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2. Comparison of Estimates before and after the Updated Weighting Strategy Change for the Monitoring the Future Panel Study Annual Report. Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper No. 100
- Author
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University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, Terry-McElrath, Yvonne M., and Patrick, Megan E.
- Abstract
The purpose of this occasional paper is to compare point estimates and trends included in the Monitoring the Future (MTF) Panel Study annual report: "National Data on Substance Use among Adults Ages 19 to 60, 1976-2021" prepared using historical post-stratification weights, with the same point estimates and trends obtained when using MTF age-specific panel analysis weights. The current report is organized into four sections: (1) Part 1: Overview of Old and New Weighting Methods; (2) Comparison Approach and Summary; (3) Differences Observed Between Old and New Weighting Approaches, by Substance; and (4) Updated Panel Report Figures and Tables. Evaluating the impact of the new MTF panel analysis weights on point estimates and trends reported in the MTF panel annual report for 1976-2021 indicates that, overall, 63.1% of all point estimate comparisons exhibited less than a |5%| mean change between weighting approaches. Further, no trend comparisons indicated a sign flip, and 87.1% were substantively unchanged in regards to trend significance. [For "National Data on Substance Use among Adults Ages 19 to 60, 1976-2021," see ED623992.]
- Published
- 2023
3. Demographic Subgroup Trends among Adolescents in the Use of Various Licit and Illicit Drugs, 1975-2021. Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper Series. Paper 97
- Author
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University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, Johnston, Lloyd D., Miech, Richard A., O'Malley, Patrick M., Bachman, Jerald G., Schulenberg, John E., and Patrick, Megan E.
- Abstract
This occasional paper presents national demographic subgroup data for the 1975-2021 Monitoring the Future (MTF) national survey results on 8th, 10th, and 12th graders' use of drugs, alcohol, and tobacco. The study covers all major classes of illicit and licit psychoactive drugs for an array of population subgroups. The 2020 subgroup data presented here accompany the "Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use: 1975-2021: Overview, Key Findings on Adolescent Drug Use" (see ED618240) and the "Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2021, forthcoming: Volume I, Secondary School Students." The trends offered here in tabular and graphic forms cover demographic subgroups based on: (1) Gender; (2) College plans; (3) Region of the country; (4) Population density; (5) Education level of the parents (a proxy for socioeconomic level); and (6) Racial/ethnic identification. Detailed descriptions of the demographic categories are provided in the section starting on page 469 of this paper. The graphs and tables in this occasional paper present trend data for 8th-, 10th-, and 12th-grade respondents separately. Data for 12th grade begins with 1975, the first year in which a nationally representative sample of high school seniors was surveyed. Data for 8th and 10th grades begin with 1991, when the study's nationally representative annual surveys were expanded to include surveys of those lower grade levels.
- Published
- 2022
4. Demographic Subgroup Trends among Young Adults in the Use of Various Licit and Illicit Drugs, 1988-2020. Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper Series. Paper 96
- Author
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University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, Johnston, Lloyd D., Schulenberg, John E., Patrick, Megan E., O'Malley, Patrick M., Bachman, Jerald G., and Miech, Richard A.
- Abstract
This occasional paper presents subgroup findings from the Monitoring the Future (MTF) study on levels of, and trends in, the use of a number of substances for nationally representative samples of high school graduates ages 19-30, "Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2018. Volume II, College Students & Adults Ages 19-60" (see ED599071). The data have been gathered in a series of follow-up surveys of representative subsamples of high school seniors who were first surveyed in 12th grade as part of the MTF study. Data were first available for the 19-22 age group in 1980 and for the older age groups in subsequent years as the early cohorts progressed in age, as the tables and figures in this occasional paper indicate. The subgroup trends shown in the current occasional paper complement the last section of Chapter 5 (Trends in Drug Use in Early and Middle Adulthood) of that monograph by presenting the trend data for young adult subgroups in both graphic and tabular form. The results are described and discussed in Chapter 5, but the extensive set of tables and figures is provided here for the reader who wishes to view the figures and the underlying numerical values in tabular form. Three demographic dimensions are differentiated: gender, region of the country, and population density. Gender includes trends for males and females; region describes trends for each of the four major regions defined by the U.S. Census; and population density differentiates trends for five levels of community size. The Table of Contents and List of Figures in this occasional paper contain links to the content and figures. Following each figure is a table giving the numerical values associated with each trend line in that figure. [For the 1988-2019 Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper, see ED608244.]
- Published
- 2021
5. Demographic Subgroup Trends among Adolescents in the Use of Various Licit and Illicit Drugs, 1975-2019. Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper Series. Paper 94
- Author
-
University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, Johnston, Lloyd D., Miech, Richard A., O'Malley, Patrick M., Bachman, Jerald G., Schulenberg, John E., and Patrick, Megan E.
- Abstract
This occasional paper presents national demographic subgroup data for the 1975-2019 Monitoring the Future (MTF) national survey results on 8th, 10th, and 12th graders' use of drugs, alcohol, and tobacco. The 2018 subgroup data presented in this report accompany the "Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use: 1975-2019: Overview, Key Findings on Adolescent Drug Use" (see ED604018) and the "Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2018: Volume I, Secondary School Students" (see ED599067). The trends presented in this occasional paper in tabular and graphic forms cover demographic subgroups based on: (1) Gender; (2) College plans; (3) Region of the country; (4) Population density; (5) Education level of the parents (a proxy for socioeconomic level); and (6) Racial/ethnic identification. Detailed descriptions of the demographic categories are provided. The graphs and tables in this occasional paper present trend data for 8th-, 10th-, and 12th-grade respondents separately. Data for 12th grade begins with 1975, the first year in which a nationally representative sample of high school seniors was surveyed. Data for 8th and 10th grades begin with 1991, when the study's nationally representative annual surveys were expanded to include those lower grade levels.
- Published
- 2020
6. Demographic Subgroup Trends among Young Adults in the Use of Various Licit and Illicit Drugs, 1988-2019. Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper Series. Paper 95
- Author
-
University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, Johnston, Lloyd D., Schulenberg, John E., O'Malley, Patrick M., Bachman, Jerald G., Miech, Richard A., and Patrick, Megan E.
- Abstract
This occasional paper presents subgroup findings from the Monitoring the Future (MTF) study on levels of, and trends in, the use of a number of substances for nationally representative samples of high school graduates ages 19-30, "Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2018. Volume II, College Students & Adults Ages 19-60" (see ED599071). The data have been gathered in a series of follow-up surveys of representative subsamples of high school seniors who were first surveyed in 12th grade as part of the MTF study. The subgroup trends shown in this occasional paper complement the last section of Chapter 5 (Trends in Drug Use in Early and Middle Adulthood) of that monograph by presenting the trend data for young adult subgroups in both graphic and tabular form. The results are described and discussed in Chapter 5, but the extensive set of tables and figures is provided in this occasional paper for the reader who wishes to view the figures and the underlying numerical values. Three demographic dimensions are differentiated: gender, region of the country, and population density. Gender includes trends for males and females; region describes trends for each of the four major regions defined by the U.S. Census; and population density differentiates trends for five levels of community size. The Table of Contents and List of Figures in this occasional paper contain links to the content and figures. Following each figure is a table giving the numerical values associated with each trend line in that figure.
- Published
- 2020
7. A Profile of Youth Not in Employment, Education or Training (NEET) in Canada, 2015 to 2017. Analytical Studies Branch Research Paper Series
- Author
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Statistics Canada, Davidson, Jordan, and Arim, Rubab
- Abstract
Reducing the proportion of youth not in employment, education or training (NEET) is one of the targets of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 8. This has become an important indicator that is monitored by many countries and international organizations since youth NEET are prone to long-term economic and social difficulties. Although Canada-centric studies on youth NEET exist, they tend to focus on sociodemographic characteristics and on educational and employment outcomes. This report aims to expand the information on Canadian youth NEET by examining various sociodemographic and psychosocial characteristics. It also aims to explore whether different subgroups of youth NEET experience similar psychosocial characteristics. This study is based on data from three recent Canadian Community Health Survey cycles (2015 to 2017). This study indicated various sociodemographic and psychosocial differences between Canadian youth NEET and non-NEET, and also highlighted the diversity among different youth NEET subgroups. Future research should continue to identify risk and protective factors related to NEET status by distinguishing among the subgroups of this population.
- Published
- 2019
8. Demographic Subgroup Trends among Young Adults in the Use of Various Licit and Illicit Drugs, 1988-2018. Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper Series. Paper 93
- Author
-
University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, Johnston, Lloyd D., Schulenberg, John E., O'Malley, Patrick M., Bachman, Jerald G., Miech, Richard A., and Patrick, Megan E.
