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Remotely controlled self‐propelled optically‐driven actuators are increasingly attractive for sensing and robotic applications. However, complexities in material synthesis, multifunctionality, dynamic response, and the response rate limit their use for wide‐ranging application. This work uses a simple and efficient spraying method to prepare optically‐driven actuators based on TiN@PDMS‐PVDF (TiN@polydimethylsiloxane‐polyvinylidene difluoride) papers. The actuator exhibits stable superhydrophobicity for photothermal heating and corrosive solutions with a contact angle and sliding angle of 169.9° and 2.3°, respectively. The superhydrophobic actuators exhibit an efficient photothermal conversion aided by a very high optical absorption of the material approaching 97%. The optically‐driven actuator based on the TiN@PDMS‐PVDF paper exhibit a fast response and movement on the water surface. A 1.5 W cm−2 laser‐driven actuator yields a response time of 0.84 s, with its linear velocity approaching 10.1 mm s−1. The multifunctional optical‐driven actuators can easily perform operations such as linear and rotational motion optically engineered to avoid obstacles, transport cargo, and clean oil over a water surface. These fast, multifunctional, superhydrophobic actuators have bright prospects in many fields, such as bioengineering, environmental protection, and micro‐robots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses Helmedag's article concerning Faustmann's formula (Helmedag in Eur J For Res, 2018. 10.1007/s10342-018-1101-8). He computed the present value of a fully regulated forest, including standing timber and theoretical land values. He showed that the optimal rotation in a fully regulated forest would always be the one that maximized the sustainable forest net revenues. Helmedag concluded that the discount rate would have no significance for the optimal rotation in a fully regulated forest, while his solution would still fulfil the optimality condition implied by Faustmann's formula. Here, we refute this assertion. In fact, the assumption of a fully regulated forest has no impact on the optimal rotation period, or may even reduce it. We illustrate this by appropriately considering the actual costs of achieving a fully regulated forest with altered rotation. One must not ignore the alterations of the financial flows when changing the underlying rotation age in an established fully regulated forest. When the opportunity costs of the transition period are included, the optimal rotation becomes the same as that of a single even-aged forest, or shorter, depending on the transition regime. Under the optimal transition regime, the diminishing marginal rate of return for extending the rotation period in a fully regulated forest matches the discount rate, when we achieve the Faustmann rotation. We conclude that the optimal rotation period is independent of the status as fully regulated forest, provided efficient harvest operations during the transition period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When a liquid droplet is placed on a sufficiently hot surface, it will be levitated by the vapor cushion between the droplet and the hot surface due to the Leidenfrost effect. Such Leidenfrost-based levitation can greatly reduce friction and thus offers a promising approach for low-friction devices. In this work, we demonstrated a self-propelled rotational Leidenfrost rotor made of wet paper with asymmetric mass distribution. The rotor has shown the capability of reaching angular velocities of more than 30 rad/s and prolonged the rotation duration through refueling with water. We experimentally investigated the influence of mass repartition and substrate heating temperature on the rotation behavior of the rotor. It was found that both the initial acceleration and the maximum angular velocity increase with the increasing mass ratio of the connector over the evaporator within the rotor and the substrate heating temperature. A theoretical model was proposed to simulate the trend, and the simulated results are in good agreement with the experimental results. The paper-based Leidenfrost rotor provides an alternative way to utilize the Leidenfrost effect for exploring self-propelled movement and relevant applications such as surface cleaning and rotary heat engines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to overcome the shortcomings of traditional agricultural cultivator opener, this paper combines digital drawing technology and digitisation to analyse the structure of cultivator opener, improves the structure of traditional cultivator opener, establishes a mathematical model of the transmission mechanism, and determines the relationship between various parameters. Furthermore, this paper differentiates the ideal motion trajectory, calculates the length of each rod through the iterative trajectory coordinates, optimises and improves the structure of the entire cultivator opener, and combines the simulation method to draw the structure. In order to verify the improvement effect of the cultivator opener, this paper uses the quadratic orthogonal rotation regression test to improve the structure of the cultivator opener designed and improved in this paper. From the experimental research, it can be seen that the cultivator opener designed in this paper can improve the uniformity of seeding depth, reduce soil disturbance, and enhance the compactness of the seedbed soil, which provides a reference for the design of the cultivator opener. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eyewear displays have been gradually adopted in entertainment, industrial, and medical applications. The optical performance and image quality of the eyewear displays are required to be precisely evaluated and quantified. This challenges the conventional light measuring devices since the displays are viewed in an immersed environment and at a much closer viewing distance from the display to the eye. In eyewear display, measurement within the eye box and the LMD to mimic the eyeball movement is the first step to ensure an accurate measurement. This paper explained the difference of eyeball location in LMD measurement. The comparison between the eye pupil center and eyeball rotation center which are currently included in the IEC 63145 series standards is discussed. We experimented with the setups in the measurement system and set eye rotation at the pupil and at the eyeball center for contrast ratio and Michelson contrast. The experimental results were discussed to understand the differences between eye pupil center rotation and eyeball center rotation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

V.M. Fedorov has published comments regarding my paper on the new astronomical theory of climate change developed by us and the appendix to it. In this paper, I disagree with his objections and briefly substantiate my disagreement. The new theory is based on solving problems of the evolution of orbital and rotational motions of the Earth under the influence of the Sun, planets, and the Moon. All components of the theory have been published, and the methods, programs, and calculation data are freely available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides an overview of several secure boot architectures with a focus on key rotation. It expands on a practitioner note that the authors submitted to the 2023 IEEE Secure Development Conference. Key rotation is important due to the frequency of lost signing keys and the difficulty of managing secret keys for the long lifetimes of Industrial Internet of Things (IIOT) devices. Key rotation is not simple for IIOT due to limited resources during a secure boot process and the constraints of the firmware utilities that come from the chip vendors. This paper reviews and compares five common architectures for a secure boot that are seen across the IIOT community. For each architecture, it provides some key strengths and weaknesses associated with that