10 results
Search Results
2. Capillary suction theory for rectangular cells
- Author
-
Adin, A
- Published
- 2020
3. So delicate yet so strong and versatile - the use of paper in objects conservation.
- Author
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Artal-Isbrand, Paula
- Subjects
WORKMANSHIP ,CELLULOSE ,SOLVENTS ,MANUSCRIPTS ,MATHEMATICAL models - Abstract
A large variety of acid-free Asian and Western papers offer objects conservators numerous applications in their work. Not only have objects conservators borrowed this extraordinary material - paper - from the field of paper conservation but they have also adopted many of the well-developed methods and techniques of handling and manipulating it in their 3-D treatments. Paper meets all material criteria in modern conservation practice, including reversibility, strength, inertness, long-term stability, minimal change in color over time, and compatibility with the original artwork. Additional attractive characteristics are that it is light weight, non-toxic, hydrophilic, it conforms well to surfaces, and is not affected by the solvents typically used. Also, the cost of paper varies but is not excessively high. Finally, having the option of using paper in sheet, fiber or powder form - either in a dry or wet state - allows for even wider applications. This article is a survey of the wide range of applications of paper in objects conservation. Its use can have two very different functions. It can serve as a restoration material, thereby remaining with the artwork after the treatment is complete, and as a tool during treatment, thereby not remaining with the artwork after the treatment is complete. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. NUMERICAL MODELING OF PHYSICAL FIELDS IN THE PROCESS OF DRYING OF PAPER FOR CORRUGATING BY THE INFRARED RADIATION.
- Author
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Karvatskii, A., Marchevsky, V., and Novokhat, O.
- Subjects
PAPER ,INFRARED radiation ,VEGETABLE drying ,FLUTING (Architecture & decoration) ,HEAT transfer ,MATHEMATICAL models ,DRYING - Abstract
Copyright of Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies is the property of PC TECHNOLOGY CENTER and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Model of friction to take into account the sliding distance dependence and its memory effect.
- Author
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Fulleringer, N. and Bloch, J.-F.
- Subjects
- *
SLIDING friction , *SUBSTRATES (Materials science) , *EXPERIMENTAL design , *ENERGY measurement , *MATHEMATICAL models - Abstract
Materials sliding on a larger substrate age faster than the substrate itself, but no available model of friction takes into account this aspect. We developed a model based on the memory effect of both the mobile and the plane samples, separately, and characterized by macroscopic geometric measurements (e.g., sliding distances and samples sizes). We studied the contact between fresh paper samples and samples that have already underwent several slidings. Experimental and theoretical results are in good agreement. Finally, we used our model to demonstrate how the existing test methods can lead to differences in the measured forces of friction. The results allow both a better understanding and quantitative characterization of the dependence of friction with the history of the contact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Using Apparent Density of Paper from Hardwood Kraft Pulps to Predict Sheet Properties, based on Unsupervised Classification and Multivariable Regression Techniques.
- Author
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Anjos, Ofélia, García-Gonzalo, Esperanza, Santos, António J. A., Simões, Rogério, Martínez-Torres, Javier, Pereira, Helena, and García-Nieto, Paulino J.
- Subjects
- *
HARDWOODS , *ACACIA , *SULFATE pulping process , *RAW materials , *MULTIVARIATE analysis , *MATHEMATICAL models - Abstract
Paper properties determine the product application potential and depend on the raw material, pulping conditions, and pulp refining. The aim of this study was to construct mathematical models that predict quantitative relations between the paper density and various mechanical and optical properties of the paper. A dataset of properties of paper handsheets produced with pulps of Acacia dealbata, Acacia melanoxylon, and Eucalyptus globulus beaten at 500, 2500, and 4500 revolutions was used. Unsupervised classification techniques were combined to assess the need to perform separated prediction models for each species, and multivariable regression techniques were used to establish such prediction models. It was possible to develop models with a high goodness of fit using paper density as the independent variable (or predictor) for all variables except tear index and zero-span tensile strength, both dry and wet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Hygro-elasto-plastic model for planar orthotropic material.