- Abstract
This occasional paper presents subgroup findings from the Monitoring the Future (MTF) study on levels of, and trends in, the use of a number of substances for nationally representative samples of high school graduates ages 19-30, "Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2018. Volume II, College Students & Adults Ages 19-60" (see ED599071). The data have been gathered in a series of follow-up surveys of representative subsamples of high school seniors who were first surveyed in 12th grade as part of the MTF study. Therefore, the universe being described omits people who did not complete high school--between 8 and 15% of each age group, with the most recent class cohorts closer to the bottom of that range. Surveys of the graduating cohorts of high school seniors started in 1976 and have continued with each graduating class since. Data were first available for the 19-22 age group in 1980 and for the older age groups in subsequent years, as the tables and figures in this occasional paper indicate. The general epidemiological findings from these samples are discussed in "Volume II" of the annual monograph series. The subgroup trends shown in this occasional paper complement the last section of Chapter 5 (Trends in Drug Use in Early and Middle Adulthood) of that monograph by presenting the trend data for young adult subgroups in both graphic and tabular form. The results are described and discussed in Chapter 5, but the extensive set of tables and figures is provided in this paper for the reader who wishes to view the figures and the underlying numerical values. Three demographic dimensions are differentiated: gender, region of the country, and population density. Gender includes trends for males and females; region describes trends for each of the four major regions defined by the U.S. Census; and population density differentiates trends for five levels of community size. The Table of Contents and List of Figures in this occasional paper contain links to the content and figures. Following each figure is a table giving the numerical values associated with each trend line in that figure.
- Published
- 2019
9. Demographic Subgroup Trends among Adolescents in the Use of Various Licit and Illicit Drugs, 1975-2018. Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper Series. Paper 92
- Author
-
University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, Johnston, Lloyd D., Miech, Richard A., O'Malley, Patrick M., Bachman, Jerald G., Schulenberg, John E., and Patrick, Megan E.
- Abstract
This occasional paper presents national demographic subgroup data for the 1975-2018 Monitoring the Future (MTF) national survey results on 8th, 10th, and 12th graders' use of drugs, alcohol, and tobacco. The study covers all major classes of illicit and licit psychoactive drugs for an array of population subgroups. The trends are presented in tabular and graphic forms and cover demographic subgroups based on: (1) Gender; (2) College plans; (3) Region of the country; (4) Population density; (5) Education level of the parents (a proxy for socioeconomic level); and (6) Racial/ethnic identification. Detailed descriptions of the demographic categories are provided in the section starting on page 385 of this paper. The graphs and tables in this occasional paper present trend data for 8th-, 10th-, and 12th-grade respondents separately. Data for 12th grade begins with 1975, the first year in which a nationally representative sample of high school seniors was surveyed. Data for 8th and 10th grades begin with 1991, when the study's nationally representative annual surveys were expanded to include those lower grade levels.
- Published
- 2019
10. Demographic Subgroup Trends among Young Adults in the Use of Various Licit and Illicit Drugs, 1988-2017. Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper Series. Paper 91
- Author
-
University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, Johnston, Lloyd D., Schulenberg, John E., O'Malley, Patrick M., Bachman, Jerald G., Miech, Richard A., and Patrick, Megan E.
- Abstract
This occasional paper presents subgroup findings from the Monitoring the Future (MTF) study on levels of, and trends in, the use of a number of substances for nationally representative samples of high school graduates ages 19-30. The data have been gathered in a series of follow-up surveys of representative subsamples of high school seniors who were first surveyed in 12th grade as part of the MTF study. Therefore, the universe being described omits people who did not complete high school--between 8 and 15% of each age group, with the most recent class cohorts closer to the bottom of that range. Surveys of the graduating cohorts of high school seniors started in 1976 and have continued with each graduating class since. Data were first available for the 19-22 age group in 1980 and for the older age groups in subsequent years, as the tables and figures in this occasional paper indicate. Three demographic dimensions are differentiated: gender, region of the country, and population density. Gender includes trends for males and females; region describes trends for each of the four major regions defined by the U.S. Census; and population density differentiates trends for five levels of community size.
- Published
- 2018
11. Demographic Subgroup Trends among Adolescents in the Use of Various Licit and Illicit Drugs, 1975-2017. Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper Series. Paper 90
- Author
-
University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, Johnston, Lloyd D., Miech, Richard A., O'Malley, Patrick M., Bachman, Jerald G., and Schulenberg, John E.
- Abstract
This occasional paper presents national demographic subgroup data for the 1975-2017 Monitoring the Future (MTF) national survey results on 8th, 10th, and 12th graders' use of drugs, alcohol, and tobacco. MTF is funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse at the National Institutes of Health under a series of investigator-initiated, competitive research grants to the University of Michigan. The study covers all major classes of illicit and licit psychoactive drugs for an array of population subgroups. The 2017 subgroup data presented accompany the "Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use: 1975-2017: Overview, Key Findings on Adolescent Drug Use" and the "Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2017: Volume I, Secondary School Students." Prior to 2014 subgroup data were available in tabular form only in Appendices B and D of the relevant year's "Volume I." Since 2014, the MTF subgroup definitions and data have been presented in this series of occasional papers, in both tables and figures to facilitate the examination and interpretation of trend data. The "Overview of Key Findings" presents trends in prevalence, perceived risk, disapproval, and perceived availability for most drugs under study and a brief description of subgroup differences. Volume I contains a description of MTF's design and purposes, as well as extended reporting on substance use of all kinds--licit and illicit--and a number of related factors, such as attitudes and beliefs about drugs, age of initiation, noncontinuation of drug use, perceived availability, relevant conditions in the social environment, history of daily marijuana use, use of drugs for the treatment of ADHD, and sources of prescription drugs used outside of medical supervision. The trends offered in this report in tabular and graphic forms cover demographic subgroups based on: (1) Gender; (2) College plans; (3) Region of the country; (4) Population density; (5) Education level of the parents (a proxy for socioeconomic level); and (6) Racial/ethnic identification. Detailed descriptions of the demographic categories are provided in the section starting on page 385 of this paper. The graphs and tables in this occasional paper present trend data for 8th-, 10th-, and 12th-grade respondents separately. Data for 12th grade begins with 1975, the first year in which a nationally representative sample of high school seniors was surveyed. Data for 8th and 10th grades begin with 1991, when the study's nationally representative annual surveys were expanded to include those lower grade levels. [For the report from the previous year "Demographic Subgroup Trends among Adolescents in the Use of Various Licit and Illicit Drugs, 1975-2016. Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper Series. Paper 88," see ED578738. For "Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2017: Overview, Key Findings on Adolescent Drug Use," see ED589762. For "Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2017. Volume I, Secondary School Students," see ED589763. For "Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2017. Volume II, College Students & Adults Ages 19-55," see ED589764.]
- Published
- 2018
12. Proceedings of International Conference on Humanities, Social and Education Sciences (iHSES) (Denver, Colorado, April 13-16, 2023). Volume 1
- Author
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International Society for Technology, Education and Science (ISTES) Organization, Mack Shelley, Mevlut Unal, and Sabri Turgut
- Abstract
The aim of the International Society for Technology, Education, and Science (iHSES) conference is to offer opportunities to share ideas, discuss theoretical and practical issues, and connect with the leaders in the fields of "humanities," "education" and "social sciences." It is organized for: (1) faculty members in all disciplines of humanities, education and social sciences; (2) graduate students; (3) K-12 administrators; (4) teachers; (5) principals; and (6) all interested in education and social sciences. [Individual papers are indexed in ERIC.]
- Published
- 2023
13. Demographic Subgroup Trends among Adolescents in the Use of Various Licit and Illicit Drugs, 1975-2016. Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper Series. Paper 88
- Author
-
University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, Johnston, Lloyd D., O'Malley, Patrick M., Miech, Richard A., Bachman, Jerald G., and Schulenberg, John E.
- Abstract
This occasional paper presents national demographic subgroup data for the 1975-2016 Monitoring the Future (MTF) national survey results on 8th , 10th, and 12th graders' use of drugs, alcohol, and tobacco. MTF is funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse at the National Institutes of Health under a series of investigator-initiated, competitive research grants to the University of Michigan. The study covers all major classes of illicit and licit psychoactive drugs for an array of population subgroups. The 2016 subgroup data presented here accompany the "Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2016: Overview, Key Findings on Adolescent Drug Use" (ED578534) and the "Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2016: Volume I, Secondary School Students" (ED578730). The trends offered here in tabular and graphic forms cover demographic subgroups based on: (1) Gender; (2) College plans; (3) Region of the country; (4) Population density; (5) Education level of the parents (a proxy for socioeconomic level); and (6) Racial/ethnic identification. Detailed descriptions of the demographic categories are provided in the section starting on page 367 of this paper. The graphs and tables in this occasional paper present trend data for 8th-, 10th-, and 12th-grade respondents separately. Data for 12th grade begins with 1975, the first year in which a nationally representative sample of high school seniors was surveyed. Data for 8th and 10th grades begin with 1991, when the study's nationally representative annual surveys were expanded to include those lower grade levels.
- Published
- 2017
14. Demographic Subgroup Trends among Young Adults in the Use of Various Licit and Illicit Drugs, 1988-2016. Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper Series. Paper 89
- Author
-
University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, Johnston, Lloyd D., Schulenberg, John E., O'Malley, Patrick M., Bachman, Jerald G., Miech, Richard A., and Patrick, Megan E.