architecture. The paper then provides a detailed comparison and analysis of the architectures to convince the IIOT community to move towards a strong use of certificates (instead of the traditional use of raw public keys). The intent of this paper is to provide a practitioner's perspective on these challenges and the tradeoffs in hopes of inviting comments from chip vendors and the broader community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of self-ligating brackets is becoming increasingly popular in modern orthodontic practice. However, one of the major downsides of self-ligating brackets is the lack of rotational control, which is typically achieved using rotation wedges in conventional brackets but is not possible with self-ligating brackets. The paper highlights two techniques for achieving rotational control with self-ligating brackets. The first technique involves using a flowable composite to create a wedge effect within the bracket, while the second method utilizes a Chewie to correct rotation. The paper describes effective and time-saving techniques for achieving rotational control with self-ligating brackets, which can make them more appealing to orthodontists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing prominence of autonomous vehicles underscores the critical need for precise and prompt lane detection to ensure safe and reliable transportation. This paper aims to enhance autonomous vehicle performance by developing an advanced real-time lane detection system using the YOLOV5 Segmentation Large Model. The methodology utilises LabelMe for dataset annotation and employs rigorous pre-processing techniques such as resizing, augmentation, noise addition, greyscale conversion, enhanced exploration size, and image rotation. YOLOv5 architecture is extensively employed for in-lane instance segmentation. The proposed model achieves high performance with a pixel accuracy of 89%, a processing speed of 48 frames per second, and mAP@0.5 scores of 0.885 for the bounding box and 0.731 for the mask. These results demonstrate the model's effectiveness in various conditions. This paper introduces an innovative approach to autonomous vehicle lane detection, leveraging the YOLOV5 Segmentation Large Model for unparalleled precision and recall rates. This paper makes a significant contribution to the advancement of autonomous vehicle technology, emphasising the critical role of reliable and timely lane detection in strengthening the dependability and safety of transportation systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jim Watson passed away on December 18, 2020. Here I choose 3 papers of his which I find most inspiring along with several related papers. I read them more than 50 years ago but my surprise and excitement are still vivid. They are all single author papers, beautiful and original and are so complete that nothing is left to be done. I also briefly write about his two classic reviews and his work on the H 3 + spectrum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper series aims to establish a complete correspondence between fine-grained (FG) and coarse-grained (CG) dynamics by way of excess entropy scaling (introduced in Paper I). While Paper II successfully captured translational motions in CG systems using a hard sphere mapping, the absence of rotational motions in single-site CG models introduces differences between FG and CG dynamics. In this third paper, our objective is to faithfully recover atomistic diffusion coefficients from CG dynamics by incorporating rotational dynamics. By extracting FG rotational diffusion, we unravel, for the first time reported to our knowledge, a universality in excess entropy scaling between the rotational and translational diffusion. Once the missing rotational dynamics are integrated into the CG translational dynamics, an effective translation-rotation coupling becomes essential. We propose two different approaches for estimating this coupling parameter: the rough hard sphere theory with acentric factor (temperature-independent) or the rough Lennard-Jones model with CG attractions (temperature-dependent). Altogether, we demonstrate that FG diffusion coefficients can be recovered from CG diffusion coefficients by (1) incorporating "entropy-free" rotational diffusion with translation-rotation coupling and (2) recapturing the missing entropy. Our findings shed light on the fundamental relationship between FG and CG dynamics in molecular fluids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multi-axial real-time hybrid simulation (maRTHS) uses multiple hydraulic actuators to apply loads and deform experimental substructures, enacting both translational and rotational motion. This allows for an increased level of realism in seismic testing. However, this also demands the implementation of multiple-input, multiple-output control strategies with complex nonlinear behaviors. To realize true real-time hybrid simulation at the necessary sub- millisecond timescales, computational platforms will need to support these complexities at scale, while still providing deadline assurance. This paper presents initial work towards supporting (and is influenced by the need for) envisioned larger-scale future experiments based on the current maRTHS benchmark: it discusses aspects of hardware, operating system kernels, runtime middleware, and scheduling theory that may be leveraged or developed to meet those goals. This work aims to create new concurrency platforms capable of managing task scheduling and adaptive event handling for computationally intensive numerical simulation and control models like those for the maRTHS benchmark problem. These should support real-time behavior at millisecond timescales, even for large complex structures with thousands of degrees of freedom. Temporal guarantees should be maintained across behavioral and computational mode changes, e.g., linear to nonlinear control. Pursuant to this goal, preliminary scalability analysis is conducted towards designing future maRTHS experiments. The results demonstrate that the increased capabilities of modern hardware architectures are able to handle larger finite element models compared to prior work, while imposing the same latency constraints. However, the results also illustrate a subtle challenge: with larger numbers of CPU cores, thread coordination incurs more overhead. These results provide insight into the computational requirements to support envisioned future experiments that will take the maRTHS benchmark problem to nine stories and beyond in scale. In particular, this paper (1) re-evaluates scalability of prior work on current platform hardware, and (2) assesses the resource demands of a basic smaller scale model from which to gauge the projected scalability of the new maRTHS benchmark as ever larger and more complex models are integrated within it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the reading efficiency of pointer meter, this paper proposes a reading method based on LinkNet. Firstly, the meter dial area is detected using YOLOv8. Subsequently, the detected images are fed into the improved LinkNet segmentation network. In this network, we replace traditional convolution with partial convolution, which reduces the number of model parameters while ensuring accuracy is not affected. Remove one pair of encoding and decoding modules to further compress the model size. In the feature fusion part of the model, the CBAM (Convolutional Block Attention Module) attention module is added and the direct summing operation is replaced by the AFF (Attention Feature Fusion) module, which enhances the feature extraction capability of the model for the segmented target. In the subsequent rotation correction section, this paper effectively addresses the issue of inaccurate prediction by CNN networks for axisymmetric images within the 0–360° range, by dividing the rotation angle prediction into classification and regression steps. It ensures that the final reading part receives the correct angle of image input, thereby improving the accuracy of the overall reading algorithm. The final experimental results indicate that our proposed reading method has a mean absolute error of 0.20 and a frame rate of 15. