations and species to changing environmental conditions. In the context of global change, it is therefore essential to better understand the respective role of condition-, phenotype- and genetic-dependent drivers of dispersal behaviour. Although the importance of immune function and pathogen infestation in determining patterns of dispersal is increasingly recognised, no study to our knowledge has yet investigated the influence of immune gene variability on dispersal behaviour. Here, we filled this knowledge gap by assessing whether individual heterozygosity at five immune gene loci (one from the Major histocompatibility complex and four from encoding Toll-like receptors) influences roe deer natal dispersal. We found that dispersal propensity was affected by immune gene diversity, suggesting potential pathogen-mediated selection through over-dominance. However, the direction of this effect differed between high and low quality individuals, suggesting that dispersal propensity is driven by two different mechanisms. In support of the condition-dependent dispersal hypothesis, dispersal propensity increased with increasing body mass and, among high quality individuals only (standardized body mass > 18 kg), with increasing immune gene diversity. However, among poor quality individuals, we observed the opposite pattern such that dispersal propensity was higher for individuals with lower immune gene diversity. We suggest that these poor quality individuals expressed an emergency dispersal tactic in an attempt to escape a heavily infested environment associated with poor fitness prospects. Our results have potentially important consequences in terms of population genetics and demography, as well as host-pathogen evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2016
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21. Host specificity, pathogen exposure, and superinfections impact the distribution of Anaplasma phagocytophilum genotypes in ticks, roe deer, and livestock in a fragmented agricultural landscape.
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Chastagner, Amélie, Pion, Angélique, Verheyden, Hélène, Lourtet, Bruno, Cargnelutti, Bruno, Picot, Denis, Poux, Valérie, Bard, Émilie, Plantard, Olivier, McCoy, Karen D., Leblond, Agnes, Vourc'h, Gwenaël, and Bailly, Xavier
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HOST specificity (Biology) , *SUPERINFECTION , *TICKS , *PATHOGENIC microorganisms , *ANAPLASMA phagocytophilum , *AGRICULTURAL landscape management , *DISEASES - Abstract
Anaplasma phagocytophilum is a bacterial pathogen mainly transmitted by Ixodes ricinus ticks in Europe. It infects wild mammals, livestock, and, occasionally, humans. Roe deer are considered to be the major reservoir, but the genotypes they carry differ from those that are found in livestock and humans. Here, we investigated whether roe deer were the main source of the A. phagocytophilum genotypes circulating in questing I. ricinus nymphs in a fragmented agricultural landscape in France. First, we assessed pathogen prevalence in 1837 I. ricinus nymphs (sampled along georeferenced transects) and 79 roe deer. Prevalence was dramatically different between ticks and roe deer: 1.9% versus 76%, respectively. Second, using high-throughput amplicon sequencing, we characterized the diversity of the A. phagocytophilum genotypes found in 22 infected ticks and 60 infected roe deer; the aim was to determine the frequency of co-infections. Only 22.7% of infected ticks carried genotypes associated with roe deer. This finding fits with others suggesting that cattle density is the major factor explaining infected tick density. To explore epidemiological scenarios capable of explaining these patterns, we constructed compartmental models that focused on how A. phagocytophilum exposure and infection dynamics affected pathogen prevalence in roe deer. At the exposure levels predicted by the results of this study and the literature, the high prevalence in roe deer was only seen in the model in which superinfections could occur during all infection phases and when the probability of infection post exposure was above 0.43. We then interpreted these results from the perspective of livestock and human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Stick or twist: roe deer adjust their flight behaviour to the perceived trade-off between risk and reward.