- Abstract
This occasional paper presents subgroup findings from the Monitoring the Future (MTF) study on levels of, and trends in, the use of a number of substances for nationally representative samples of high school graduates ages 19-30. The data have been gathered in a series of follow-up surveys of representative subsamples of high school seniors who were first surveyed in 12th grade as part of the MTF study. Therefore, the universe being described omits people who did not complete high school--between 8 and 15% of each age group, with the most recent class cohorts closer to the bottom of that range. Surveys of the graduating cohorts of high school seniors started in 1976 and have continued with each graduating class since. Data were first available for the 19-22 age group in 1980 and for the older age groups in subsequent years, as the tables and figures in this occasional paper indicate. The general epidemiological findings from these samples are discussed in "Volume II" of the annual monograph series. The subgroup trends shown in the current occasional paper complement the last section of Chapter 5 (Trends in Drug Use in Early and Middle Adulthood) of that monograph by presenting the trend data for young adult subgroups in both graphic and tabular form. The results are described and discussed in Chapter 5, but the extensive set of tables and figures is provided here for the reader who wishes to view the figures and the underlying numerical values. Three demographic dimensions are differentiated: gender, region of the country, and population density. Gender includes trends for males and females; region describes trends for each of the four major regions defined by the U.S. Census; and population density differentiates trends for five levels of community size. [For "Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2016. Volume II, College Students & Adults Ages 19-55," see ED578605.]
- Published
- 2017
15. Health Promotion through Youth Empowerment to Prevent and Control Smoking Behavior: A Conceptual Paper
- Author
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Trisnowati, Heni, Ismail, Djauhar, and Padmawati, Retna Siwi
- Abstract
Purpose: This paper aimed to review globally the empowerment programs for the prevention and control of smoking behavior among youths, to examine the role of empowerment in health promotion, to explore the stages of health promotion through community empowerment strategies including planning, implementation and evaluation. Finally, this paper will develop a model of youth empowerment to prevent and control smoking behavior that reflects theory and experience drawn from the literature. Design/methodology/approach: This review synthesized articles on community empowerment and health promotion, youth empowerment programs for tobacco prevention and control globally from books and electronic databases from the Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM) library in the publication period 2000-2020. Relevant literature was selected and critically reviewed which reflected the role empowerment in health promotion, stage of community empowerment strategy as described by Laverack and youth empowerment concept in tobacco control as described by Holden. Findings: Documents that specifically discuss empowerment programs for smoking prevention and control are still limited. The findings document that youth empowerment in tobacco control do not fully integrate the theory empowerment as described by Laverack and Holden. This paper provides information about the stages of youth empowerment, and a conceptual framework of youth empowerment for the prevention and control of smoking behavior. Youth empowerment is done through the direct involvement of youth in programs starting from program design, planning, implementation and evaluation. Indicators of the success of the empowerment process are reflected in the increase in the empowerment domain. Meanwhile, the output of empowerment can be seen from the individual- or group-level changes. Originality/value: This paper proposes a model of youth empowerment for the prevention and control of smoking behavior among youths based on theory and experience in the field.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Demographic Subgroup Trends among Adolescents in the Use of Various Licit and Illicit Drugs, 1975-2015. Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper Series. Paper 86
- Author
-
University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, Johnston, Lloyd D., O'Malley, Patrick M., Miech, Richard A., Bachman, Jerald G., and Schulenberg, John E.
- Abstract
This occasional paper presents national demographic subgroup data for the 1975-2015 Monitoring the Future (MTF) national survey results on 8th, 10th, and 12th graders' use of drugs, alcohol, and tobacco. MTF is funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse at the National Institutes of Health under a series of investigator-initiated, competitive research grants to the University of Michigan. The study covers all major classes of illicit and licit psychoactive drugs for an array of population subgroups. The 2015 subgroup data presented here accompany the "Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use: 1975-2015: Overview, Key Findings on Adolescent Drug Use" (ED578539) and the "Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2015: Volume I, Secondary School Students" (ED578604). The trends offered here in tabular and graphic forms cover demographic subgroups based on: (1) Gender; (2) College plans; (3) Region of the country; (4) Population density; (5) Education level of the parents (a proxy for socioeconomic level); and (6) Racial/ethnic identification. Detailed descriptions of the demographic categories are provided in the section starting on page 367 of this paper. The graphs and tables in this occasional paper present trend data for 8th-, 10th-, and 12th-grade respondents separately. Data for 12th grade begins with 1975, the first year in which a nationally representative sample of high school seniors was surveyed. Data for 8th and 10th grades begin with 1991, when the study's nationally representative annual surveys were expanded to include those grade levels.
- Published
- 2016
17. Demographic Subgroup Trends among Young Adults in the Use of Various Licit and Illicit Drugs, 1988-2015. Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper Series. Paper 87
- Author
-
University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, Johnston, Lloyd D., O'Malley, Patrick M., Bachman, Jerald G., Schulenberg, John E., and Miech, Richard A.
- Abstract
This occasional paper presents subgroup findings from the Monitoring the Future (MTF) study on levels of, and trends in, the use of a number of substances for nationally representative samples of high school graduates ages 19-30. The data have been gathered in a series of follow-up surveys of representative subsamples of high school seniors who were first surveyed in 12th grade as part of the MTF study. Therefore, the universe being described omits people who did not complete high school--between 8 and 15% of each age group, with the most recent class cohorts closer to the bottom of that range. Surveys of the graduating cohorts of high school seniors started in 1976 and have continued with each graduating class since. Data were first available for the 19-22 age group in 1980 and for the older age groups in subsequent years, as the tables and figures in this occasional paper indicate. The general epidemiological findings from these samples are discussed in "Volume II" of the annual monograph series. The subgroup trends shown in the current occasional paper complement the last section of Chapter 5 (Trends in Drug Use in Early and Middle Adulthood) of that monograph by presenting the trend data for young adult subgroups in both graphic and tabular form. The results are described and discussed in Chapter 5, but the extensive set of tables and figures is provided here for the reader who wishes to view the figures and the underlying numerical values. Three demographic dimensions are differentiated: gender, region of the country, and population density. Gender includes trends for males and females; region describes trends for each of the four major regions defined by the U.S. Census; and population density differentiates trends for five levels of community size. [For "Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2015. Volume 2, College Students & Adults Ages 19-55," see ED578731.]
- Published
- 2016
18. The Objectives and Theoretical Foundation of the Monitoring the Future Study. Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper Series. Paper 84
- Author
-
University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, Johnston, Lloyd D., O'Malley, Patrick M., Schulenberg, John E., Bachman, Jerald G., Miech, Richard A., and Patrick, Megan E.
- Abstract
This study assesses the changing lifestyles, values, and preferences of American youth on a continuing basis. Each year since 1975, at least 13,000 seniors have participated in the annual survey, which is conducted in some 130 high schools nationwide. Since 1991, the study's annual surveys also have included surveys of similar nationally representative samples of eighth- and tenth-grade students. In addition, subsamples of high school seniors from previously participating classes receive follow-up questionnaires by mail each year. This report presents the objectives and theoretical Foundation of the Monitoring the Future Study. [For the designs and the procedures for the Monitoring the Future Study, see "The Monitoring the Future Project after Four Decades: Design and Procedures. Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper Series. Paper 82," ED578425.]
- Published
- 2016
19. Demographic Subgroup Trends among Young Adults in the Use of Various Licit and Illicit Drugs, 1988-2014. Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper Series. Paper 85
- Author
-
University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, Johnston, Lloyd D., O'Malley, Patrick M., Bachman, Jerald G., Schulenberg, John E., and Miech, Richard A.
- Abstract
This occasional paper presents subgroup findings from the Monitoring the Future (MTF) study on levels of and trends in the use of a number of substances for nationally representative samples of high school graduates ages 19-30. The data have been gathered in a series of follow-up surveys of representative subsamples of high school seniors who were first surveyed in 12th grade as part of the MTF study. Therefore, the universe being described omits people who did not complete high school--between 8-15% of each age group, with the most recent class cohorts closer to the bottom of that range. Surveys of the graduating cohorts of high school seniors started in 1976 and have continued with each graduating class since. Data were first available for the 19-22 age group in 1980 and for the older age groups in subsequent years, as the tables and figures in this occasional paper indicate. The general epidemiological findings from these samples are contained in "Volume II" of the annual monograph series. The subgroup trends shown in the current occasional paper complement the last section of Chapter 5 (Trends in Drug Use in Early and Middle Adulthood) of that monograph by presenting the trend data for young adult subgroups in both graphic and tabular form. The results are described and discussed in Chapter 5, but the extensive set of tables and figures is provided here for the reader who wishes to view the figures and the underlying numerical values. Three demographic dimensions are differentiated: gender, region of the country, and population density. Gender includes trends for males and females; region describes trends for each of the four major regions defined by the U.S. Census; and population density differentiates trends for five levels of urbanicity. The Table of Contents and List of Figures in this occasional paper contain clickable links to the content and figures. Following each figure is a table giving the numerical values associated with each trend line in that figure. [For "Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2014. Volume 2, College Students & Adults Ages 19-55," see ED578455.]
- Published
- 2015
20. Demographic Subgroup Trends among Adolescents in the Use of Various Licit and Illicit Drugs, 1975-2014. Monitoring the Future Occasional Paper Series. Paper 83
- Author
-
University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, Johnston, Lloyd D., O'Malley, Patrick M., Miech, Richard A., Bachman, Jerald G., and Schulenberg, John E.