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• RGHC generated intense shear rates and a violent form of developed cavitation. • The RGHC is successful at refining pulp with the usual consistency of 3%. • The physical properties of produced paper sheets were similar to newsprint paper. • Cavitation proved to be more economical in comparison to a Valley beater. Refining of cellulose pulp is a critical step in obtaining high quality paper characteristics, however, this process is slow and costly especially for refining longer conifer fibers which are the preferred source for high quality paper production and give the paper its strength. In this study, we have applied a novel rotation generator of hydrodynamic cavitation for refining conifer rich pulp samples. Our results show that the device is capable of generating intense shear forces and multiple zones of developed cavitation and is successful in increasing the drainage rate of high consistency pulp (3%). The paper produced by means of the obtained pulp has higher quality because of its higher tensile index (50.5 kN m kg−1) and burst index (3 kPa m2 g−1). These physical parameters were sufficient for newsprint paper and other paper/board quality manufacture. In addition, this laboratory scale rotation generator proved to be economically efficient in comparison to the routinely employed laboratory beaters. To our knowledge, this is the first example of using hydrodynamic cavitation for the refinement of softwood fiber pulp of standard industrial consistencies (3%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the problem of fault diagnosis in rotating systems by monitoring and analysis of their vibration signals. To tackle the prevalent challenges posed by the scarcity of high-quality labelled data and the complexity of models in the context of intelligent fault diagnosis for edge computing deployments, this research introduces a lightweight unsupervised deep representation method for edge-side fault detection. By leveraging manifold learning, this approach places a strong emphasis on unsupervised learning and model compactness. Firstly, the approach utilises the non-linear fitting capabilities of deep learning to implement manifold learning’s dimensionality reduction, which can efficiently extract structured relationships from high-dimensional data, enabling rapid mapping of unlabelled samples to a lower-dimensional space. Then, the proposed method includes a clustering algorithm to refine the model’s accuracy by correcting pseudo-labels near category centres, reducing intra-class distances and enhancing low-dimensional clustering. Finally, the model employs the isolation forest (iForest) algorithm for the rapid identification of both known and novel fault types at the edge, an innovative step in fault detection technology. Experiments on an open-source dataset and a real-world fault dataset collected by a customised test-rig indicate that the model proves effective in complex scenarios involving unlabelled data, sample imbalances and emerging fault categories. Its success underscores its significant potential for real-time online fault diagnosis in industrial environments, marking a substantial advancement in the field of intelligent fault identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To address the control challenges posed by increasingly complex mission scenarios, this paper aims to develop an advanced formation control and obstacle avoidance strategy for autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) in SE(3). This study establishes a dynamic model for fully actuated AUVs and designs a consensus-based formation control strategy to achieve coordinated movement. Motivated by limitations of existing obstacle avoidance strategies such as local minima issues and mutual interference between formation members in high-density environments, this paper introduces a novel gyroscopic force-based obstacle avoidance method. The proposed approach leverages the principles of rotation and angular momentum conservation to enable effective obstacle avoidance while maintaining formation integrity. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology in achieving robust formation control and collision avoidance under challenging conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a recent paper, black holes were viewed as topological thermodynamic defects using generalized off-shell free energy. The aforementioned work indicates that all black hole solutions in the pure Einstein–Maxwell gravity theory could be classified into three different topological classes for four and higher spacetime dimensions. In this paper, we investigate the topological number of BTZ black holes in distinct theories with different charges (Q) and rotational parameters (J) . Using generalized free energy and Duan's ϕ -mapping topological current theory, we found only two topological classes for BTZ spacetime. Particularly, for a BTZ black hole with rotation or in the Einstein–Power–Maxwell theory, there is only one zero point and the total topological number is 1. While for a BTZ black hole in new massive gravity, the global topological charge depends on the value of the specific parameter m, which provides a counter-example for the conjecture that the topological number is independent of the black hole's parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a magnetically frequency modulated piezoelectric energy harvester (MFPEH) for ultra-low-frequency wave motion is proposed. The MFPEH employs multiple sets of magnets coupled to achieve optimal electrical output at ultra-low-frequency excitation (<2 Hz). A straight rack and pinion drive converts the vertical motion of the float into rotational motion, and magnets on the rotor provide excitation to the piezoelectric cantilever. As a result, the MFPEH converts random wave motion into steady rotational motion. The MFPEH uses a rational combination of multiple sets of magnets and frequency modulation by magnetic coupling, which greatly improves the output performance. This paper describes the key factors affecting the output performance of MFPEH. An experimental system simulating a wave environment is designed and constructed. Under the most effective experimental parameters, the MFPEH achieves an optimal power of 32.76 mW. In a real wave environment, the MFPEH was able to illuminate 85 LEDs and power a thermohygrometer for normal operation. These results validate the potential of the MFPEH to power small electronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a novel three-degree-of-freedom piezoelectric-driven micro-positioning platform based on a lever combination compound bridge-type displacement amplification mechanism is proposed. The micro-positioning platform proposed in this paper aims to solve the current problem of the large size and small travel of the three-degree-of-freedom piezoelectric-driven micro-positioning platform. In this paper, a lever combination compound bridge-type displacement amplification mechanism combined with a new biaxial flexible hinge is proposed, the structural dimensions of the lever mechanism and the compound bridge mechanism are optimized, and the amplification multiplier is determined. The maximum output simulation analysis of the micro-positioning platform is carried out by using ANSYS, and the experimental test system is built for verification. The validation results show that the maximum errors between simulation and experiment in the z-direction, rotation direction around x, and rotation direction around y are 64 μm, 0.016°, and 0.038°, respectively, and the corresponding maximum relative errors are 5.6%, 2.4%, and 6.6%, respectively, which proves the feasibility of the theoretical design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: As a new type of spinning machine, the jet spinning