- Author
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Bonnot, Nadège C., Hewison, A.J. Mark, Morellet, Nicolas, Gaillard, Jean-Michel, Debeffe, Lucie, Couriot, Ophélie, Cargnelutti, Bruno, Chaval, Yannick, Lourtet, Bruno, Kjellander, Petter, and Vanpé, Cécile
- Subjects
- *
ANIMAL flight , *ANIMAL behavior , *FORAGING behavior , *RISK aversion , *PREDATION - Abstract
Because avoiding predation is crucial for fitness, foraging animals must trade acquisition of high-quality resources against risk avoidance when the best resources occur in locations with high predation risk. Although optimality models predict the distance at which an animal should initiate vigilance and flight, many studies have shown that animals generally flee soon after detecting an approaching threat, supporting the ‘flush early and avoid the risk’ (FEAR) hypothesis. Despite this, flight behaviour varies markedly depending on context, suggesting some behavioural plasticity in the response of prey to a given threat. We evaluated the degree of plasticity in the flight responses of roe deer, Capreolus capreolus , a highly flexible species which thrives in human-dominated landscapes. Based on individually identifiable animals and a standardized flight initiation protocol, we measured the distance at which a deer detected an approaching threat, and the distance at which it subsequently initiated flight. Our results provide strong support for the FEAR hypothesis, suggesting that alert and flight responses are strongly coupled in roe deer. However, the perceived level of both risk (in terms of landscape openness and proximity to human infrastructure) and reward (in terms of habitat quality) influenced the time it took for a deer to detect an approaching threat, and the subsequent time for which the threat was tolerated prior to flight. Overall, our findings indicate that although roe deer minimize monitoring costs when assessing risk by fleeing early, they also adjust their monitoring and flight responses to the local risk–resource trade-off. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Reproductive tactics, birth timing and the risk-resource trade-off in an income breeder.
- Author
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Benoit L, Morellet N, Bonnot NC, Cargnelutti B, Chaval Y, Gaillard JM, Loison A, Lourtet B, Marchand P, Coulon A, and Hewison AJM
- Subjects
- Humans, Female, Animals, Reproduction, Ecosystem, Predatory Behavior, Deer
- Abstract
In variable environments, habitats that are rich in resources often carry a higher risk of predation. As a result, natural selection should favour individuals that balance allocation of time to foraging versus avoiding predation through an optimal decision-making process that maximizes fitness. The behavioural trade-off between resource acquisition and risk avoidance is expected to be particularly acute during gestation and lactation, when the energetic demands of reproduction peak. Here, we investigated how reproductive female roe deer adjust their foraging activity and habitat use during the birth period to manage this trade-off compared with non-reproductive juveniles, and how parturition date constrains individual tactics of risk-resource management. Activity of reproductive females more than doubled immediately following parturition, when energy demand is highest. Furthermore, compared with non-reproductive juveniles, they increased their exposure to risk by using open habitat more during daytime and ranging closer to roads. However, these post-partum modifications in behaviour were particularly pronounced in late-parturient females who adopted a more risk-prone tactic, presumably to compensate for the growth handicap of their late-born offspring. In income breeders, individuals that give birth late may be constrained to trade risk avoidance for foraging during peak allocation to reproduction, with probable consequences for individual fitness.
- Published
- 2023
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- View/download PDF
24. Under cover of the night: context-dependency of anthropogenic disturbance on stress levels of wild roe deer Capreolus capreolus .
- Author
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Carbillet J, Rey B, Palme R, Morellet N, Bonnot N, Chaval Y, Cargnelutti B, Hewison AJM, Gilot-Fromont E, and Verheyden H
- Abstract
Wildlife populations are increasingly exposed to human-induced modifications of their habitats. To cope with anthropogenic stressors, animals can adjust their behaviour-for example, by shifting their activity to more sheltered habitats, or becoming more nocturnal. However, whether use of spatial and temporal adjustments in behaviour may regulate the endocrine response is poorly documented. Here, we analyzed faecal cortisol metabolites (FCMs) of wild roe deer ( Capreolus capreolus ) living in a human-dominated agro-ecosystem. Using Global Positioning System monitoring of 116 individuals, we assessed their spatial behaviour and tested whether proximity to anthropogenic structures (linear distance to built-up areas) and the use of refuge habitats (woodland and hedges) influenced FCM levels. In accordance with our predictions, individuals ranging closer to anthropogenic structures during daytime had higher FCM levels, but this relationship was buffered as use of refuge habitat increased. In addition, this link between proximity to anthropogenic structures and FCM levels disappeared when we analyzed spatial behaviour at night. Finally, FCM levels were higher when the ambient temperature was lower, and during years of low resource availability. Our results demonstrate that the stress levels of large mammals may be strongly influenced by their proximity to anthropogenic activities, but that these effects may be buffered by behavioural adjustments in terms of space use and circadian rhythm. Whereas most studies have focused on the influence of environmental heterogeneity, our analysis highlights the need to also consider the fine-scale spatial response of individuals when studying the hormonal response of wild animals to human disturbance. We emphasize the potential to mitigate this hormonal stress response, and its potential negative consequences on population dynamics, through the preservation or restoration of patches of refuge habitat in close proximity to human infrastructure., (© The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press and the Society for Experimental Biology.)
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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