- Abstract
This occasional paper presents national demographic subgroup data for the 1975-2014 Monitoring the Future (MTF) national survey results on 8th, 10th, and 12th graders' use of drugs, alcohol, and tobacco. MTF is funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse at the National Institutes of Health under a series of investigator-initiated, competitive research grants. The study covers all major classes of illicit and licit drugs for an array of population subgroups. The 2014 subgroup data presented here accompany the "Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use: 1975-2014: Overview, Key Findings on Adolescent Drug Use" and the "Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2014: Volume I, Secondary School Students." Since 2013, the MTF subgroup definitions and data have been presented in a series of occasional paper, such as this, as tables and figures to facilitate the examination and interpretation of trend data. "Volume I" contains a description of MTF's design and purposes, as well as extended reporting on substance use of all kinds--licit and illicit--and a number of related factors, such as attitudes and beliefs about drugs, age of initiation, noncontinuation of drug use, perceived availability, relevant conditions in the social environment, history of daily marijuana use, use of drugs for the treatment of ADHD, and sources of prescription drugs used outside of medical supervision. The trends offered here in tabular and graphic forms cover demographic subgroups based on: (1) gender; (2) college plans; (3) region of the country; (4) population density; (5) education level of the parents (a proxy for socioeconomic level); and (6) racial/ethnic identification. Detailed descriptions of the demographic categories are provided in the section below. Data for 12th grade begins with 1975, the first year in which a nationally representative sample of high school seniors was surveyed. Data for 8th and 10th grades begin with 1991, when the study's nationally representative annual surveys were expanded to include those grade levels. [For "Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2014. Volume 1, Secondary School Students," see ED578369. For "Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2014: Overview, Key Findings on Adolescent Drug Use," see ED578603.]
- Published
- 2015
21. The Causal Effects of Youth Cigarette Addiction and Education. Working Paper 30304
- Author
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National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), Hai, Rong, and Heckman, James J.
- Abstract
We develop and estimate a life-cycle model in a rational addiction framework where youth choose to smoke, attend school, work part-time, and consume while facing borrowing constraints. The model features multiple channels for studying the reciprocal causal effects of addiction and education. Variations in endowments and cigarette prices are sources of identification. We show that education causally reduces smoking. A counterfactual experiment finds that in absence of cigarettes, college attendance rises by three percentage points in the population. A practical alternative of 40% additional excise tax achieves similar results. Impacts vary substantially across persons of different cognitive and non-cognitive abilities.
- Published
- 2022
22. Comparison of the responses of cross-sectional web- and paper-based surveys on lifestyle behaviors of Japanese adolescents
- Author
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Yuichiro Otsuka, Aya Kinjo, Yoshitaka Kaneita, Osamu Itani, Yuki Kuwabara, Ruriko Minobe, Hitoshi Maesato, Susumu Higuchi, Hideyuki Kanda, Hisashi Yoshimoto, Maki Jike, Hideaki Kasuga, Teruna Ito, and Yoneatsu Osaki
- Subjects
Adolescent ,Japan ,Response rate ,Web-based survey ,Paper-based survey ,Smoking ,Medicine - Abstract
Objective: In Japan, paper-based surveys are currently more effective than web-based surveys. This study compared the response rates and lifestyle behaviors between paper- and web-based surveys conducted among Japanese junior and senior high schools. Methods: In total, there were 42 and 64 junior and senior high schools, respectively, for the web-based surveys and 20 and 27 junior and senior high schools, respectively, for the paper-based surveys. The questionnaire covered lifestyle behaviors (e.g., alcohol consumption, smoking, exercise, eating, and sleep status), mental health, and plans to attend college. School- and student-level response rates by survey method were assessed, and so was the effect on the reporting of each lifestyle behavior using logistic regression models. Results: The school response rates were 16.0% and 38.3% for web- and paper-based surveys, respectively. The student response rates were 88.7% and 77.2%, respectively. The web-based group had significantly more female participants and lower response rates for higher grades in senior high schools. The odds of lifetime and current alcohol consumption and poor mental health were lower, whereas those of lifetime use of conventional cigarettes, shorter sleep duration, and plans to continue attending college were higher among web-based (vs. paper-based) participants. Conclusions: The school response rate was poor in the web-based survey. However, whether the differences in lifestyle behavior are attributed to selection bias or the survey method remains unclear.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Rolling Tobacco in Banana Leaves, Newspaper, or Copybook Paper Associated With Significant Reduction in Lung Function in Vanuatu.
- Author
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Weitz CA, Olszowy KM, Dancause KN, Sun C, Pomer A, Silverman H, Lee G, Tarivonda L, Chan CW, Kaneko A, Lum JK, and Garruto RM
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Female, Forced Expiratory Volume physiology, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Musa, Newspapers as Topic, Paper, Vanuatu, Vital Capacity physiology, Young Adult, Lung physiopathology, Smoking adverse effects, Tobacco Products adverse effects, Tobacco Products statistics & numerical data
- Abstract
In addition to the widespread availability of packaged cigarettes, the inhabitants of island nations of the Southwest Pacific frequently smoke commercially available loose tobacco using manufactured rolling papers, as well as locally grown tobacco rolled in manufactured rolling paper or wrapped in leaves, copybook paper, and newspaper. In this study, Vanuatu men who smoked local tobacco rolled in leaves, copybook paper, or newspaper showed significantly lower forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV
1 ), and FEV1 /FVC ratios than men who smoked packaged cigarettes, store-bought tobacco rolled in manufactured rolling paper, or who smoked locally grown tobacco rolled in manufactured rolling papers. The addition of toxins from these unusual tobacco-wrapping media produces lung function deficits similar to the pattern noted among tobacco smokers who also inhale smoke from burning biomass. Thus, public health initiatives should consider including strategies addressing the use of wrapping media among smokers in South Pacific island societies.- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Letter to the Editor (June 10, 2017) concerning the paper "Trends in smoking among secondary school and high school students in Poland, 2009 and 2011".
- Author
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Kawada T
- Subjects
- Poland, Schools, Surveys and Questionnaires, Smoking, Students
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Authors' response (December 7, 2017) to the letter to the Editor concerning the paper "Trends in smoking among secondary school and high school students in Poland, 2009 and 2011".
- Author
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Wojtyła-Buciora P, Stawińska-Witoszyńska B, Żukiewicz-Sobczak W, Wojtyła C, Biliński P, Urbaniak M, Wojtyła A, Marcinkowski JT, and Wojciechowska M
- Subjects
- Poland, Prevalence, Students, Schools, Smoking
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. New tobacco and vapes bill may extend smoking ban to outdoor areas including beer gardens; The government is expected to face a backlash after leaked papers showed the exact areas where smoking is expected to be banned, as part of a tougher Tobacco and Vapes Bill
- Subjects
Smoking ,Beer -- Planning ,Government publications ,Smoking bans ,Company business planning ,General interest ,News, opinion and commentary - Abstract
Byline: By, Ryan Fahey Leaked government documents suggest that smoking in pub gardens could soon be banned. The proposed decision is likely to face severe backlash when the new rules [...]
- Published
- 2024
27. Implementation of a Computerized Tablet-Survey in an Adolescent Large-Scale, School-Based Study.
- Author
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Delk J, Harrell MB, Fakhouri THI, Muir KA, and Perry CL
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Female, Humans, Male, Schools, Surveys and Questionnaires, Adolescent Behavior psychology, Computers, Handheld, Interviews as Topic methods, Marketing methods, Paper, Smoking psychology, Students psychology, Students statistics & numerical data
- Abstract
Background: Computerized surveys present many advantages over paper surveys. However, school-based adolescent research questionnaires still mainly rely on paper-and-pencil surveys as access to computers in schools is often not practical. Tablet-assisted self-interviews (TASI) present a possible solution, but their use is largely untested. This paper presents a method for and our experiences with implementing a TASI in a school setting., Methods: A TASI was administered to 3907 middle and high school students from 79 schools. The survey assessed use of tobacco products and exposure to tobacco marketing. To assess in-depth tobacco use behaviors, the TASI employed extensive skip patterns to reduce the number of not-applicable questions that nontobacco users received. Pictures were added to help respondents identify the tobacco products they were being queried about., Results: Students were receptive to the tablets and required no instructions in their use. None were lost, stolen, or broken. Item nonresponse, unanswered questions, was a pre-administration concern; however, 92% of participants answered 96% or more of the questions., Conclusions: This method was feasible and successful among a diverse population of students and schools. It generated a unique dataset of in-depth tobacco use behaviors that would not have been possible through a paper-and-pencil survey., (© 2017, American School Health Association.)
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. After 50 years and 200 papers, what can the Midspan cohort studies tell us about our mortality?
- Author
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Gruer L, Hart CL, and Watt GC
- Subjects
- Adult, Aged, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Mortality trends, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Scotland epidemiology, Sex Distribution, Socioeconomic Factors, Alcohol Drinking mortality, Obesity mortality, Occupations, Smoking mortality, Social Class
- Abstract
Objective: To distil the main findings from published papers on mortality in three cohorts involving over 27,000 adults, recruited in Scotland between 1965 and 1976 and followed up ever since., Method: We read and summarized 48 peer-reviewed papers about all-cause and cause-specific mortality in these cohorts, published between 1978 and 2013., Results: Mortality rates were substantially higher among cigarette smokers in all social classes and both genders. Exposure to second-hand smoke was also damaging. Exposure to higher levels of black smoke pollution was associated with higher mortality. After smoking, diminished lung function was the risk factor most strongly related to higher mortality, even among never-smokers. On average, female mortality rates were much lower than male but the same risk factors were predictors of mortality. Mortality rates were highest among men whose paternal, own first and most recent jobs were manual. Specific causes of death were associated with different life stages. Upward and downward social mobility conferred intermediate mortality rates. Low childhood cognitive ability was strongly associated with low social class in adulthood and higher mortality before age 65 years. There was no evidence that daily stress contributed to higher mortality among people in lower social positions. Men in manual occupations with fathers in manual occupations, who smoked and drank >14 units of alcohol a week had cardiovascular disease mortality rates 4.5 times higher than non-manual men with non-manual fathers, who neither smoked nor drank >14 units. Men who were obese and drank >14 units of alcohol per day had a mortality rate due to liver disease 19 times that of normal or underweight non-drinkers. Among women who never smoked, mortality rates were highest in severely obese women in the lowest occupational classes., Conclusion: These studies highlight the cumulative effect of adverse exposures throughout life, the complex interplay between social circumstances, culture and individual capabilities, and the damaging effects of smoking, air pollution, alcohol and obesity., (Copyright © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Exposure to cigarette taxes as a teenager and the persistence of smoking into adulthood.