machine absorbs the carding system of the rotating cup spinning series and the nozzle part of the jet spinning. This paper aims to intends to introduce the double carding structure currently studied by the rotating cup spinning into the jet spinning machine, and analyze the influence of the nozzle characteristic number on the flow field in the double carding structure to verify the advantages of the double carding structure. Design/methodology/approach: The simulation is used to evaluate the performance of single/double split jet spinning and nozzle feature number, verify the technical advantages of double split jet spinning and evaluate the influence of nozzle feature number on flow field. The influence of the nozzle characteristic number on the flow pattern in the four models is compared. The advantages and disadvantages of a conventional single comb and a double comb with a bypass channel on the longer side of the transport channel as an additional air supply channel are also evaluated. Findings: At present, the double comb technology of rotary cup spinning is being studied at home and abroad to improve the spinning quality and improve the difficult problem of mixed yarn with large difference in processing fiber properties. At present, the jet spinning machine combines the advantages of rotary cup spinning and jet spinning, absorbing the comb system of rotary cup spinning series and the nozzle part of jet spinning. Therefore, it is found that the introduction of the double-split structure into the wool jet spinning has research value to improve the spinning quality. Originality/value: The purpose of this paper is to refer to the previous research on the double comb structure in rotary spinning, and to apply the double comb structure in the new jet spinning machine to improve the spinning quality. The simulation is used to evaluate the performance of single/double split jet spinning and nozzle feature number, verify the technical advantages of double split jet spinning and evaluate the influence of nozzle feature number on flow field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes the double-endplates replaceable beam-column joint (DEBJ) based on the seismic design concept of replaceable beam. Compared to the common extended endplate bolted joint (CEBJ), the DEBJ is easy to be connected and replaced after earthquakes, and it can achieve plastic hinge outward movement in steel frame. Due to double endplates and different failure modes, the current moment-rotation models for CEBJ cannot be used for DEBJ. Therefore, based on the classical model used for traditional endplate joints, a theoretical moment-rotation model for DEBJ is developed, and the calculation methods on ultimate bending moment and initial rotational stiffness are deduced. A parametric study is performed for DEBJ based on a test-validated finite element (FE) model developed in this paper. The predicted moment-rotation curves calculated from proposed theoretical model is validated by the experimental results on endplate joints and FE results on DEBJ. The results show that the established theoretical model proposed in this paper can predict the moment-rotation relation curves of DEBJ and the common extended endplate bolted joint (CEBJ) accurately, the predicted results by established theoretical model are in good agreement with experimental and FE results according to the comparison. It is revealed that the established model has universality to some extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Measurement of the cervical range of motion (CROM) is significant for early diagnosis of cervical spondylosis and determination of the severity of the disease. Aiming at the problem of convenient and continuous measurement of CROM and the reduction of the impact of data fluctuations, this paper proposes a low‐cost method for testing and analyzing CROM. This paper analyzes the correspondence between smartphone orientation sensor angle and CROM, obtains smartphone orientation sensing data, and uses the extreme‐point symmetric mode decomposition method by calculating the energy of the difference value to extract the adaptive global mean curve of the CROM data, and calculates the cervical ROM. The statistical analysis of the CROM test results is carried out. Results show that the method proposed can obtain the CROM including flexion and extension, lateral flexion, and rotation in a single measurement, which has the advantages of continuous measurement and low cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new beam finite element for non-prismatic (tapered and curved) beams with thin rectangular cross-section ("strip" beams) is proposed in this paper. The element is geometrically exact and constitutes the extension, to the large 3D displacement and rotation setting, of those proposed by the author for the 2D [R. Gonçalves, Int. J. Struct. Stab. Dyn. 23 (2022) 2350037] and linearized lateral-torsional buckling [R. Gonçalves, Int. J. Struct. Stab. Dyn. 23(12) (2023) 2350139] cases. The element incorporates torsion-related warping, as well as arbitrary mid-line warping, and allows nonlinear tapered geometries, arbitrary initially curved configurations (including pre-twist) and eccentric loads (loads offset from the centroid). All expressions required to implement the proposed element are given in a straightforward vector/matrix format. Several numerical tests are presented to show that the element has a very good predictive capability and a low computational cost, when compared with solutions obtained with refined shell finite element meshes, even for members with a high taper ratio and initial curvature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents theoretical notions with practical applications for establishing the lifetime of a dental bur (durability and reliability) based on the wear of the active part and considering a series of statistical indicators. To justify applying theoretical notions in practice, a conical–cylindrical dental bur is studied experimentally to obtain a series of data of the work process necessary for statistical calculation. The parameter taken into consideration in this paper is mass lost through the wear of the dental bur active part, based on testing. This is useful for dental bur lifetime establishment and its extension or even optimization in operation. The loss of mass of the dental bur active part is analyzed in the work process using the results and experimental data obtained and validated by statistical–mathematical numerical calculation. The numerical calculation approximates the mass lost through wear at different rotation speeds and operation times, and based on a comparison with the experimentally determined ones, the lifetime was established. The results show that the dental bur works with high yield in the first 20 h of work, after which it should be replaced with a new one. Theoretically, the studied dental bur can work over 21 h. Practically, it can work up to 18 h without major risk of failure, but the lifetime can be extended up to 20 h, at which point the failure risk can reach 10% and it is recommended to replace the bur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid launching is a crucial technology for the digitalization and regularization of space transportation systems. This paper focuses on the fast trajectory prediction of the launch-vehicle boost phase. A high-precision and high-efficiency analytical solution of the whole boost phase dynamics model of the rocket is obtained by adopting one of the regular perturbation methods called the state-space perturbation method in the launch rotated coordinate system. An analytical framework known as the perturbation expansion framework is proposed by first figuring out the correlation with the state variables/independent variables and then performing the approximate expansion. This framework can successfully address the issue of analytically solving the transfer matrix and integral term caused by the coupling and time-varying properties among state variables