- Author
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Erkkilä, Anna-Leena, Leppänen, Teemu, Hämäläinen, Jari, and Tuovinen, Tero
- Subjects
- *
ELASTOPLASTICITY , *ORTHOTROPY (Mechanics) , *MECHANICAL behavior of materials , *MATHEMATICAL models , *STRAINS & stresses (Mechanics) , *ANISOTROPY - Abstract
An in-plane elasto-plastic material model and a hygroexpansivity-shrinkage model for paper and board are introduced in this paper. The input parameters for both models are fiber orientation anisotropy and dry solids content. These two models, based on experimental results, could be used in an analytical approach to estimate, for example, plastic strain and shrinkage in simple one-dimensional cases, but for studies of the combined and more complicated effects of hygro-elasto-plastic behavior, a numerical finite element model was constructed. The finite element approach also offered possibilities for studying different structural variations of an orthotropic sheet as well as buckling behavior and internal stress situations under local strain differences. A few examples are presented of the effect of the anisotropy and moisture streaks under stretching and drying conditions on strain differences and buckling. The internal stresses were studied through a case in which the drying of different layers occurred at different stages. Both the anisotropy and moisture streaks were capable of rendering the buckling of the sample visible. The permanency of these defects highly depends on several process stages and tension conditions of the sheet, as demonstrated in this paper. The application possibilities of the hygro-elasto-plastic model are diverse, including investigation into several phenomena and defects appearing in drying, converting and printing process conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Predicting hygro-elastic properties of paper sheets based on an idealized model of the underlying fibrous network.
- Author
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Bosco, Emanuela, Peerlings, Ron H.J., and Geers, Marc G.D.
- Subjects
- *
ELASTICITY , *PREDICTION models , *MATHEMATICAL models , *FIBERS , *DEFORMATIONS (Mechanics) , *PAPER , *MOISTURE - Abstract
Significant dimensional variations may occur in paper-based materials when subjected to changes in moisture content. Moisture induced deformations are governed by the swelling of individual fibres, which is transferred through inter-fibre bonds to the entire fibrous network. Complex interactions between mechanical and hygro-expansive properties take place in the bonding areas, affecting the overall material response. In most network models, the role of these inter-fibre bonds is not explicitly incorporated. This work presents a periodic meso-structural model for the discrete fibrous network, which considers the free-standing fibre segments and inter-fibre bonds. Despite its simplicity, the reference unit-cell enables the incorporation of relevant micro- and meso-structural features such as network structure, fibres and bond geometry and hygro-elastic properties. The proposed model is solved analytically through a proper homogenization strategy, allowing to recover the paper’s anisotropic hygro-mechanical response in terms of effective elastic constants and effective hygro-expansive coefficients, exploiting the coupling at the meso-structural level between hygroscopic and mechanical behavior. A comparison with experimental results obtained from the literature shows that the presented approach is quite accurate in predicting the overall paper response, thereby revealing the influence of several meso-scale parameters (e.g. fibre orientation, dimensions, mechanical strength). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. The Combined Effects of Moisture and Temperature on the Mechanical Response of Paper.
- Author
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Linvill, E. and Östlund, S.
- Subjects
- *
MECHANICAL behavior of materials , *MOISTURE , *TEMPERATURE effect , *PAPER , *MATHEMATICAL models , *STRAINS & stresses (Mechanics) , *TENSILE tests - Abstract
To model advanced 3-D forming strategies for paper materials, the effects of environmental conditions on the mechanical behavior must be quantitatively and qualitatively understood. A tensile test method has been created, verified, and implemented to test paper at various moisture content and temperature levels. Testing results for one type of paper for moisture contents from 6.9 to 13.8 percent and temperatures from 23 to 168 degrees Celsius are presented and discussed. Coupled moisture and temperature effects have been discovered for maximum stress. Uncoupled effects have been discovered for elastic modulus, tangent modulus, hardening modulus, strain at break, tensile energy absorption (TEA), and approximate plastic strain. A hyperbolic tangent function is also utilized which captures the entire one-dimensional stress-strain response of paper. The effects of moisture and temperature on the three coefficients in the hyperbolic tangent function may be assumed to be uncoupled, which may simplify the development of moisture- and temperature-dependent constitutive models. All parameters were affected by both moisture and temperature with the exception of TEA, which was found to only be significantly dependent on temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. How many tickets?
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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