- Author
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Friedson A, Li M, Meckel K, Rees DI, and Sacks DW
- Subjects
- Humans, Adolescent, Male, Female, Adult, Adolescent Behavior, Young Adult, United States, Smoking Prevention, Taxes, Smoking economics, Smoking epidemiology, Tobacco Products economics
- Abstract
Are teenage and adult smoking causally related? Recent anti-tobacco policy is predicated on the assumption that preventing teenagers from smoking will ensure that fewer adults smoke, but direct evidence in support of this assumption is scant. Using data from three nationally representative sources and instrumenting for teenage smoking with cigarette taxes experienced at ages 14-17, we document a strong positive relationship between teenage and adult smoking: deterring 10 teenagers from smoking through raising cigarette taxes roughly translates into 5 fewer adult smokers. We conclude that efforts to reduce teenage smoking can have long-lasting consequences on smoking participation and, presumably, health., (© 2024 The Author(s). Health Economics published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Filter presence and tipping paper color influence consumer perceptions of cigarettes.
- Author
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O'Connor RJ, Bansal-Travers M, Cummings KM, Hammond D, Thrasher JF, and Tworek C
- Subjects
- Adult, Consumer Behavior, Female, Humans, Male, Smoking epidemiology, United States, Young Adult, Advertising, Product Labeling statistics & numerical data, Product Packaging statistics & numerical data, Smoking psychology, Tobacco Products statistics & numerical data
- Abstract
Background: Cigarettes are marketed in a wide array of packaging and product configurations, and these may impact consumers' perceptions of product health effects and attractiveness. Filtered cigarettes are typically perceived as less hazardous and white tipping paper (as opposed to cork) often conveys 'lightness'., Methods: This study examined cigarette-related perceptions among 1220 young adult (age 18-35) current, ever, and never smokers recruited from three eastern U.S. cities (Buffalo NY, Columbia SC, Morgantown WV). Participants rated three cigarette sticks: two filtered cigarettes 85 mm in length, differing only in tipping paper color (cork versus white), and an unfiltered 70 mm cigarette., Results: Overall, the cork-tipped cigarette was most commonly selected on taste and attractiveness, the white-tipped on least dangerous, and the unfiltered on most dangerous. Current smokers were more likely to select white-tipped (OR = 1.98) and cork-tipped (OR = 3.42) cigarettes, while ever smokers more commonly selected the cork-tipped (OR = 1.96), as most willing to try over the other products. Those willing to try the filtered white-tipped cigarette were more likely to have rated that cigarette as best tasting (OR = 11.10), attracting attention (OR = 17.91), and lowest health risk (OR = 1.94). Similarly, those willing to try cork tipped or unfiltered cigarettes rated those as best testing, attracting attention, and lowest health risk, respectively., Conclusions: Findings from this study demonstrate that consumer product perceptions can be influenced by elements of cigarette design, such as the presence and color of the filter tip.
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Investigating the Effect of Smoking on the Incidence of Internal Diseases (A Review Paper)
- Author
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A. Heri Iswanto, Ali Abdulhussain Fadhil, Md. Zahidul Islam, Ali K. Mohammed, Abduladheem Turki Jalil, Ali T. Khlaif, Yasser Fakri Mustafa, Hamzah H. Kzar, Moaed E. Al-Gazally, and Narmin Beheshtizadeh
- Subjects
smoking ,cardiovascular disease ,lung cancer ,Medicine (General) ,R5-920 - Abstract
Background: According to World Health Organization (WHO) estimates, there are currently 1.1 billion tobacco smokers worldwide. This study follows the need for change in the increasing trend of lifestyle-related diseases and the lack of extensive studies on the pattern of smoking. Methods: In the current study, an electronic database search was conducted to identify studies that examined the impact of smoking on internal diseases from the beginning of February 2018 to the end of December 2021. After eliminating numerous articles based on their titles and abstracts, 273 articles pertinent to the study's objectives were selected. Due to the inadequacy of the target audience and the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 239 of the remaining articles were eliminated. The 44 remaining articles were examined more closely. Results: Each cigarette produces more than 7,000 chemicals. Many of these substances are toxic, and about 69 of them can cause cancer. For every 15 cigarettes you smoke, a mutation occurs in the body. Mutations are the cause of cancer. Studies have shown a clear relationship between dose and response, with a sharp increase in the risk of arterial disease in heavy smokers. In countries where approximately 30% of the population smokes, 50% of arterial disease can be attributed to smoking. Conclusion: Smoking increases the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and lung disease, and leads to an increased risk of lung, throat, stomach, and bladder cancer, and many other cancers. One of the most important organs in the body that can be disrupted by smoking is the heart.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Electronic nicotine delivery systems: executive summary of a policy position paper from the American College of Physicians.
- Author
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Crowley RA
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Advertising legislation & jurisprudence, Air Pollution, Indoor legislation & jurisprudence, Biomedical Research economics, Child, Financing, Government, Humans, Smoking Cessation legislation & jurisprudence, Taxes, United States, United States Food and Drug Administration, Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems adverse effects, Health Policy, Smoking legislation & jurisprudence, Smoking Cessation methods
- Abstract
Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), which include electronic cigarettes, or e-cigarettes, are growing in popularity, but their safety and efficacy as a smoking cessation aid are not well understood. Some argue that they have the potential to reduce tobacco-related morbidity and mortality and could be a useful tool for reducing tobacco-related harm. Others express concern that the health effects of ENDS use are unknown, that they may appeal to young people, and that they may encourage dual use of ENDS and traditional tobacco products. Although ENDS are a new and unregulated product, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has proposed regulations that would deem ENDS to be subject to the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act, which regulates cigarettes and other tobacco products. In this position paper, the American College of Physicians offers policy recommendations on ENDS regulation and oversight, taxation, flavorings, promotion and marketing, indoor and public use, and research. This paper is not intended to offer clinical guidance or serve as an exhaustive literature review of existing ENDS-related evidence but to help direct the College, policymakers, and regulators on how to address these products.
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Preserving Coins and Paper Money
- Subjects
Smoking ,Coins - Abstract
(JULIE BARNETT) 1 Avoid environmental hazards. Humidity, sea air, pollution and tobacco smoke can seep into albums on open shelves, damaging their contents. Store valuable collections away from such hazards [...]
- Published
- 2023
34. Correlates of smoking during COVID-19 in the LGBTQI + cancer survivor population.
- Author
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Maglalang DD, Lyerly R, Scout N, Avila JC, and Ahluwalia JS
- Subjects
- Humans, Female, Male, Middle Aged, Adult, Aged, Neoplasms epidemiology, Neoplasms psychology, SARS-CoV-2, Young Adult, COVID-19 epidemiology, Cancer Survivors psychology, Cancer Survivors statistics & numerical data, Sexual and Gender Minorities statistics & numerical data, Sexual and Gender Minorities psychology, Smoking epidemiology, Smoking psychology
- Abstract
Purpose: Stressors brought on by the pandemic may have further encouraged lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and intersex plus (LGBTQI +) cancer survivors to smoke. The purpose of this study is to examine factors associated with smoking among LGBTQI + cancer survivors during the pandemic., Methods: We used a secondary data analysis of OUT: The National Cancer Survey. We conducted logistic regression analysis to examine the associations between psychological distress, binge drinking, and socio-demographic factors with ever use and current use of cigarettes, other tobacco, and nicotine products., Results: Of the 1629 participants in our sample, 53% used in their lifetime and 13% reported current use. Correlates of increased ever use included being of older age (AOR = 1.02; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.03) and binge drinking (AOR = 2.47; 95% CI: 1.17, 5.20) while correlates of decreased ever use were among those with a graduate or professional degree (AOR = 0.40; 95% CI: 0.23, 0.71). Correlates of increased current use included being of Latine descent (AOR = 1.89; 95% CI: 1.07, 3.36), binge drinking (AOR = 3.18; 95% CI: 1.56, 6.48), without health insurance (AOR = 2.37; 95% CI: 1.10, 5.10), and being disabled (AOR = 1.64; 95% CI: 1.19, 2.26) while correlates of decreased current use were among cisgender women (AOR = 0.30; 95% CI: 0.12, 0.77), being of younger age (AOR = 0.98; 95% CI: 0.96, 0.99), and having a graduate or professional degree (AOR = 0.33; 95% CI: 0.15, 0.70)., Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that a proportion of LGBTQI + cancer survivors continue to smoke during the pandemic despite the increased risk involved with smoking. Furthermore, individuals with intersecting marginalized identities experience additional stressors that may have been further exacerbated by the conditions of the pandemic that encourage them to smoke., Implications for Cancer Survivors: Quitting smoking after a cancer diagnosis can decrease the chances of recurrence and a new primary malignancy. In addition, practitioners and researchers should advocate towards examining and addressing systemic forms of oppression in institutions that LGBTQI + cancer survivors navigate during the pandemic., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Bronchoabsorption; a novel bronchoscopic technique to improve biomarker sampling of the airway.