of the affine equations of the boost phase. The analytical solution developed in this paper has great fidelity and takes into account the combined effects of various factors, including thrust, aerodynamic force, Earth's gravity, oblateness, and rotation. It can serve as a theoretical guide for the rapid launch requirements and iterative design processes for early rocket demonstrations in engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Faults in rotating systems can cause significant damage to the machinery and can result in downtime and production losses. Hence, the timely detection and diagnosis of faults are very important for the smooth running of machines and the assurance of their safety and reliability. In view of this, a review of the literature has been presented in the article on the types of additive faults and their identification using conventional signal-based techniques and automated artificial intelligence techniques. Through a literature survey, the faulty rigid and flexible rotor systems mounted on rolling element bearings, hydrodynamic bearings, and active magnetic bearings have been studied. The faults incorporated in this article are the additive fault types, in which the process is affected by adding process variables. The rotor unbalances, shaft or bearing misalignment, crack, internal damping, bow in the shaft, rotor-to-stator rub, and mechanical looseness are the classifications of additive faults. Additionally, understanding the rotor response through theoretical and experimental investigations influenced by the additive faults and its detection and diagnosis using vibration and current-induced signals is extremely important, and therefore the present paper briefly discusses this. Following the state of the art in the dynamic analysis and identification of multiple hazardous faults, the general remarks and future directions for further research have been suggested at the end of this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a design, model, and comparative analysis of two internal MEMS vibrating ring gyroscopes for harsh environmental conditions. The proposed design investigates the symmetric structure of the vibrating ring gyroscopes that operate at the identical shape of wine glass mode resonance frequencies for both driving and sensing purposes. This approach improves the gyroscope's sensitivity and precision in rotational motion. The analysis starts with an investigation of the dynamic behaviour of the vibrating ring gyroscope with the detailed derivation of motion equations. The design geometry, meshing technology, and simulation results were comprehensively evaluated on two internal vibrating ring gyroscopes. The two designs are distinguished by their support spring configurations and internal ring structures. Design I consists of eight semicircular support springs and Design II consists of sixteen semicircular support springs. These designs were modelled and analyzed using finite element analysis (FEA) in Ansys 2023 R1 software. This paper further evaluates static and dynamic performance, emphasizing mode matching and temperature stability. The results reveal that Design II, with additional support springs, offers better mode matching, higher resonance frequencies, and better thermal stability compared to Design I. Additionally, electrostatic, modal, and harmonic analyses highlight the gyroscope's behaviour under varying DC voltages and environmental conditions. Furthermore, this study investigates the impact of temperature fluctuations on performance, demonstrating the robustness of the designs within a temperature range from −100 °C to 100 °C. These research findings suggest that the internal vibrating ring gyroscopes are highly suitable for harsh conditions such as high temperature and space applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the problems of valve-turning operation in rescue environments where a wheeled mobile manipulator (WMM) is employed, including the possible occurrence of large internal forces. Rather than attempting to obtain the exact position of the valve, this paper presents a solution to two main problems in robotic valve-turning operations: the radial position deviation between the rotation axes of the tool and the valve handle, which may cause large radial forces, and the possible axial displacement of the valve handle as the valve turns, which may lead to large axial forces. For the former problem, we designed a compliant end-effector with a tolerance of approximately 3.5° (angle) and 9.7 mm (position), and provided a hybrid passive/active compliance method. For the latter problem, a passivity-based force tracking algorithm was employed. Combining the custom-built compliant end-effector and the passivity-based control method can significantly reduce both the radial and the axial forces. Additionally, for valves with different installation types and WMMs with different configurations, we analyzed the minimum required number of actuators for valve turning. Simulation and experimental results are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The vibration signals of rolling bearings under variable speed conditions exhibit time‐varying, nonstationary, and nonlinear characteristics, making it challenging to extract fault features. A fast path optimization‐based multitime‐frequency ridge extraction (FPOMRE) method is proposed in this paper to address the problem. First, the time‐frequency representation of the fault signal is obtained through the adaptive short‐time Fourier transform (STFT), and then the FPOMRE algorithm is used to extract additional ridges below the lowest time‐frequency ridge multiple times. The frequency ratio of each ridge to the additional ridge, the average value of the ratio, and the variance of the ratio are calculated, respectively, and finally, the matching degree between the average ratio and the fault feature coefficient is compared with the diagnosis of the bearing fault. The simulation and experimental results show that the FPOMRE method can effectively diagnose the bearing fault under constant speed and variable speed conditions, and the extraction accuracy of time‐frequency ridges under constant speed is higher than that under variable speed, and the extraction accuracy under high speed is higher than that under low speed. The relative error of extracting rotation frequency under constant speed and variable speed is 0.5% and 1.3%, respectively. In addition, comparing the FPOMRE with the maximum amplitude method (MAM), both FPOMRE and MAM can effectively extract the instantaneous shaft rotation frequency at a constant speed. However, under variable speed conditions, the ridge extracted by FPOMRE has a higher accuracy and lower average processing time than that extracted by MAM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the design of a two-degree-of-freedom (2-DOF) pseudo-force presentation device for a palm. The device was designed to present pressure stimulation to a palm to invoke a pseudo-force sensation. In addition, the stimulator can rotate to invoke a pseudo-torque sensation through tangential skin stretch in the proximal/distal direction. Whereas the previous devices used for pseudo-force presentation on a palm utilized voice coil motors (VCM) to generate pressure, the developed device uses a DC gear motor, cam, and lever, which comprise a series elastic actuator (SEA). Although the mechanism's response is slower than the VCM-based device's, it can realize lower power consumption when generating constant force. The paper discusses the design requirement to provide sufficient pseudo-force sensation. Then, a prototype device was evaluated, which satisfied the requirements regarding size, weight, force, and stroke. The device was utilized in a human-subject experiment to investigate the effect of tangential skin stretch along the proximal/distal direction on a palm. The results showed that the stimulation can invoke the feeling of rotation, or pseudo-torque sensation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Computer