- Author
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Leaker BR, Nicholson GC, Ali FY, Daudi N, O'Connor BJ, and Barnes PJ
- Subjects
- Absorption, Physicochemical, Adult, Aged, Biomarkers analysis, Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid chemistry, Bronchoscopy instrumentation, Female, Gene Expression Profiling, Humans, Lung chemistry, Male, Middle Aged, Paper, Pneumonia genetics, Pneumonia metabolism, RNA, Messenger analysis, Smoking genetics, Smoking metabolism, Specimen Handling instrumentation, Bronchoscopy methods, Inflammation Mediators analysis, Lung pathology, Pneumonia pathology, Smoking adverse effects, Smoking pathology, Specimen Handling methods
- Abstract
Background: Current techniques used to obtain lung samples have significant limitations and do not provide reproducible biomarkers of inflammation. We have developed a novel technique that allows multiple sampling methods from the same area (or multiple areas) of the lung under direct bronchoscopic vision. It allows collection of mucosal lining fluid and bronchial brushing from the same site; biopsy samples may also be taken. The novel technique takes the same time as standard procedures and can be conducted safely., Methods: Eight healthy smokers aged 40-65 years were included in this study. An absorptive filter paper was applied to the bronchial mucosa under direct vision using standard bronchoscopic techniques. Further samples were obtained from the same site using bronchial brushings. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was obtained using standard techniques. Chemokine (C-C Motif) Ligand 20 (CCL20), CCL4, CCL5, Chemokine (C-X-C Motif) Ligand 1 (CXCL1), CXCL8, CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), IL-6, Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), Matrix metalloproteinase 8 (MMP-8) and MMP-9 were measured in exudate and BAL. mRNA was collected from the bronchial brushings for gene expression analysis., Results: A greater than 10 fold concentration of all the biomarkers was detected in lung exudate in comparison to BAL. High yield of good quality RNA with RNA integrity numbers (RIN) between 7.6 and 9.3 were extracted from the bronchial brushings. The subset of genes measured were reproducible across the samples and corresponded to the inflammatory markers measured in exudate and BAL., Conclusions: The bronchoabsorption technique as described offers the ability to sample lung fluid direct from the site of interest without the dilution effects caused by BAL. Using this method we were able to successfully measure the concentrations of biomarkers present in the lungs as well as collect high yield mRNA samples for gene expression analysis from the same site. This technique demonstrates superior sensitivity to standard BAL for the measurement of biomarkers of inflammation. It could replace BAL as the method of choice for these measurements. This method provides a systems biology approach to studying the inflammatory markers of respiratory disease progression., Trial Registration: NHS Health Research Authority (13/LO/0256).
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. The relation between cigarette price and hand-rolling tobacco consumption in the UK: an ecological study.
- Author
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Rothwell L, Britton J, and Bogdanovica I
- Subjects
- Female, Humans, Male, Paper, Prevalence, Public Policy, Taxes, Nicotiana, United Kingdom epidemiology, Commerce trends, Smoking epidemiology, Smoking trends, Tobacco Products economics
- Abstract
Objectives: Cigarette price increases reduce smoking prevalence but as a tobacco control policy are undermined by the availability of lower cost alternatives such as hand-rolling tobacco. The aim of this descriptive study is to explore time trends in the price of manufactured cigarettes and hand-rolling tobacco, and in the numbers of people who smoke these products, over recent years in the UK., Settings and Participants: UK., Outcome Measures: Trends in the most popular price category (MPPC) data for cigarettes and hand-rolling tobacco from 1983 to 2012 adjusted for inflation using the Retail Price Index, and trends in smoking prevalence and the proportion of smokers using hand-rolling tobacco from 1974 to 2010., Results: After adjustment for inflation, there was an increase in prices of manufactured cigarettes and hand-rolling tobacco between 1983 and 2012. Between 1974 and 2010, the prevalence of smoking fell from 45% to 20%, and the estimated total number of smokers from 25.3 to 12.4 million. However the number of people smoking hand-rolling tobacco increased from 1.4 to 3.2 million, and MPPC cigarette price was strongly correlated with number of people smoking hand-rolling tobacco., Conclusions: Although the ecological study design precludes conclusions on causality, the association between increases in manufactured cigarette price and the number of people smoking hand-rolling tobacco suggests that the lower cost of smoking hand-rolling tobacco encourages downtrading when cigarette prices rise. The magnitude of this association indicates that the lower cost of hand-rolling tobacco seriously undermines the use of price as a tobacco control measure., (Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions.)
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Association Between Smoking and Chronic Rhinosinusitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
- Author
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Tan CJ, Leow BHW, Tan BKJ, Tan SF, Teo NWY, and Charn TC
- Subjects
- Humans, Chronic Disease, Endoscopy, Prevalence, Prognosis, Quality of Life, Rhinosinusitis epidemiology, Smoking adverse effects, Smoking epidemiology
- Abstract
Objective: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a prevalent inflammatory disease of the upper airway. The impact of smoking on CRS has not been clearly established. We aim to clarify the association between first-hand cigarette smoking and the prevalence and prognoses of CRS., Review Methods: PubMed, Embase, SCOPUS, and Cochrane Library were searched from inception until May 15, 2022. Three blinded reviewers selected relevant studies, extracted data, and evaluated study bias following a PROSPERO-registered protocol (CRD42022345585). We used random-effects meta-analyses to pool the prevalence of smoking in CRS, association between smoking status and CRS, and association of smoking with quality of life (QOL) before and after functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS). We also performed descriptive analyses of olfactory function, CT scores, and endoscopy scores before and after FESS., Results: We included 23 cross-sectional studies, 19 cohort studies, two case-control studies, and one prospective clinical trial. The pooled prevalence of ever-smokers was 40% (95% CI = 0.30-0.51) and 33% (95% CI = 0.25-0.43) in patients with and without CRS. Compared to never-smokers, active smokers and past smokers had 1.35 (95% CI = 1.18-1.55) and 1.23 (95% CI = 1.17-1.29) higher odds of having CRS. Among patients with CRS, non-smokers reported higher initial QOL than smokers (standardized mean difference [SMD] = 0.23, 95% CI = 0.11-0.35), although post-FESS QOL was similar (SMD = 0.10, 95% CI = -0.30-0.51). Descriptive analysis found no significant correlations between smoking and post-FESS olfactory function and endoscopy scores., Conclusions: Cigarette smoking is associated with higher prevalence and odds of CRS. Clinicians should be aware that smoking predisposes to CRS, but does not negatively impact the rhinologic outcomes of FESS. Laryngoscope, 134:2513-2524, 2024., (© 2023 The American Laryngological, Rhinological and Otological Society, Inc.)
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Oral health-related quality of life and periodontal status according to smoking status.
- Author
-
Arruda CV, Guilardi IJ, Pavan LMC, and Greggianin BF
- Subjects
- Female, Humans, Male, Cross-Sectional Studies, Surveys and Questionnaires, Oral Health, Quality of Life, Smoking
- Abstract
Introduction: Studies evaluating smoking and periodontal status show controversial results regarding the impact on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQol). The aim was to evaluate the association between OHRQol and periodontal status in patients according to their smoking habit., Methods: Cross-sectional study with a total of 100 patients (31.44 ± 8.50 years, 55% females) answered the short version of Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14) and underwent a periodontal examination. Associations between periodontal status and total mean OHIP-14 scores related with smoking habit were analysed with Kruskal-Wallis test., Results: Mean percentage of sites with Bleeding on Probing (BOP), Clinical Attachment Loss (CAL) and Number of Teeth were significantly different between current smokers (n = 53) and never (n = 40) or former smokers (n = 7; p < 0.05). There was no significant difference for Periodontal Probing Depth (PPD) in relation to smoking status. A total mean OHIP-14 score of 13.07 was observed for the entire sample. The corresponding total mean OHIP-14 scores, for current smokers, never smokers and former smokers, were 15, 10 and 13 (p = 0.280), respectively. The domains social disability and handicap of the OHIP-14 were worse in current smokers (p = 0.028 and p = 0.026, respectively)., Conclusion: Current smoking was associated with a negative influence on OHRQoL in the domain of social disability and handicap. In addition, smokers have worse periodontal status, related to less BOP, greater CAL and fewer teeth than never and former smokers., (© 2023 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Electronic cigarette, effective or harmful for quitting smoking and respiratory health: A quantitative review papers
- Author
-
Gholamreza Heydari, Arezoo Ebn Ahmady, Fahimeh Chamyani, Mohammadreza Masjedi, and Lida Fadaizadeh
- Subjects
Cessation ,e-cigarettes ,respiration ,smoking ,tobacco ,vaping ,Diseases of the respiratory system ,RC705-779 - Abstract
Background: In recent years, electronic cigarettes (ECs) have been heavily advertised as an alternative smoking device as well as a possible cessation method. We aimed to review all published scientific literature pertaining to ECs and to present a simple conclusion about their effects for quitting smoking and respiratory health. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study with a search of PubMed, limited to English publications upto September 2014. The total number of papers which had ECs in its title and their conclusions positive or negative regarding ECs effects were computed. The number of negative papers was subtracted from the number of positive ones to make a score. Results: Of the 149 articles, 137 (91.9%) were accessible, of which 68 did not have inclusion criteria. In the 69 remaining articles, 24 studies supported ECs and 45 considered these to be harmful. Finally, based on this evidence, the score of ECs (computed result with positive minus negative) was −21. Conclusion: Evidence to suggest that ECs may be effective and advisable for quitting smoking or a safe alternative for smoking is lacking and may instead harm the respiratory system. However, further studies are needed.
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Letter to the Editor (June 10, 2017) concerning the paper 'Trends in smoking among secondary school and high school students in Poland, 2009 and 2011'
- Author
-
Tomoyuki Kawada
- Subjects
smoking ,secondary school ,high school ,time trends ,predictors ,prevention ,Medicine - Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Potential Impact of a Paper About COVID-19 and Smoking on Twitter Users’ Attitudes Toward Smoking: Observational Study
- Author
-
Destiny Diaz, Long Chen, Chunliang Tao, Dongmei Li, Zidian Xie, and Richard J O'Connor
- Subjects
cross-sectional ,020205 medical informatics ,Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ,social media ,Population ,Twitter ,MEDLINE ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,Health Informatics ,02 engineering and technology ,perception ,infodemiology ,smoking ,dissemination ,Infodemiology ,03 medical and health sciences ,infoveillance ,0302 clinical medicine ,infodemic ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Social media ,030212 general & internal medicine ,observational ,education ,Multinomial logistic regression ,education.field_of_study ,Original Paper ,research ,COVID-19 ,Computer Science Applications ,Infoveillance ,attitude ,impact ,Medicine ,Observational study ,Psychology ,Demography - Abstract
Background A cross-sectional study (Miyara et al, 2020) conducted by French researchers showed that the rate of current daily smoking was significantly lower in patients with COVID-19 than in the French general population, implying a potentially protective effect of smoking. Objective We aimed to examine the dissemination of the Miyara et al study among Twitter users and whether a shift in their attitudes toward smoking occurred after its publication as preprint on April 21, 2020. Methods Twitter posts were crawled between April 14 and May 4, 2020, by the Tweepy stream application programming interface, using a COVID-19–related keyword query. After filtering, the final 1929 tweets were classified into three groups: (1) tweets that were not related to the Miyara et al study before it was published, (2) tweets that were not related to Miyara et al study after it was published, and (3) tweets that were related to Miyara et al study after it was published. The attitudes toward smoking, as expressed in the tweets, were compared among the above three groups using multinomial logistic regression models in the statistical analysis software R (The R Foundation). Results Temporal analysis showed a peak in the number of tweets discussing the results from the Miyara et al study right after its publication. Multinomial logistic regression models on sentiment scores showed that the proportion of negative attitudes toward smoking in tweets related to the Miyara et al study after it was published (17.07%) was significantly lower than the proportion in tweets that were not related to the Miyara et al study, either before (44/126, 34.9%; P Conclusions The public’s attitude toward smoking shifted in a positive direction after the Miyara et al study found a lower incidence of COVID-19 cases among daily smokers.
- Published
- 2021
42. Investigating the Effect of Smoking on the Incidence of Internal Diseases (A Review Paper).
- Author
-
Iswanto, A. Heri, Fadhil, Ali Abdulhussain, Islam, Md. Zahidul, Mohammed, Ali K., Jalil, Abduladheem Turki, Khlaif, Ali T., Mustafa, Yasser Fakri, Kzar, Hamzah H., Al-Gazally, Moaed E., and Beheshtizadeh, Narmin
- Subjects
- *
INTERNAL medicine , *SMOKING , *LIFESTYLES & health , *HEALTH risk assessment - Abstract
Background: According to World Health Organization (WHO) estimates, there are currently 1.1 billion tobacco smokers worldwide. This study follows the need for change in the increasing trend of lifestyle-related diseases and the lack of extensive studies on the pattern of smoking. Methods: In the current study, an electronic database search was conducted to identify studies that examined the impact of smoking on internal diseases from the beginning of February 2018 to the end of December 2021. After eliminating numerous articles based on their titles and abstracts, 273 articles pertinent to the study's objectives were selected. Due to the inadequacy of the target audience and the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 239 of the remaining articles were eliminated. The 44 remaining articles were examined more closely. Results: Each cigarette produces more than 7,000 chemicals. Many of these substances are toxic, and about 69 of them can cause cancer. For every 15 cigarettes you smoke, a mutation occurs in the body. Mutations are the cause of cancer. Studies have shown a clear relationship between dose and response, with a sharp increase in the risk of arterial disease in heavy smokers. In countries where approximately 30% of the population smokes, 50% of arterial disease can be attributed to smoking. Conclusion: Smoking increases the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and lung disease, and leads to an increased risk of lung, throat, stomach, and bladder cancer, and many other cancers. One of the most important organs in the body that can be disrupted by smoking is the heart. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. "Method And Tool For Embossing Of Biodegradable Paper To Fabricate Cigarette Filters" in Patent Application Approval Process (USPTO 20240157666).
- Abstract
A patent application has been filed for a method and tool to emboss biodegradable paper for cigarette filters. The invention aims to provide an environmentally friendly alternative to non-biodegradable filters. The embossed paper improves filtration and adjusts the draft of the cigarette. The method involves using embossing rollers to create crimping lines and chimney structures on the paper, which remains open during manufacturing. The paper is made from biodegradable fibers randomly distributed for air permeability and filtration. The application provides detailed claims and descriptions of the method and materials used. [Extracted from the article]
- Published
- 2024
44. Patent Issued for Coated plug wrap for a smoking article (USPTO 12029236).
- Subjects
SMOKING ,SMOKE ,PATENTS ,POLYVINYL acetate ,CIGARETTE filters - Abstract
SWM Holdings US LLC has been issued a patent for a coated plug wrap for a smoking article. The patent describes the use of a base paper made from hardwood pulp fibers and softwood pulp fibers, coated with materials such as acrylate, styrene, or butadiene. The coated plug wrap aims to increase the strength of the paper, prevent flavorings from escaping, and prevent air from diluting the aromas of the smoking article. The patent also includes claims for the composition and process of producing the coated plug wrap. [Extracted from the article]
- Published
- 2024
45. "Cigarette Rolling Paper System And Method Of Use" in Patent Application Approval Process (USPTO 20230148657).
- Subjects
PATENT applications ,CIGARETTES ,PATENT offices ,FLAMMABLE materials - Abstract
Patent URL (for desktop use only): https://ppubs.uspto.gov/pubwebapp/external.html?q=(20230148657)&db=US-PGPUB&type=ids Keywords for this news article include: Smoking, Patent Application, Health and Medicine. Keywords: Health and Medicine; Patent Application; Smoking EN Health and Medicine Patent Application Smoking 6974 6974 1 06/05/23 20230609 NES 230609 2023 JUN 9 (NewsRx) -- By a News Reporter-Staff News Editor at Health & Medicine Week -- A patent application by the inventors Khatibzadeh, Abdolhamid (Granada Hills, CA, US); Ramaswami, Max (Granada Hills, CA, US), filed on November 15, 2022, was made available online on May 18, 2023, according to news reporting originating from Washington, D.C., by NewsRx correspondents. A cigarette rolling paper system comprising: a cigarette paper; a mark of nicotine-infused ink incorporated along the length of the cigarette paper; and an adhesive section incorporated along an edge of the cigarette paper running along the length of the cigarette paper. [Extracted from the article]
- Published
- 2023
46. Combination of headspace single-drop microextraction (HS-SDME) with a nickel-embedded paper-based analytical device for cyanide quantification.