visualization can intuitively reflect the process and results of crustal deformation. In this paper, taking into account the intraplate deformation, combined with computer visualization technology, using robust estimation method that can identify data with high collapse pollution rate, combined with the overall rotation and linear strain model (RELSM) that describes block movement, the GPS observation velocity field data of the Chinese Mainland tectonic environment monitoring network located in Ordos and its adjacent areas are screened, and the strain data are calculated to generate visual images for analysis. The results show that the method proposed in this paper can effectively consider the smoothness of internal plate deformation and the differences in local structures, suppress gross errors, and obtain good velocity field fitting results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a visual compass method utilizing global features, specifically spherical moments. One of the primary challenges faced by photometric methods employing global features is the variation in the image caused by the appearance and disappearance of regions within the camera's field of view as it moves. Additionally, modeling the impact of translational motion on the values of global features poses a significant challenge, as it is dependent on scene depths, particularly for non-planar scenes. To address these issues, this paper combines the utilization of image masks to mitigate abrupt changes in global feature values and the application of neural networks to tackle the modeling challenge posed by translational motion. By employing masks at various locations within the image, multiple estimations of rotation corresponding to the motion of each selected region can be obtained. Our contribution lies in offering a rapid method for implementing numerous masks on the image with real-time inference speed, rendering it suitable for embedded robot applications. Extensive experiments have been conducted on both real-world and synthetic datasets generated using Blender. The results obtained validate the accuracy, robustness, and real-time performance of the proposed method compared to a state-of-the-art method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to analyze the relay action process from an imaging perspective and further investigate the bounce phenomenon of relay contacts during the contact process, this paper utilizes a high-speed shooting platform to capture images of relay action. In light of the situation where the stationary contact in the image is inclined and continuously changing, a rotation template matching algorithm based on adaptive weight is proposed. The algorithm identifies and obtains the inclination angle of the stationary contact, enabling the study of the relay contact bounce process. By extracting contact bounce distance data from the images, a bounce process curve is plotted. Combined with the analysis of the contact bounce process, the reasons for the bounce are explored. The results indicate that the proposed rotation template matching algorithm can accurately identify stationary contacts and their angles at different angles. By analyzing the contact status and bounce process of the relay contacts in conjunction with the relay structure, parameters such as the bounce time, bounce height, and time required to reach the maximum distance can be calculated. Additionally, the main reason for contact bounce in the relay studied in this paper is the limitation imposed on the continued movement of the stationary contact by the presence of the relay brackets when the kinetic energy of the contact is too high. This phenomenon occurs during the first vibration peak in the vibration process after the moving contact contacts the stationary contact. The research results provide a reference for further studying the relay contact bounce process, optimizing relay structure, and suppressing contact bounce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the paper "Vintage Factor Analysis with Varimax Performs Statistical Inference" by Rohe & Zeng, which examines the use of PCA with the Varimax rotation in fitting semiparametric factor models. The author congratulates the authors on their work and raises some questions and suggestions for clarification and potential extensions. They inquire about the applicability of the proposed technique to other rotation methods, the interpretability of components from orthogonal rotation, the selection of factors to retain, and the implications of nonnormal conditions on factor analysis. The author also raises the possibility of using more robust PCA methods and capturing tail behavior in the data. [Extracted from the article]

Biased and accelerated molecular simulations (BAMS) are widely used tools to observe relevant molecular phenomena occurring on time scales inaccessible to standard molecular dynamics, but evaluation of the physical time scales involved in the processes is not directly possible from them. For this reason, the problem of recovering dynamics from such kinds of simulations is the object of very active research due to the relevant theoretical and practical implications of dynamics on the properties of both natural and synthetic molecular systems. In a recent paper [A. Rapallo et al., J. Comput. Chem. 42, 586–599 (2021)], it has been shown how the coupling of BAMS (which destroys the dynamics but allows to calculate average properties) with Extended Diffusion Theory (EDT) (which requires input appropriate equilibrium averages calculated over the BAMS trajectories) allows to effectively use the Smoluchowski equation to calculate the orientational time correlation function of the head–tail unit vector defined over a peptide in water solution. Orientational relaxation of this vector is the result of the coupling of internal molecular motions with overall molecular rotation, and it was very well described by correlation functions expressed in terms of weighted sums of suitable time-exponentially decaying functions, in agreement with a Brownian diffusive regime. However, situations occur where exponentially decaying functions are no longer appropriate to capture the actual dynamical behavior, which exhibits persistent long time correlations, compatible with the so called subdiffusive regimes. In this paper, a generalization of EDT will be given, exploiting a fractional Smoluchowski equation (FEDT) to capture the non-exponential character observed in the relaxation of intramolecular distances and molecular radius of gyration, whose dynamics depend on internal molecular motions only. The calculation methods, proper to EDT, are adapted to implement the generalization of the theory, and the resulting algorithm confirms FEDT as a tool of practical value in recovering dynamics from BAMS, to be used in general situations, involving both regular and anomalous diffusion regimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following research paper conducts a comprehensive analysis into the intricate dynamics governing the relationship between Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and International Trade, with a specific focus on the Western Balkan Countries-6 (WB-6). This research spans the period from 2000 to 2020 and seeks to shed light on the interplay between FDI and International Trade within this region. To analyse and interpret these dynamics, various regression models, including Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), Fixed Effects, Random Effects, and the Hausman-Taylor model, are employed as analytical tools. Moreover, the research takes into consideration the influence of specific institutional factors within each country, which play a pivotal role in shaping foreign investors' decisions to invest in a particular country. The study's results reveal that gravity factors, in conjunction with institutional determinants such as economic integration, control of corruption, political stability, and other indicators of governance quality, significantly impact the attractiveness of the WB-6 countries to foreign investors. The findings of this paper hold substantial relevance for the development of an analytical framework aimed at evaluating national policies and institutions geared towards enhancing the appeal of Western Balkan countries to foreign investors. Furthermore, the research underscores the importance of these host countries prioritizing efforts to bolster the effectiveness of governmental institutions, combat corruption, streamline bureaucratic processes, and improve overall economic conditions to attract and retain foreign investment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an analytical solution for a complex mechanical system consisting of a pendulum with a rolling wheel, which combines translational and rotational motion. The system's dynamics are described by a set of coupled differential equations that are challenging to solve analytically using traditional methods. To overcome this challenge, the variation iteration method (VIM) is employed to derive an analytical solution. VIM is a powerful technique that allows for the approximate solution of differential equations by constructing a series solution iteratively. The Lagrange multiplier, a crucial component in the solution process, is determined for the first time using the Elzaki transformation. Interestingly, the Lagrange multiplier obtained through the Elzaki transformation matches the result obtained from Laplace transformation, which is a fundamental finding of this paper. Also we compared its results with the by employing the VIM and the derived Lagrange multiplier, a comprehensive analytical solution for the complex pendulum with a rolling wheel system is obtained. The solution provides insights into the system's behavior, such as the oscillation amplitudes, angular velocities and other relevant dynamic parameters. The proposed approach demonstrates the efficacy of the VIM in tackling complex mechanical systems and showcases the equivalence between the Lagrange multiplier derived through Elzaki transformation and the well-established Laplace transformation. The results obtained from this study contribute to the understanding and analysis of coupled translational and rotational systems, providing a valuable tool for researchers and engineers working in the field of mechanical dynamics. Sketches are made of the phase portraits close to the equilibrium points. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the paper, the modulation effect of rotor-stator interaction subjected to fluctuating rotation speed is investigated numerically. A quasi-bivariate variable mode decomposition method for analyzing non-stationary flow fields is proposed for the first time. Different from the previous studies, this paper emphasizes the local features of the transient flow field at fluctuating rotation speed. The results show that the impact of fluctuating rotation speed on the impeller force is limited, but it significantly impacts the pressure pulsation at fluctuating frequency. The correlation between amplitude and fluctuation ratio is positive. Meanwhile, the fluctuating rotation speed also induces sidebands centered on the blade passing frequency and its harmonics. The periodic changes in rotational speed lead to frequency and amplitude modulation of pressure pulsations. The magnitude of the instantaneous frequency and amplitude increases as the fluctuation ratio grows. The change in pressure field is well synchronized with the rotational speed, while the change in velocity field lags behind the rotational speed. The variation of pressure field with rotational speed is mainly attributed to two aspects. One is the flow structure at the fluctuating frequency, and the other is the instantaneous component of the flow structure at blade passing frequency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Dust storms play a crucial role in the climate system and the space environment of Mars, significantly impacting human exploration activities on the planet. The Martian dust storms exhibit significant regional, seasonal and interannual variations due to various controlling factors such as large-scale atmospheric circulation, varying solar radiation forcing, and Martial orbital and rotational motions and their coupling to the atmospheric dynamics. This paper aims to review current understandings of Martian dust storms. This paper begins by elucidating the basic properties of dust storms, their driving mechanisms, and their impacts on atmospheric dynamics, atmospheric electric property, space environment, topography, and Mars explorations. The paper then introduces the observation methods on different platforms, including orbiters and landers/rovers, along with datasets constructed based on these historical observations of Martian dust storms. Finally, we propose dust storm monitoring and predicting for the upcoming Chinese Tianwen-3 Mars sample return mission. It concludes by depicting the future research topics aimed at systematically understanding Martian dust storms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces fractional-order capacitors and fractional-order inductors into the conventional integer-order cascaded H-bridge multilevel static compensator (ICHM-STATCOM), thereby constructing the main circuit of the fractional-order cascaded H-bridge multilevel static compensator (FCHM-STATCOM). Mechanism-based modeling is employed to establish switching function models and low-frequency dynamic models for the FCHM-STATCOM in the three-phase stationary coordinate system (a-b-c). Subsequently, fractional-order rotating coordinate transformation is introduced to establish the mathematical model of the FCHM-STATCOM in the synchronous rotating coordinate system (d-q). Additionally, a fractional-order proportional-integral (FOPI)-based fractional-order dual closed-loop current decoupling control strategy is proposed. Finally, this paper validates the correctness of the established mathematical models through digital simulation. Moreover, the simulation results demonstrate that by appropriately selecting the order of fractional-order capacitors and fractional-order inductors, the FCHM-STATCOM exhibits superior dynamic and static characteristics compared to the conventional ICHM-STATCOM, and the FCHM-STATCOM provides a more flexible reactive power compensation solution for power systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the fundamental characteristics of cavitation in non-Newtonian liquids and bubble dynamics and then applies them to the domains of bioengineering and biomedicine. The goal of this paper is to examine how Newtonian nanomaterial flows hydromagnetically when subjected to a spinning disc considering such biomedical and bioengineering applications. The vertical axis of the disc rotates with a uniform angular frequency. The fundamental mathematical expressions are governed by the Navier–Stokes equations with the Maxwell equations of magnetism, we obtained ordinary differential equations utilizing Von Kármán's similarity transformations. Additionally, the effects of the magnetic field and radiation restrictions are considered. The RK-4 technique is used to solve the transmuted nonlinear ODEs. The analysis of MATLAB generated flow profiles has looked for changes in the values of key parameters. It is discovered that an increase in the thermal radiation parameter causes a decrease in the nanofluid temperature while an increase in the volume fraction of magnetite nanoparticles causes an increase. The skin-friction and heat-transfer rate at the disc are highly influenced by its rotational, the porosity of the porous media, thermal radiation and nanoparticle size. The rotational parameter, which regulates the disk's rotation, is a result of the rotating phenomenon. The research demonstrates that when the disk's rotation increases, the fluid motion accelerates in both the radial and cross-radial directions. Additionally, increasing the Prandtl number significantly improves heat transport, and