- Author
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Conrado, Josiele A.M., Araújo, Diele A.G., and Petruci, João Flávio da Silveira
- Subjects
- *
WATER levels , *CYANIDES , *TOBACCO smoke , *DIGITAL images , *IMAGE analysis , *SMOKING , *DETECTION limit - Abstract
Cyanide anion can be found in foodstuffs, tobacco smoke and a variety of types of waters, mainly originating from anthropogenic activities. Due to its highly toxic nature, several agencies have established limits for cyanide levels in water. Additionally, monitoring cyanide levels in biological samples, such as blood and urine, is crucial for obtaining clinical information about the health condition of patients. Therefore, there is a pressing need for the development of simple, cost-effective, and reliable analytical methods capable of quantifying cyanide at low concentrations. This study presents a novel analytical method for the selective and sensitive determination of cyanide based on analyte volatilization, pre-concentration via single-drop microextraction (SDME) using a selective reagent, and colorimetric quantification using a paper-based analytical device. For this, 10 mL of a liquid sample was acidified with phosphoric acid and the generated HCN was collected using a single drop of 3 μL of a palladium dimethylglyoximate solution (Pd (DMG) 2 2−) positioned in the flask headspace using a syringe. The reaction of Pd (DMG) 2 2− leads to the formation of Pd(CN) 4 2− and the demasking of the organic ligand. After 15 min of extraction time, the reagent drop was added to a paper-based analytical device that has been previously impregnated with 3 μL of nickel chloride, resulting in the formation of a red precipitate of nickel (II) dimethylglyoximate. Digital images of the paper-based device were captured and the red channel (R) was used for quantification purposes. Under optimized conditions, the method demonstrates a suitable linear relation (r2 > 0.99) ranging from 26 to 286 μg L−1 and a limit of detection of 5 μg L−1. As a proof of concept, cyanide levels were quantified in water and urine samples using this method. The proposed approach offers high sensitivity and selectivity while requiring only a small volume of reagents. Furthermore, it exhibits a high degree of portability for in-situ applications. A selective and sensitive method for the determination of cyanide using HS-SDEM. [Display omitted] • Cyanide in liquid samples was determined by combining HS-SDME and digital image analysis. • Colorimetric reaction is performed on a microfluidic paper-based analytical device. • The reagent is easy to prepare and highly selective for cyanide. • Under optimized conditions, a limit of detection of 5 μg L-1 was achieved. • The point-of-care device is suitable for cyanide determination in water and urine samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Curriculum and Instructional Strategies to Strengthen a Smoking Cessation Intervention Program
- Author
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Therese Burrell-Prehay
- Abstract
In a British Overseas territory, a smoking cessation program was implemented in 2014 and had not been evaluated since inception. The problem that was addressed in this study was that despite the implementation of the "I Can Quit" program, it was unknown which curriculum and instructional strategy interventions participants thought were useful in supporting smoking cessation. The purpose of this basic qualitative study was to explore the "I Can Quit" participants' perspectives on the curriculum and instructional strategies used to support the smoking cessation intervention. With Knowles's adult learning theory as the conceptual framework, participants' perspectives on the curriculum and instructional strategies used to support the smoking cessation intervention were examined. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 10 participants who met the inclusion criteria of being 18 years or older and having previously received treatment for quitting smoking in the "I Can Quit" program. Content data analysis involved open coding to identify codes, categories, and themes. The three emergent themes were as follows: (a) the strengths of the program climate, program design, and supportive staff; (b) curriculum and instructional strategies contributed to smoking cessation; and (c) additional content and teaching methods were needed to strengthen the program. The resulting project, a white paper with recommendations, was created to inform stakeholders of the study findings and recommendations for consideration. The findings may inform stakeholders about the needs for the smoking cessation program. Positive social change may result by informing stakeholders of program elements to strengthen, thereby potentially promoting smoking cessation and improving health and quality of life. [The dissertation citations contained here are published with the permission of ProQuest LLC. Further reproduction is prohibited without permission. Copies of dissertations may be obtained by Telephone (800) 1-800-521-0600. Web page: http://www.proquest.com/en-US/products/dissertations/individuals.shtml.]
- Published
- 2024
48. A comparison of smartphone and paper data-collection tools in the Burden of Obstructive Lung Disease (BOLD) study in Gezira state, Sudan
- Author
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Peter Burney, R Robinson, Kevin Mortimer, S. Bertel Squire, Asma Elsony, Rachael Thomson, Rana Ahmed, Rasmus Malmborg, Kodgule, Rahul, and Wellcome Trust
- Subjects
Male ,Rural Population ,Questionnaires ,Pulmonology ,020205 medical informatics ,Electronic data capture ,Physiology ,lcsh:Medicine ,Social Sciences ,Pilot Projects ,02 engineering and technology ,Pathology and Laboratory Medicine ,ELECTRONIC DATA CAPTURE ,Medical Records ,Sudan ,Geographical Locations ,Random Allocation ,Habits ,0302 clinical medicine ,Cohen's kappa ,Sociology ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,Smoking Habits ,Medicine and Health Sciences ,Coughing ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Electronic Health Records ,Public and Occupational Health ,030212 general & internal medicine ,lcsh:Science ,Medical History Taking ,Observer Variation ,education.field_of_study ,wa_30 ,Schools ,Multidisciplinary ,Data Collection ,Smoking ,wa_900 ,Information quality ,Middle Aged ,Socioeconomic Aspects of Health ,Obstructive lung disease ,Multidisciplinary Sciences ,Open data ,Research Design ,Science & Technology - Other Topics ,Engineering and Technology ,Female ,Smartphone ,Symptom Assessment ,wf_600 ,Research Article ,Adult ,Paper ,wa_950 ,Adolescent ,General Science & Technology ,Population ,Equipment ,Research and Analysis Methods ,Sampling Studies ,Education ,Young Adult ,03 medical and health sciences ,Signs and Symptoms ,Diagnostic Medicine ,Environmental health ,MD Multidisciplinary ,medicine ,Humans ,Lung Diseases, Obstructive ,education ,c941fbbd ,Aged ,Communication Equipment ,Behavior ,Science & Technology ,Survey Research ,Data collection ,business.industry ,lcsh:R ,Biology and Life Sciences ,medicine.disease ,Health Care ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Dyspnea ,Data quality ,People and Places ,Africa ,Feasibility Studies ,lcsh:Q ,Forms and Records Control ,Cell Phones ,Physiological Processes ,business - Abstract
Introduction \ud Data collection using paper-based questionnaires can be time consuming and return errors affect data accuracy, completeness, and information quality in health surveys. We compared smartphone and paper-based data collection systems in the Burden of Obstructive Lung Disease (BOLD) study in rural Sudan. \ud Methods \ud This exploratory pilot study was designed to run in parallel with the cross-sectional household survey. The Open Data Kit was used to programme questionnaires in Arabic into smartphones. We included 100 study participants (83% women; median age = 41.5 ± 16.4 years) from the BOLD study from 3 rural villages in East-Gezira and Kamleen localities of Gezira state, Sudan. Questionnaire data were collected using smartphone and paper-based technologies simultaneously. We used Kappa statistics and inter-rater class coefficient to test agreement between the two methods. Results Symptoms reported included cough (24%), phlegm (15%), wheezing (17%), and shortness of breath (18%). One in five were or had been cigarette smokers. The two data collection methods varied between perfect to slight agreement across the 204 variables evaluated (Kappa varied between 1.00 and 0.02 and inter-rater coefficient between 1.00 and -0.12). Errors were most commonly seen with paper questionnaires (83% of errors seen) vs smartphones (17% of errors seen) administered questionnaires with questions with complex skip-patterns being a major source of errors in paper questionnaires. Automated checks and validations in smartphone-administered questionnaires avoided skip-pattern related errors. Incomplete and inconsistent records were more likely seen on paper questionnaires. \ud Conclusion \ud Compared to paper-based data collection, smartphone technology worked well for data collection in the study, which was conducted in a challenging rural environment in Sudan. This approach provided timely, quality data with fewer errors and inconsistencies compared to paper-based data collection. We recommend this method for future BOLD studies and other population-based studies in similar settings.
- Published
- 2018
49. Researchers Submit Patent Application, "Peelable Tobacco And Method Of Using The Same", for Approval (USPTO 20230113568).
- Subjects
PATENT applications ,PATENT offices ,TOBACCO use ,CIGARETTE filters ,SMOKING - Abstract
When in use, the cylindrical cigarette is placed in the heating cavity, the tobacco and the cigarette paper are disposed in the heating cavity, and the filter rod is disposed outside the heating cavity. The cigarette paper is a poor thermal conductor, that is, the cigarette paper has very poor thermal conductivity, so it is very difficult to quickly transfer the heat generated by the heating rod to the tobacco, resulting in slow heating speed of the tobacco. After the power supply is turned on, the heating wire is energized to generate heat, and the heat generated by the heating wire is transferred to the heating cavity. [Extracted from the article]
- Published
- 2023
50. Do the indices of deprivation or smoking affect post-operative 1-year mortality in patients undergoing a craniotomy for a brain tumour in a public healthcare system?
- Author
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Maye H, Balogun J, Waqar M, Heal C, McSorley N, D'Urso P, Coope D, Bailey M, and Karabatsou K
- Subjects
- Humans, Male, Retrospective Studies, Delivery of Health Care, Craniotomy adverse effects, Risk Factors, Smoking adverse effects, Smoking epidemiology, Brain Neoplasms surgery
- Abstract
Objective: We sought to determine the 1-year survival following craniotomy for tumour resection in a public healthcare system and analyse the effect of indices of multiple deprivation (IMD) as well as smoking, alcohol, BMI, ASA grade and medical co-morbidities on post-operative morbidity and mortality., Methods: This is a retrospective, single-centre study in a high volume neurosurgical centre, over a 2-year period. All patients undergoing a craniotomy for a brain tumour were included. Data was collected from the neuro-oncology database and electronic patient records. Individual patient IMD data was obtained using their postcode from a national government database. Each English postcode being ranked from 1 to 32,844, with 1 being the most deprived and 32,844 the most affluent. Descriptive results are described along with further data analysis using multiple linear and logistic regression analyses., Results: 630 patients underwent an elective or urgent craniotomy for tumour. 10% of all patients underwent urgent surgery. 68% (95% CI: 64 to 71%) survived at least 1-year post-surgery. Our study found that social deprivation (IMD postcode rank) was not associated with mortality at 1 year after adjusting for potential confounding factors. Those from decile 1 had the lowest risk of death at 12 months for all tumour types (p = 0.0070). Previous smokers carried an increased risk of death at 12 months when compared with people who had never smoked RR 1.40 CI 1.10-1.78 (p = 0.006) but this risk was not evident in current smokers RR 0.92 CI 0.65-1.31 (p = 0.64). Increasing age and male gender were also found to be associated with higher mortality at 1 year (p = < 0.001)., Conclusions: In the UK despite the discrepancy in the health of the general population between the north and south, social deprivation does not appear to be detrimental to neurooncological outcomes although smoking status, advancing age and male sex are., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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