a higher value for the rotation parameter shows a lesser concentration phenomenon. Additionally, the Nusselt number shows a decrease curve for a changeable thermal conductivity parameter. Finally, the current research can effectively close a gap in the physique of knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microparticle rotation is an important process in biomedical engineering, such as biosensors, cell injection or cell morphology. Single particle rotation has been widely investigated, while rotation of particle chains has gained rare attention. In this paper, we utilize a noncontact manipulation method to rotate microparticle chains via electrorotation by designing an octuple-electrode array (OEA). Finite element simulations were conducted for analyzing the desired electrode field and optimizing the structure of microelectrode pairs. The direction of the electric field in the workspace is investigated with different voltage signal inputs through specially designed circuits. In the experiment, microparticles are driven to form several chains in the proposed electrode fields. With the rotation of the electric field, particle chains could be rotated synchronously. Automated rotation and detection of polystyrene microspheres and yeast cell chains are achieved using machine vision technology. Results show that the proposed method could be utilized to rotate ordered microparticles with an appropriate input signal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a low-latency coordinate rotation digital computer (CORDIC) algorithm to accelerate the computation of arctangent functions, and it describes the corresponding iterative and pipelined architecture of this novel algorithm. As compared to the existing methods based on CORDIC, the proposed method can effectively reduce the number of iterations by dedicated pre-rotation and comparison processes. Moreover, the proposed CORDIC algorithm supports all vectors with arbitrary angles while maintaining convergence. By error analysis, the proposed algorithm can achieve the same accuracy as the conventional CORDIC algorithm during floating-point arctangent function computation and reduce the number of iterations by approximately 50%. This paper presents two new architectures—the iterative architecture, which can be more resource efficient, and the pipelined architecture, which can achieve a throughput rate of one datum per clock. Finally, the experimental comparison results indicate that the proposed method outperforms extant methods as it exhibits low latency, requires fewer resources to compute the arctangent function for floating-point inputs, and necessitates no digital signal processing (DSP) and memory for fixed-point inputs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a Descriptive Geometry's new teaching method to increase students' interest in studying graphics disciplines. A geometric software is use for describing the dynamic visualization of horizontal and lateral plane' s rotation and improving students' visual-spatial abilities. The results of descriptive geometry evaluation are presented as conclusions and show a positive influence of the studied teaching method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The challenge of mixing high-viscosity materials is a common issue encountered in the manufacturing process of food materials. The advantages of the internal meshing screw mixer have led to its adoption in various manufacturing processes, but it has yet to be implemented in the food industry. The paper presents a design method for an internal meshing screw mixer based on kinematic principles. The mixer features a helical chamber created by alternating volumes formed by the stator and rotor, establishing an extension-dominated environment for mixing high-viscosity fluids. A kinematic model based on the internal cycloid principle was established, providing trajectories and equations for key points on the rotor, simulating both its rotation and revolution processes, and revealing the velocity variations at different points on the rotor. Based on the kinematic analysis results, a stator and rotor design method was developed according to relevant functional divisions. To achieve the desired motion effects, transmission and support devices were designed, and the relationship between the transmission device and the internal cycloid surface of the fixed rotor was established. The mixer's application and mixing effectiveness in the food industry were validated using corn syrup and flour. Experimental results showed that the extensional mixer described in the paper effectively mixed high-viscosity fluids while also efficiently blending fine powders. Slurry viscosity was tested with a rheometer at different speeds with an eccentric rotor mixer. Results showed that viscosity decreased with increasing shear rate, with a more pronounced decrease at higher shear rates. The apparent viscosity trend remained consistent at different speeds, although variations were observed at lower shear rates, especially concerning speed. The non-Newtonian fluid index exhibited minimal variations at different speeds, while the consistency coefficient showed significant fluctuations. The mixing uniformity index of the slurry was used to evaluate the mixing uniformity and dispersion uniformity of this extensional mixer. At different rotational speeds, the density of the slurry changes little. The uniformity index of mixing decreases gradually with the increase of rotational speed, reaching its maximum at 15 r/min. The overall trend of the uniformity index decreases with increasing rotational speed, indicating a decrease in density uniformity. A peak appears at 45 r/min, possibly due to the maximum values of elongation rate and shear rate at this speed. As the rotational speed increases, the residence time of the material in the mixer decreases, which may be the main reason for the decrease in mixing uniformity. These findings provide valuable insights into the design and utilization of extension-dominated screw mixers within the food industry, laying a solid foundation for future research and practical applications in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The deterioration of large steel structures, such as bridges and power generation facilities built in the 1960s, has become a problem. Such infrastructure requires regular inspections every few years, and many robots have been proposed for structural inspection. However, inspection technology for large steel structures by robots has not yet been established. The establishment of inspection technology in bridges is one of the most important issues in the maintenance of social infrastructure. This paper proposes a novel vibration actuator as a new robot drive source, which combines mechanical resonance and electromagnetic force and enables reciprocating movement by orthogonally arranging multiple vibration components. By controlling the phase difference of these vibration components with only a simple signal generator and amplifier, machine tests showed that reciprocating and rotating reciprocating motions with almost the same characteristics are possible. Experimental results reveal that the vibration actuator is able to pull a load mass of 150 g. In addition, motion analysis is conducted by applying the energy method and considering the effects of phase control on the linear and rotational motions of the vibration actuator. The results obtained in the machine test and the analysis results are mostly in agreement. This confirms that even if the parameters for the vibration actuator are varied, the linear and rotational characteristics of the actuator can be predicted by theoretical calculations. A new drive source for robots and the operation of electromagnetic motors capable of linear and rotational motion are established in this paper. For this reason, the possibility of realizing social infrastructure improvement for large steel structures such as bridges is demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]